Strong Anchor Research Articles

銀鏡反応による銀薄膜形成条件の最適化

The surface morphology and mass of a silver coating deposited on a glass substrate using silver mirror coating method were investigated as a function of the bath temperature, the glucose concentration used in the plating bath as a reducing agent, and the coating time necessary to obtain good coating quality. Using the optimum coating conditions of 10.8 ks deposition time and 0.2 °C temperature of the plating bath composed of 0.2 mol dm−3[Ag(NH3)2]++0.12 mol dm−3 glucose, a smooth and uniform silver coating with ca. 150 nm thickness was obtained. Improved adhesion of the silver coat to the glass substrate was obtained by application of an etching pretreatment to the glass substrate using various etchants. A commercially available etchant containing (NH4)HF2 provides an especially strong anchor effect because it induces a considerably rough dissolution trace to the glass substrate.

Fortschritte in der arthroskopischen Kapsel-Labrum-Rekonstruktion bei ventraler Schulterinstabilität

Current data show that the majority of patients in Germany with shoulder instability caused by soft tissue lesions are treated arthroscopically. The published redislocation rates in retrospective studies are less than 10%. Currently most surgeons prefer to use special strong suture materials and bioabsorbable suture anchors with a trend for knotless anchors. Some authors have published special techniques for labrum repair including double row fixation to increase the pull out force of the sutures but further prospective studies are necessary to prove whether these techniques can reduce the redislocation rate. In cases of extended anterior pouch of the capsule and in non-traumatic instability, capsular plication and interval closure can be indicated. There are still no clear objective parameters concerning indications or amount of plication and interval closure.

The Design of a 'Two-Pillar' Monetary Policy Strategy

In this paper, it is argued that money supply in a narrow sense and repo interest rate are two independent monetary policy instruments when the effect of interest rate policy cannot be efficiently transmitted to the economy through the monetary and financial markets. In this case, the control of money supply is necessary to reduce the discrepancy between the repo interest rate and the interest rates at which private agents lend and borrow. Using a simple macro-economic model, this study shows how a twopillar monetary policy strategy as practiced by the European central bank (ECB) can be conceived to guarantee macroeconomic stability and the credibility of monetary policy. This strategy can be interpreted as a combination of inflation targeting and monetary targeting. Well conceived monetary targeting with a commitment to a long-run money growth rate corresponding to inflation target could reinforce the credibility of central bank announcements and the role of inflation target as strong and credible nominal anchor for private inflation expectations. However, an inflation-targeting regime associated with Friedman’s money supply rule can generate dynamic instability in output, inflation and money demand. Three feedback monetary targeting rules, of which the design depends on economic structure and central bank preferences, are discussed relative to their capability of warranting macroeconomic stability.

Genomic organization and gene expression of the multiple globins in Atlantic cod: conservation of globin-flanking genes in chordates infers the origin of the vertebrate globin clusters

BackgroundThe vertebrate globin genes encoding the α- and β-subunits of the tetrameric hemoglobins are clustered at two unlinked loci. The highly conserved linear order of the genes flanking the hemoglobins provides a strong anchor for inferring common ancestry of the globin clusters. In fish, the number of α-β-linked globin genes varies considerably between different sublineages and seems to be related to prevailing physico-chemical conditions. Draft sequences of the Atlantic cod genome enabled us to determine the genomic organization of the globin repertoire in this marine species that copes with fluctuating environments of the temperate and Arctic regions.ResultsThe Atlantic cod genome was shown to contain 14 globin genes, including nine hemoglobin genes organized in two unlinked clusters designated β5-α1-β1-α4 and β3-β4-α2-α3-β2. The diverged cod hemoglobin genes displayed different expression levels in adult fish, and tetrameric hemoglobins with or without a Root effect were predicted. The novel finding of maternally inherited hemoglobin mRNAs is consistent with a potential role played by fish hemoglobins in the non-specific immune response. In silico analysis of the six teleost genomes available showed that the two α-β globin clusters are flanked by paralogs of five duplicated genes, in agreement with the proposed teleost-specific duplication of the ancestral vertebrate globin cluster. Screening the genome of extant urochordate and cephalochordate species for conserved globin-flanking genes revealed linkage of RHBDF1, MPG and ARHGAP17 to globin genes in the tunicate Ciona intestinalis, while these genes together with LCMT are closely positioned in amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae), but seem to be unlinked to the multiple globin genes identified in this species.ConclusionThe plasticity of Atlantic cod to variable environmental conditions probably involves the expression of multiple globins with potentially different properties. The interspecific difference in number of fish hemoglobin genes contrasts with the highly conserved synteny of the flanking genes. The proximity of globin-flanking genes in the tunicate and amphioxus genomes resembles the RHBDF1-MPG-α-globin-ARHGAP17-LCMT linked genes in man and chicken. We hypothesize that the fusion of the three chordate linkage groups 3, 15 and 17 more than 800 MYA led to the ancestral vertebrate globin cluster during a geological period of increased atmospheric oxygen content.

Nematic liquid crystal in the wedge and edge geometry in the case of homeotropic alignment

Nematic liquid crystal confined to a wedge or edge is studied on the assumption that the confining surfaces provide strong and weak homeotropic anchorings, respectively. Both infinite and finite systems are considered. The model based on the Frank-Oseen and Rapini-Papoular formalisms predicts two textures of opposite rotations of the director as in the case of strong anchoring on both surfaces. However, the presence of weak anchoring results in a length scale lambda which characterizes the crossover between the regions close to the apex and far from it. The ratio lambda/b , where b is the extrapolation length, is a function of the opening angle alpha. Both stable and metastable textures are considered and the mechanism by which a texture loses its stability is found. It is related to the formation of a defect-like structure at the surface of weak anchoring whose distance from the apex is lambda(alpha) and the loss of stability is signalled by the divergence of lambda. Only in the limit alpha --> 2tau, the defect-like structure transforms into a defect of strength -1/2 located at a finite distance from the apex.

Viruses: incredible nanomachines. New advances with filamentous phages

During recent decades, bacteriophages have been at the cutting edge of new developments in molecular biology, biophysics, and, more recently, bionanotechnology. In particular filamentous viruses, for example bacteriophage M13, have a virion architecture that enables precision building of ordered and defect-free two and three-dimensional structures on a nanometre scale. This could not have been possible without detailed knowledge of coat protein structure and dynamics during the virus reproduction cycle. The results of the spectroscopic studies conducted in our group compellingly demonstrate a critical role of membrane embedment of the protein both during infectious entry of the virus into the host cell and during assembly of the new virion in the host membrane. The protein is effectively embedded in the membrane by a strong C-terminal interfacial anchor, which together with a simple tilt mechanism and a subtle structural adjustment of the extreme end of its N terminus provides favourable thermodynamical association of the protein in the lipid bilayer. This basic physicochemical rule cannot be violated and any new bionanotechnology that will emerge from bacteriophage M13 should take this into account.

Theoretical Considerations and Experimental Illustration of the Electro-Optic Behavior of Longitudinal Flexoelectric Domains Under the Joint Action of DC and AC Voltages: The Case of Strong Anchoring

The solution of the Euler–Lagrange equations for the director components n y = f1(z)sinqy and n z = f2(z)cosqy, where q is the wave number of the flexoelectric domains of Vistin'–Pikin–Bobylev, has been for the first time exactly found with the aid of matrix calculations for the case of a planar nematic layer with anisotropic elasticity and a negative dielectric anisotropy under the simultaneous action of an inhomogeneous DC flexoelectrically deforming electric field and a.c. dielectrically orienting electric field. Experimental illustration is given for the influence of the additionally applied AC voltage on the behaviour of the flexoelectric domains.

Bonding properties between nitrile–butadiene rubber and aluminum alloy treated by anodizing methods

AbstractIn this work, the bonding properties between the LD7 aluminum alloy anodized by sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid and nitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) were investigated. The bonding properties between the anodized aluminum alloys and NBR were compared with those between aluminum alloys treated by burnishing or sandblasting and NBR. The results revealed that, in comparison with sulfuric acid anodized samples, samples anodized in phosphoric acid solutions showed higher 90° peel strength. Under the same conditions, an increase in the anodic film thickness in the studied range may improve the adhesion property between rubber and an aluminum alloy. In comparison with aluminum alloys treated by burnishing or sandblasting, the surface of the anodized aluminum alloy showed homogeneously dispersed pores, which resulted in better and homogeneous bonding properties. A vacuum‐drying process on the anodized aluminum alloys after they were coated with adhesives facilitated penetration of the adhesive molecules into the pores on the oxide layer, which considerably improved the bonding properties. In addition, rubber macromolecules could also penetrate the pores in the aluminum oxide layer, leading to a strong physical anchor–hold interaction after a long time of soaking and diffusion. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

Identification as an organizational anchor: how identification and job satisfaction combine to predict turnover intention

AbstractThe article examines the role of organizational identification and job satisfaction in relation to turnover intentions in seven organizations. Two models are proposed in which either job satisfaction or organizational identification was treated as a mediator of the other's relationship with turnover intention. The organizations varied in terms of culture (Japan vs. UK), and institutional domain (academic, business, health, mail, legal). Within each organization, and meta‐analytically combined across the seven samples (N = 1392), organizational identification mediated the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention more than job satisfaction mediated the relationship between organizational identification, and turnover intention. Organizational identification also had the larger overall relationship with turnover intention. This pattern remained true when gender, age, type of organization, culture, and length of tenure were accounted for, although the direct relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention was stronger in private than public organizations and when the ratio of men was higher. The findings are consistent with a social identity theory (SIT) perspective and with the idea that identification is a more proximal predictor of turnover intention. Over and above job satisfaction, organizational identification offers a strong psychological anchor that discourages turnover intention in a range of organizational contexts. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Life or death. The social impact of paramedics and first responders in landmine-infested villages in northern Iraq

Landmines are indiscriminate weapons that mainly injure poor populations in the developing world. Pre-hospital treatment by village-based paramedics and first responders has reduced mortality, but little is known about the social impact of paramedic and first responder training in villages. The aim of this study was to understand how villagers in socially deprived, mine-infested villages experience the establishment of paramedic and first responder chains of survival. The study used focus-group interviews conducted in four villages in northern Iraq, to explore villagers' perceptions of the impact of paramedic and first responder training. The material was analyzed using grounded theory, with the main category identified entitled 'life or death', with three subcategories: 'living on the edge', 'demanding equal rights', and 'adapting to new needs'. The paramedics were perceived by the villagers as having a large impact on the social life of the village, first as an emergency medical resource, and also as a prerequisite for the villages' continued existence. The system represented one of the few services offered by outside society to villages that lacked health care, schools, electricity, roads, and clean water. Despite an improved economic situation in the larger society, conditions in the villages had deteriorated. Although originally intended as an emergency care system for land mine victims, the system was adapted to include the role of a general medical resource in the villages. This adaptation was perceived as useful by the villagers, and necessary for their continued trust in the system. A prerequisite for this adaptation was that the program coordinator was a villager himself, and that the program deviated from its originally fixed time period. This flexibility depended on very close cooperation between expatriate and local program managers. Our findings indicate that the paramedic system made a wider impact than just the provision of emergency health care. The program earned trust through a strong local anchor, and by adapting to the needs of the population served.

Interaction energies of nitrofurans with trypanothione reductase and glutathione reductase studied by molecular docking

A theoretical docking study was conducted on a sample of previously reported nitrofuran derivatives, at the binding sites of Trypanosoma cruzi trypanothione reductase (TR) and human erythrocyte glutathione reductase (GR), in order to examine interaction energies (affinities) towards the parasite enzyme and check for selectivity with respect to the human counterpart. A large proportion of nitrofurans were previously shown to be TR inhibitors and some of them have in vitro trypanocidal action as well. The analysis of data collected from the docking procedure was undertaken both from the numeric and graphical standpoints, including the comparison of force field energies, molecular contacts and spatial location of the different orientations that ligands acquired at the binding sites. The results clearly suggest that nitrofurans are not able to selectively bind at the active site of the parasite TR, attaining even larger interaction energies at GR active site. The reason for inhibitor specificity is two-fold: (a) the nitrofuran group acts as a strong electrostatic anchor in GR; (b) the compounds form more stable complexes when binding at the non-selective dimmer interface. Therefore, these two aspects should be specially considered when seeking good candidates for leaders in regards the development of drugs with selective inhibition of TR.

I-Ep-Bound Self-Peptides: Identification, Characterization, and Role in Alloreactivity

T cell recognition of peptide/allogeneic MHC complexes is a major cause of transplant rejection. Both the presented self-peptides and the MHC molecules are involved; however, the molecular basis for alloreactivity and the contribution of self-peptides are still poorly defined. The murine 2.102 T cell is specific for hemoglobin(64-76)/I-Ek and is alloreactive to I-Ep. The natural self-peptide/I-Ep complex recognized by 2.102 remains unknown. In this study, we characterized the peptides that are naturally processed and presented by I-Ep and used this information to define the binding motif for the murine I-Ep class II molecule. Interestingly, we found that the P9 anchor residue preferred by I-Ep is quite distinct from the residues preferred by other I-E molecules, although the P1 anchor residue is conserved. A degree of specificity for the alloresponse was shown by the lack of stimulation of 2.102 T cells by 19 different identified self-peptides. The binding motif was used to search the mouse genome for candidate 2.102 reactive allopeptides that contain strong P1 and P9 anchor residues and possess previously identified allowable TCR contact residues. Two potential allopeptides were identified, but only one of these peptides, G protein-coupled receptor 128, was able to stimulate 2.102 T cells. Thus, the G protein-coupled receptor 128 peptide represents a candidate allopeptide that is specifically recognized by 2.102 T cells bound to I-Ep and was identified using bioinformatics. These studies highlight the specific involvement of self-peptides in alloreactivity.

IT'S ALL ABOUT ALLIANCES

AN ALLIANCE IS DEFINED AS AN association to further the common interests of the members as well as bond or connection between families, states, parties, or individuals. Alliances are partnerships and bridge builders, which hold together diverse stakeholders as a strong trunk anchors the branches of a tree. The term may appear to some to be the latest buzzword, replacing networking, interaction, and consensus, among others. However, it could be said that the American Chemical Society has actually been a laboratory for alliances for the past 125 years. Communities across the country are now realizing the importance of alliances to strengthen their local economies, business success, and educational endeavors. The ACS Chemical Technology Program Approval Service is based on a foundation of alliance building. It is a simple principle. Businesses know what they need in employees. They work with local community colleges in aligning curriculum to match these needs. These two stakeholders the...

Thermodynamic Stability of HLA-B*2705·Peptide Complexes: EFFECT OF PEPTIDE AND MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX PROTEIN MUTATIONS

Thermodynamic Stability of HLA-B*2705·Peptide Complexes: EFFECT OF PEPTIDE AND MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX PROTEIN MUTATIONS

Molecular dynamics simulation study of norbornene–POSS polymers

Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations have been used to delineate the effects of introducing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) moieties substituted by cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl rings as pendant groups on polynorbornene. Simulations were also performed on polynorbornene for comparison. Calculated volume–temperature behavior and X-ray scattering profiles matched well with experimental results. Most importantly, the effects of incorporating the POSS moieties into the polymer have been identified via simulations. These were judged on the basis of the increase in the glass transition temperature, retardation of the chain dynamics and improvements in the calculated elastic tensile, bulk and shear moduli of the POSS containing polymers compared to the norbornene homopolymer. The most important conclusion from the study is that aggregation of the POSS moieties is not required for the beneficial effects to be realized. Indeed, the simulations show that there is no tendency for aggregation to occur among the POSS moieties if they are well dispersed to begin with over the time scale of the simulation. Packing features are delineated with the aid of intermolecular site–site radial distribution functions. In addition, the mean squared displacement of the POSS moieties in the polymer matrix was found to be very small at all temperatures leading to a slowing of the segmental dynamics of the polymer chain, and thereby imparting the macroscopically observed stiffness. It is reasoned that the chief source of reinforcement arises from the POSS moieties behaving as strong anchor points in the polymeric matrix. This has more to do with the ponderous nature of these moieties versus any specific intermolecular interactions.

Drosophila dumpy is a gigantic extracellular protein required to maintain tension at epidermal-cuticle attachment sites.

Growth and morphogenesis during development depend both on patterning genes, which assign positional information, and on genes that regulate mechanical forces. The dumpy gene of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an example of the latter class, with mutant phenotypes affecting size and shape of the limbs, thoracic cuticle, trachea and mouthparts. The genetically complex dumpy locus was found to span over 100 kb and encode a gigantic 2.5 MDa extracellular matrix protein. Dumpy represents an extreme form of modular protein evolution, containing 308 epidermal growth factor (EGF) modules, interspersed with a new module class, DPY, and terminating in a crosslinking zona pellucida domain and membrane anchor sequence. We determined the three-dimensional structure of the DPY module by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and found that it forms a disulphide-stabilised beta sheet motif, capable of linking end-to-end with EGF modules to form a fibre. Consistent with its cuticle phenotypes, dumpy is expressed at several sites of cuticle-epidermal cell attachment, including the trachea and the muscle tendon cells, which mediate anchorage of the muscles to the cuticle. The dumpy gene encodes a gigantic extracellular molecule that we predict to be a membrane-anchored fibre of almost a micrometer in length. Insertion and crosslinking of this fibre within the cuticle may provide a strong anchor for the underlying tissue, allowing it to maintain mechanical tension at sites under stress. This would explain its contribution to tissue morphogenesis through its regulation of mechanical properties.

False Dichotomies, Intellectual Diversity, and the “Either/Or” World: Leisure Research in Transition

In 1982, Naisbitt described megatrends in society. The trends and the examples that struck me the most related to the movement from to multiple (p. 231). He noted that through much of the century, we had two maybe three choices. We could have chocolate vanilla ice cream with maybe strawberry thrown in occasionally We had our choice of a Chevy a Ford. In the 1970s, things began to change. We now had Baskin Robbins 31 flavors of ice cream. We had cars available manufactured all over the world. Our lives were transformed with the evolution to a multiple option society. How positive it is to have choices. Yet, overwhelming it can be to sort through the choices and make decisions. The area of leisure research, as well as the broader field of the social sciences, has evolved to a multiple option world. In a recent article in the Chronicle of Higher Education, Feagin (1999) described the possible crisis facing sociology related to encouraging greater intellectual (p. B4). The best way to describe our new world of research is no longer either/ or but rather both/and. These shifts parallel postmodernism to some extent, and they suggest no totally right wrong approaches. For leisure researchers, the expansion beyond binary thinking to more intellectual diversity provides a strong anchor. All of us in this field recognize the changes, and yet I am not sure that we appreciate the value and the challenges that these multiple options hold. Some of this discussion may sound familiar. I believe, however, it is useful to place some of the false dichotomies on the table so we can articulate the changes that are occurring in leisure research. I will discuss six false dichotomies (i.e., either/or premises) that leisure researchers are addressing as we move to the next millennium. Either/Or Premises Qualitative/Quantitative. The debate over what data are best is fortunately over in our field. For the most part, the evolution to qualitative research as a viable approach to leisure research was steady and quiet. The goal of research ought to be to study phenomena as thoroughly, broadly, and deeply as time, energy, and resources allow. The value of quantitative data is that they can produce factual, reliable, outcome information that may be generalized. Qualitative data generate rich, valid, detailed, process information that leaves the study participants' perspectives intact and provides an insider's view to better understand a phenomenon under study. We know that some approaches work better for particular research problems than others. Despite the objections of a few purists, we see examples of qualitative and quantitative data can be linked. Linking data allows researchers to accept the assumptions, and limitations, of using both qualitative and quantitative data to create broader perspectives (Henderson, Ainsworth, Stolarzyck, Hootman, & Levin, 1999). The days of either/or methods have been replaced with numerous choices of methods. The challenge lies in researchers carefully rationalizing the choices they make, and readers and reviewers being able to critically evaluate the rigor and the theoretical value of the options chosen. Researchers/Practitioners. The notion of a researcher and practitioner gap is a false dichotomy that needs examination in the future. None of us are solely one the other. Further, in this complex world, we need collaboration between and within both positions. This discussion might lead us to also examine the duality of evaluation and research the difference between the questions asked of it work? and how does it contribute to the body of knowledge? These questions are not mutually exclusive. The opportunities for data collection and problem solving are the same whether one is a researcher a practitioner whether an individual is doing evaluation doing research. The issues and social ills that both leisure researchers and practitioners want to address in contributing to the quality of life for all individuals are not dissimilar. …

The ion-channel activity of longibrachins LGA I and LGB II: effects of Pro-2/Ala and Gln-18/Glu substitutions on the alamethicin voltage-gated membrane channels

Longibrachins LGA I (Ac Aib Ala Aib Ala Aib 5 Ala Gln Aib Val Aib 10 Gly Leu Aib Pro Val 15 Aib Aib Gln Gln Pheol 20, with Aib: α-aminoisobutyric acid, pheol: phenylalaninol) and LGB II are two homologous 20-residue long-sequence peptaibols isolated from the fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum that differ between them by a Gln-18/Glu substitution. They distinguish from alamethicin by a Pro-2 for Ala replacement, which allowed to examine for the first time with natural Aib-containing analogues, the effect of Pro-2 on the ion-channel properties exhibited by alamethicin. The influence of these structural modifications on the voltage-gated ion-channel forming activity of the peptides in planar lipid bilayers were analysed. The general ‘barrel-stave’ model of ion-channel activity, already described for alamethicin, was preserved with both longibrachins. The negatively charged LGB II promoted higher oligomerisation levels, which could presumably dilute the repulsive effect of the negative Glu ring near the entrance of the channel and resulted in lower lifetimes of the substates, confirming the strong anchor of the peptide C-terminus at the cis-interface. Reduction of the channel lifetimes was observed for the longibrachins, compared to alamethicin. This argues for a better stabilisation of the channels formed by peptaibols having a proline at position 2, which results in better anchoring of the peptide monomer N-terminus at the trans-bilayer interface. Qualitative assays of the temperature dependence on the neutral longibrachin channel properties demonstrated a high increase of channel lifetimes and a markedly reduced voltage-sensitivity when the temperature was decreased, showing that such conditions may allow to study the channel-forming properties of peptides leading to fast current fluctuations.

Apical vault repair, the cornerstone or pelvic vault reconstruction.

Pelvic organ prolapse remains a difficult problem for pelvic reconstructive surgery. Before new surgical procedures can be developed a good understanding of pelvic anatomy is necessary. It is widely held that the etiology of pelvic organ prolapse is secondary to stretch neuropathy following childbirth and chronic cough or constipation. Several transvaginal and transabdominal procedures have been developed over the years. With the increasing use of laparoscopy, a new variation on existing culdeplasty techniques has been developed. Following anatomical principles, the apical vault repair reestablishes the pericervical ring at the vaginal apex. The incorporation of pubocervical fascia, uterosacral-cardinal ligament and the rectovaginal fascia provides a strong anchor for the vaginal apex. In addition, the repair should help prevent future transverse cystocele, rectocele, enterocele and apical vault prolapse. Early outcome studies suggest that the apical vault repair should be used routinely with laparoscopic urethropexy, laparoscopic hysterectomy and the repair of pelvic organ prolapse. Good apical vault support is considered the cornerstone of pelvic reconstruction.

Binding of 8-mer to 11-mer peptides carrying the anchor residues to slow assembling HLA class I molecules (HLA-B*5101).

The binding of 303 8-mer to 11-mer peptides carrying the anchor residues at P2 and the C-terminus to HLA-B*5101 molecules was examined by a stabilization assay in which peptides were incubated with RMA-S-B*5101 cells at 26 degrees C for 3 h. Analysis of the binding of these peptides to HLA-B*5101 molecules showed that Pro and Ala at P2, and Ile, Val, and Leu at the C-terminus functioned as anchor residues, while Gly at P2 and Met at the C-terminus were weak anchors. Pro was a stronger anchor residue than Ala at P2, while Ile was the strongest anchor at the C-terminus. Among 8-mer to 11-mer peptides, the 9-mer peptides showed the strongest binding to HLA-B*5101 molecules. This is in contrast to our recent findings that 10-mer and 11-mer peptides bind to HLA-B*3501 molecules as effectively as 9-mer peptides. Since both HLA class I molecules have the same B-pocket and the binding peptides carry the same anchor residues, it is assumed that the structure of the F-pocket may restrict the length of binding peptides. The ability of HLA-B*5101 binding peptides to stabilize the HLA-B*5101 molecules was markedly lower than that of HLA-B*3501 binding peptides to stabilize the HLA-B*3501 molecules. It is known that HLA-B*5101 is a slow assembling molecule, while HLA-B*3501 assembles rapidly. The results imply that the slow assembling of HLA-B*5101 molecules results from the low affinity of peptides to HLA-B*5101 molecules.