Stripping Reagent Research Articles

Core-Corona Magnetic Nanospheres Functionalized with Zwitterionic Polymer Ionic Liquid for Highly Selective Isolation of Glycoprotein.

A novel zwitterionic polymer ionic liquid functionalized magnetic nanospheres, shortly as Fe3O4@PCL-PILs, is synthesized by grafting ionic liquid VimCOOHBr onto polymer ε-caprolactone (PCL) modified magnetic nanospheres via esterification and surface-initiated free radical polymerization. This established synthesis strategy offers the obtained magnetic nanospheres with well-defined core-corona structure, compact grafting layer, favorable zwitterionic and negative-charged surface, and high magnetic susceptibility. The as-prepared Fe3O4@PCL-PILs nanospheres exhibit typical "zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (ZIC-HILIC)" behaviors toward protein binding, and selectively adsorption of glycoprotein is achieved. The adsorption capacity of the magnetic nanospheres toward Immunoglobulin G is high up to 1136.4 mg g-1, and the captured Immunoglobulin G could be efficiently recovered by using 0.5% NH3 H2O (v/v) as stripping reagent, providing a recovery of 80.5%. Fe3O4@PCL-PILs nanospheres are then employed as sorbent for the selective isolation of Immunoglobulin G from human whole blood, obtaining high-purity Immunoglobulin G as demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assays.

A comprehensive study for selective removal of Cr(VI) by asymmetric imidazolium bromide salts as environmentally-friendly extractant

ABSTRACTThe study was to determine selective removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from acidic media by solvent extraction (SX) using asymmetric imidazolium-based room temperature imidazolium bromide salts (ARTILs) as the extractants. The relevant parameters on the extraction and the stripping of Cr(VI) were investigated to identify optimum conditions. The optimum conditions were determined as equilibration time 5 minutes, acid concentration and type 0.5 mol/L H2SO4, stirring speed 1200 rpm, extractant concentration and type 0.5 mol/L ARTIL5, phase ratio 2.0 and stripping reagent type, and concentration 2.0 mol/L NH3. In optimum conditions, decyl substituted ARTIL was best in extraction process about 99.7% of extraction rate, whereas moderately hydrophobic pentyl substituted ARTIL was best in stripping process about 70.0% of stripping rate. Also, the optimized process was found as so selective toward Cr(VI) in the presence of the other metal ions with an environmental-friendly liquid–liquid–based SX method.

Solid-Phase Extraction of Hemoglobin from Human Whole Blood with a Coordination-Polymer-Derived Composite Material Based on ZnO and Mesoporous Carbon.

A composite material, ZnO@MC, has been synthesized successfully by calcination using a one-dimensional zinc-based coordination polymer as the precursor. In ZnO@MC, ZnO particles with a size of about 5-8 nm are dispersed evenly in a mesoporous carbon matrix. Adsorption experiments at pH 6.8 with 2 mg ZnO@MC as adsorbent illustrated an adsorption efficiency of 92.3 % in 5 mL hemoglobin (Hb) solution with a concentration of 100 mg L-1 . In contrast, the adsorption of bovine serum albumin can almost be ignored under the same conditions. The selectivity originates from a strong ZnII -histidine interaction between ZnO@MC and hemoglobin. The adsorption behavior of hemoglobin on ZnO@MC fits the Temkin model perfectly with a capacity as high as 11646 mg g-1 . The hemoglobin adsorbed on the composite material can be eluted easily with sodium dodecyl sulfate stripping reagent with an extraction efficiency of 87.7 %. Circular dichroism spectra and protein activity studies suggest the structure and biological activity of hemoglobin is the same before and after the adsorption/desorption experiment. Finally, the ZnO@MC composite material was employed to extract hemoglobin from human whole blood without any pretreatment, and gave a very satisfactory result.

Facilitated Transport of Cd(II) Through Supported Liquid Membrane with Tridodecylamine as Carrier

This work investigates the extraction of cadmium (II) from aqueous solution through supported liquid membrane system (SLM). A microporous polypropylene (Celgard 2400) film with tridodecylamine (TDDA) in xylene was used as a membrane phase. Cadmium chloride and hydrochloric acid was used as a feed phase, while ammonia solution was used as stripping reagent. Effect of concentrations of feed, strip solution, and carrier was investigated for the extraction of cadmium. The optimized concentration of Cd(II) and hydrochloric acid, carrier, and striping reagent solution were 1.33 × 10−3 mol/L, 1 mol/L, 30%, and 6 mol/L, respectively. Ninety-two percent extraction of cadmium (II) was achieved under the optimized conditions. In this work, tridodecylamine has been used as a carrier for the first time for the extraction of cadmium ions from wastewater.

Recovery of copper from alkaline glycine leach solution using solvent extraction

Abstract Glycine solutions in an alkaline environment have been shown to be able to leach copper from its oxide, native and sulfide minerals as a copper glycinate complex. This paper explores the recovery of copper from its aqueous glycinate complexes at alkaline pH through solvent extraction. Solvent extraction of copper from synthetic glycinate liquor (with background sulfate anions) containing 2 g/L Cu has been studied using Mextral 84H (2-hydroxy-5-nonylacetophenone oxime) and Mextral 54–100 (1-benzoyl-2-nonyl ketone) extractants with a kerosene diluent. The effect of different parameters such as pH of aqueous phase, glycine and extractant concentrations, equilibrium time, temperature, extractant loading capacity as well as the concentration of sulphuric acid as stripping reagent were investigated. Over 99.9% Cu was extracted with 5% Mextral 84 H at room temperature at an Aqueous-to-Organic (A:O) ratio of 2:1. Under similar conditions, 95.87% Cu was extracted by 10% Mextral 54–100. HPLC analysis for free glycine indicated that neither extractants take up glycine during the extraction process. Stripping experiments with spent electrolyte solution showed that copper loaded on Mextral 54–100 can be completely stripped in single stage at an O:A ratio of 10:1 while only 79.95% Cu can be stripped from Mextral 84H with same conditions applied. Copper extraction from leachates of malachite and chalcopyrite ore samples was performed in order to validate extraction results from the synthetic solutions. Over 99% copper was extracted from the malachite leachate (containing 2620 mg/L Cu) in a single stage by both 10% Mextral 54–100 (raffinate pH of 9.76) and 5% Mextral 84H (raffinate pH of 10.0) at an O:A of 2:1; with no impurity elements picked up by either extractants. At an O:A ratio of 2:1, single stage copper extraction from chalcopyrite leachate by 10% Mextral 54–100 (raffinate pH of 9.87) was 93.20% and 95.57% by 5% Mextral 84H (raffinate pH of 9.91) with the rejection of all impurity elements other than Zn in the aqueous raffinate. From the chalcopyrite leachate containing 2288 mg/L Cu and 699 mg/L Zn, the Zn co-extraction into the organic phase at an O:A ratio of 1 was found to be 16.5% for Mextral 54–100 whilst Zn co-extraction was not noted with Mextral 84H under the alkaline conditions.

A coordination polymer based magnetic adsorbent material for hemoglobin isolation from human whole blood, highly selective and recoverable

A composite material has been obtained successfully through the loading of nanoscale coordination polymer on magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 core-shell particle. In this composite material, coordination polymer nanoparticles distribute uniformly on Fe3O4@SiO2 and these two components are “tied” together firmly with chemical bonds. Adsorption experiments suggest this composite material exhibits very excellent selectivity to hemoglobin. But under the same condition, its adsorption to bovine serum albumin can almost be ignored. This selectivity can be attributed to the existence of hydrophobic interactions between coordination polymer nanoparticle and hemoglobin. For composite material, the hemoglobin adsorption process follows Langmuir model perfectly with high speed. The adsorbed hemoglobin can be eluted easily by sodium dodecyl sulfate stripping reagent with structure and biological activity of hemoglobin keeps well. The composite material was also employed to separate hemoglobin from human whole blood, which receives a very satisfactory result. Furthermore, magnetic measurement reveals ferromagnetic character of this composite material with magnetization saturation 3.56emug−1 and this guarantees its excellent magnetic separation performance from the treated solution.

Recovery of cobalt and manganese from nickel laterite leach solutions containing chloride by solvent extraction using Cyphos IL 101

An ionic liquid reagent Cyphos IL 101 (trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride) was studied for the recovery of cobalt and manganese from the synthetic nickel laterite leach solution containing chloride. It is shown that cobalt and manganese were effectively extracted from the solution containing 100g/L Cl with 0.5M Cyphos IL 101 in the pH range of 1.2–4.5, while no significant nickel, magnesium and calcium were extracted. This could lead to a simple and economical recovery of cobalt and manganese from nickel literate leach solutions. For comparison, tests with other reagents including Aliquat 336 (trioctylmethylammonium chloride) and Alamine 336 (tri-octyl (decyl) amine) which have similar molecular structures were also carried out and it was indicated that Cyphos IL 101 was advantageous for its higher extraction of cobalt and manganese. The effect of pH, chloride concentration, organic concentration and A/O ratio on the metal extraction was studied. Metal stripping tests showed that cobalt and manganese were readily stripped using water. Zinc stripping was very difficult with water and it was only achieved from a low Cyphos IL 101 concentration or using ammonia as the strip reagent. A process for the recovery of cobalt and manganese from laterite leach solutions containing chloride using Cyphos IL 101 has been proposed.

염산용액에서 Cyanex 572에 의한 희토류 원소(La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm)의 용매추출

염산용액에서 Cyanex 572에 의한 La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm의 추출 및 탈거 거동을 조사하여 PC88A를 추출제로 사용한 실험 결과와 비교하였다. 평형 pH, 추출제 농도, 탈거제 농도 변화에 대한 실험을 통하여 추출율, 분배계수, 탈거율 및 분리계수 값을 조사하였다. 실험 결과, Cyanex 572를 사용하였을 경우 PC88A 보다 희토류 원소들의 추출 시에 <TEX>$pH_{50}$</TEX> 값이 더 높았고, 추출제 농도가 증가할수록 분배계수 값이 증가하였다. 희토류 원소가 추출된 유기상에서 염산용액으로 탈거 시 Cyanex 572의 경우는 탈거율이 85 ~ 95%로, PC88A의 탈거율 80 ~ 87%보다 높았고, 2성분계 혼합용액에서 Ce/La, Ce/Pr, Pr/Nd, Nd/Sm의 분리계수 값이 Cyanex 572를 사용한 경우가 PC88A에 비해 1.0 ~ 5.0 정도 커서 분리성이 개선되었다. This work was examined the extraction and stripping behavior of rare earths (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) from the hydrochloric acid solution by Cyanex 572 and compared to the results that of PC88A. Experimental parameters such as equilibrium pH, extractant & strip reagent concentration were observed and extraction percentage, distribution coefficient, stripping percentage and the separation factor of the adjacent element were analyzed. The <TEX>$pH_{50}$</TEX> values was more higher using Cyanex 572 than that of PC88A. As the increase of the extractant concentration, the distribution coefficient of rare earth elements was increased. Stripping percentage of rare earth elementss from the Cyanex 572 was 85% to 95% and PC88A showed 80% to 87%. Separation factor of Ce/La, Ce/Pr, Pr/Nd, Nd/Sm was enhanced about 1.0-5.0 using Cyanex 572 as an extractant in mixture solution.

Enrichment of copper and recycling of cyanide from copper–cyanide waste by solvent extraction

The enrichment of copper from copper–cyanide wastewater by solvent extraction was investigated using a quaternary ammonium salt as an extractant. The influences of important parameters, e.g., organic-phase components, aqueous pH values, temperature, inorganic anion impurities, CN/Cu molar ratio, and stripping reagents, were examined systematically, and the optimal conditions were determined. The results indicated that copper was effectively concentrated from low-concentration solutions using Aliquat 336 and that the extraction efficiency increased linearly with increasing temperature. The aqueous pH value and concentrations of inorganic anion impurities only weakly affected the extraction process when varied in appropriate ranges. The CN/Cu molar ratio affected the extraction efficiency by changing the distribution of copper–cyanide complexes. The difference in gold leaching efficiency between using raffinate and fresh water was negligible.

Magnetic Nanospheres Encapsulated by Mesoporous Copper Oxide Shell for Selective Isolation of Hemoglobin.

A novel strategy for the preparation of magnetic nanospheres encapsulated by mesoporous copper oxide shell, shortly termed as Fe3O4@mCuO, is reported via the calcination of Cu(NH3)4(NO3)2 into continuous mesoporous CuO shell onto the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The magnetic nanospheres are characterized to possess stable core-shell structure with a crystalline mesoporous CuO layer, exhibiting a CuO loading content of 25.2 ± 1.1% along with a favorable magnetic susceptibility. Fe3O4@mCuO nanospheres exhibit favorable selectivity on the adsorption of hemoglobin with a high adsorption capacity of up to 1162.5 mg g-1. After adsorption, the high magnetic susceptibility allows convenient separation of the nanospheres by an external magnet. The retained hemoglobin could be readily recovered by using 0.5% (m/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as stripping reagent, providing a recovery of 78%. Circular dichroism spectra illustrate virtually no change in the conformation of hemoglobin after the process of adsorption/desorption. Fe3O4@mCuO nanospheres are further applied for the selective isolation of hemoglobin from human whole blood, achieving high-purity hemoglobin as demonstrated by SDS-PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) assays.

Selective adsorption of hemoglobin with polyoxometalate-derived hybrid by solidification of super-lacunary phosphotungstate polyoxoanions

A novel polyoxometalate (POM)-based hybrid P8W48-APTS is prepared by the solidification of super-lacunary P8W48O18440- polyoxoanions with APTS in an acidic medium. The oxygen (O−) atoms in P8W48O18440- are bound to silicon atoms in APTS by the formation of Si-O linkage through dehydration condensation. The solidification is confirmed by characterizations with XRD, FT-IR, TGA, SEM and EDXS. Selective isolation of proteins of interest, hemoglobin (Hb) in this case, from complex sample matrices is achieved by using P8W48-APTS hybrid as adsorbent under controlled conditions. 5.0mg of P8W48-APTS hybrid results in an adsorption efficiency of 93% for 100mgL−1 hemoglobin in 1.0mL sample solution at pH 7. The adsorption behavior of Hb onto P8W48-APTS hybrid fits Langmuir adsorption model, corresponding to an adsorption capacity of 355.0mgg−1. The retained Hb could be readily recovered with either a SDS solution (0.1molL−1) or a Na3PO4 (0.1molL−1) solution as stripping reagent, providing recoveries of 94.6% or 83.9%, respectively. The biological activity of Hb remains 96.7% after an adsorption/desorption process (with elution by SDS), which illustrates virtually no change on the conformation of hemoglobin. The P8W48-APTS hybrid has been applied for the selective adsorption of Hb from human whole blood, and the results are demonstrated by SDS-PAGE assay.

Donnan dialysis based separation of gold(III) from electronic waste solutions using an anion exchange pore-filled membrane

Donnan dialysis technique was employed for the recovery of Au(III) from aqua regia solutions of electronic waste containing low concentrations of Au(III) in the presence of much higher concentrations of Cu(II) and Ni(II). The anion exchange pore-filled membrane was synthesized using in-situ photo-polymerization with polypropylene as the host membrane and (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride and (3-acryloxy-propyl)trimethoxysilane as the monomer and spacer, respectively. Photo-polymerization was carried out with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl acetophenone as the UV-initiator. The transport of Au(III) through this anion-exchange pore-filled membrane was studied using a two compartment cell where the receiver solution contained NaCl as the stripping reagent. Cu(II), which is the dominant metal ion in electronic waste solutions, did not interfere with the transport of Au(III) even at Au(III): Cu(II) mass ratios of up to 1:500. Gold from 100-fold diluted electronic waste solutions in aqua regia was successfully recovered (96.3%) after 4 cycles of Au(III) transport while at the same time insignificant fractions of the dominant metals in the electronic scrap (Cu and Ni) were transported. This study shows that Au(III) can be selectively recovered from diluted aqua regia solutions of electronic waste based on the proposed Donnan dialysis process.

A novel synergistic extraction method for recovering vanadium (V) from high-acidity chloride leaching liquor

Abstract A selective synergistic extraction process for recovering vanadium (V) from the high-acidity chloride leaching liquor was proposed. Vanadium (V) extraction from the simulated high-acidity leaching liquor with numerous impurities using a mixed extractant consisting of tricaprylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) was studied while obvious synergism was found. According to synergistic enhancement coefficient and physical property of organic phase, the suitable extractant composition was the volume ratio of Aliquat 336 to TBP 1:4. The vanadium (V) extraction increased sharply as HCl concentration increased from 1.01 mol/L to 4.13 mol/L. Under the optimum extraction conditions (extractant concentration of 50 vol%, 1 min, 25–30 °C, and phase ratio (O/A) of 1:1), the vanadium extraction with three stages was above 90.0%. Almost no other impurity ions, such as Ca, Al, Mg, Cr, Ti, Mn, and Si, were co-extracted. Under the optimum stripping conditions, the vanadium stripping was above 92.0% in a single stage using water as the effective stripping reagent. High-quality V2O5 product was obtained after precipitation and calcination. The mechanism of vanadium (V) extraction by Aliquat 336–TBP mixed extractant was discussed based on the analysis of FT-IR and UV–vis spectra.

Extraction of copper from wastewater through supported liquid membrane using tri-ethanolamine as a carrier

In the present work, the extraction of copper(II) ions through a tri-ethanolamine/cyclohexanone-based supported liquid membrane (SLM), has been investigated. The polypropylene (Celgard 2400) was used as a membrane. The various experimental parameters at room temperature including feed pH, feed, carrier, and strip phase concentration were optimized to acquire the optimum conditions for the extraction of copper(II) ions from waste water. Oxalic acid, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, nitric acid, and ethylene-di-amine-tetra-acetate (EDTA) were tested for best stripping reagent for SLM configuration. The extraction time, flux value, stoichiometry of the complex formed, and membrane stability was also investigated. The optimum experimental conditions for copper(II) extraction were 3.5 mol/L tri-ethanol amine (TEA) in the membrane phase as carrier, 1 mol/L hydrochloric acid and 3.17 × 10−3 mol/L copper(II) in the feed, and 0.03 mol/L EDTA in the strip solutions. Under these optimum conditions, the extraction time was found to be 120 min and membrane was stable for about 10 consecutive experiments. The transport efficiency of copper(II) ions was found to be 87% under the optimized conditions.

Solvent Extraction of Mn(II) by Mixture of MEHPA and DEHPA (MDEHPA) from Sulfate Solution

The extraction of manganese from sulfate solution using mixture of mono and di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (MDEHPA) as extractant was experimentally studied in this work. The effect of various parameters including MDEHPA concentration, aqueous phase pH, phase ratio of organic/aqueous, aqueous and organic phases contact time, kind of diluent and temperature on the manganese extraction were investigated. Simultaneously, stripping of manganese from the manganese-loaded organic phase using a sulfuric acid solution as stripping reagent was studied. The results revealed that an extraction of 97.5 % was obtained with the extraction system composed of 0.4 M MDEHPA in diluent at a phase ratio of 1, pH 3.5, and contact time = 15 min. The stoichiometry of the extracted species as an appropriate design parameter was determined based on slope analysis approach. Results also revealed the capability of this system in manganese recovery.

Recovery of Mercury Using a Trioctylphosphine Oxide-Based Supported Liquid Membrane System

Abstract Transport of mercury ions (Hg (II)), through a polypropylene (Celgard 2400) supported liquid membrane (SLM), employing trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as carrier and toluene as a solvent, has been investigated. The work was conducted under different operating conditions with respect to feed pH and concentration, carrier concentration, and stripping phase concentration to explore optimum conditions for maximum extraction of Hg (II) ions; 0.2 mol/L was the optimum concentration of TOPO for recovery of mercury. Experiments were conducted in the cotransport mode using hydrazine as the stripping reagent. It was observed that extraction of mercury increased with increase in concentration of hydrazine up to 0.05 mol/L when stirred at 1,500 rpm. Extraction of mercury was about 90%, under optimum conditions in 3 h. The present SLM was found to be stable for about 50 h of use.

Isolation of hemoglobin with metal–organic frameworks Y(BTC)(H2O)6

The hierarchical metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), such as Y(BTC)(H2O)6, are prepared with yttrium nitrate and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid at room temperature. The product is characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The Y(BTC)(H2O)6 particles are sufficiently rigid for performing solid phase extraction and they exhibit favorable selectivity toward the adsorption of hemoglobin. The adsorption behavior of hemoglobin onto the Y(BTC)(H2O)6 fits the Langmuir adsorption model with a theoretical adsorption capacity of 555.6 mg g−1. An adsorption efficiency of 87.7% for 100 μg mL−1 hemoglobin in 1 mL sample solution (at pH 6.0) is achieved with 0.40 mg Y(BTC)(H2O)6. 77.3% of the retained hemoglobin is readily recovered using a 0.5% (m/v) SDS solution as the stripping reagent. Circular dichroism spectra indicated that the conformation of hemoglobin is maintained during the adsorption–desorption process. The MOFs material is applied for the isolation of hemoglobin from human blood and the purity of the obtained hemoglobin is further verified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE).

Diagnostic Value of Leukocyte Esterase Test Strip Reagents for Rapid Clinical Diagnosis of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Patients Admitted to Hospital Emergency Departments in Iran.

Background:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a common and important clinical problem and is life-threatening in decompensated liver disease. Ascites fluid test by leukocyte esterase test strip has been recently proposed as an effective and rapid method to diagnose SBP in patients with cirrhosis.Objectives:This study aimed to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of leukocyte esterase test strip in the diagnosis of SBP.Patients and Methods:The population of this research was all patients with cirrhosis and ascites admitted to the emergency room at Imam Reza (AS) hospital, Mashhad. A written consent was taken for inclusion in the study. 50 mL ascites sample was taken from all patients for use in a urine test strip (LER) (Urine Test Strips Convergys®Urine Matrix 11). The patient’s ascites samples were evaluated for cell counting. Positive dipstick test for LER in this study considered as grade 3 +. The values of WBC > 500 cell/mm3 or PMN > 250 cell/mm3 considered as positive result of the gold standard method for the diagnosis of SBP.Results:In this study, 100 patients with ascites due to cirrhosis, with an average age of 38.9 ± 6.54 years were evaluated. Twenty cases had positive results, of whom 17 cases were also detected based on the standard diagnostic criteria and other three cases were healthy individuals. Thus, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of the method were 95%, 96.3%, 85%, 97.5% and 95%, respectively.Conclusions:The use of leukocyte esterase urine dipstick test can be a quick and easy method in early diagnosis of SBP to start the treatment until preparation of SBP-cell count results.

Direct solvent extraction of molybdenum(VI) from sulfuric acid leach solutions using PC-88A

The extractant 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (PC-88A) was used to directly extract molybdenum(VI) from high sulfuric acid leach solutions containing 3mol/L H+. The effects of extractant concentration, solution acidity and type of stripping reagent on the recovery of molybdenum(VI) were investigated. The saturated loading capacity of molybdenum(VI) with 40% PC-88A in sulfonated kerosene was 60g/L. More than 98.7% of the molybdenum(VI) was extracted in a four-stage counter current extraction using an organic system consisting of 40% PC-88A and 60% sulfonated kerosene and a feed containing 17.3g/L Mo(VI) and 157.3g/L H2SO4 with an A/O ratio of 3/1 at 20°C for 5min. The extracted molybdenum(VI) species of Mo2O5(HA2)2 in loaded organic solutions were identified by the combination of slope and saturation methods, and further proved by FTIR spectral analysis. The stripping of molybdenum(VI) was completed in a two-stage counter current stripping using 6mol/L of NH3 with an A/O ratio of 1/1.5 at 30°C for 5min. The concentration of molybdenum(VI) in the strip liquor reached as high as 146g/L.

Environmentally Friendlier Approach to Nuclear Industry: Recovery of Uranium from Carbonate Solutions Using Ionic Liquids

A green solvent extraction process with nonfluorinated quaternary phosphonium ionic liquids for removing uranium from carbonate solutions has been developed. The main advantage of this extraction process is that no molecular diluent and ligand need be added to the organic phase, so the use of volatile organic compounds can be avoided. Uranium was extracted into the ionic liquid (IL) phase as the [Na3UO2(CO3)3]−, [Na3UO2(CO3)2Cl2]−, and [NaUO2CO3Cl2]− anion complexes, and the composition of the IL, Cl– ions, went into aqueous phase, which was determined by electrospin ionization–mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) and Cl– ion test experiment. The extraction mechanism is anion exchange. The maximum loading capacity of the IL is 11.23 g/L. F– ions have no effect on the extraction efficiency for uranium extraction. The stripping of uranium from the IL phase after extraction is difficult using dilute nitric acid and other stripping reagents. The 1 mol/L NaOH solution was used to deposit uranium and this operation was r...