Striking Case Research Articles

Circumscription of Lithophyllum racemus (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from the western Mediterranean Sea reveals the species Lithophyllum pseudoracemus sp. nov.

ABSTRACT Species of the genus Lithophyllum are important carbonate producers and bioconstructors. In recent years, molecular studies focusing on this genus have unravelled several striking cases of cryptic and pseudocryptic diversity. Lithophyllum racemus is a common non-geniculate coralline alga-forming rhodoliths in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Molecular phylogenies (psbA and coxI) reconstructed for some Mediterranean specimens morpho-anatomically assigned to L. racemus revealed two well-supported sister clades. Based on pairwise sequence divergences, we recognised these two clades as separate species, L. racemus and L. pseudoracemus sp. nov. The low number of specimens has not permitted any useful morpho-anatomical comparison between the species, and for now, only DNA sequencing permits separation. The discovery of L. pseudoracemus unravelled a new case of cryptic diversity in Mediterranean coralline algae, highlighting the substantially underestimated diversity of these seaweeds.

Local Dynamics as a Resource for Labour Protests: The Case of Wildcat Strikes in the Metal Industry in Turkey, 2012-2016

This article analyses the role of local dynamics on trade unions’ mobilisation capacity at thenational level, with a focus on the wildcat strikes in the metal sector in Bursa, a city in north-westTurkey, from 2012 to 2016. It studies to what extent local dynamics such as alliances with localbranches of political parties, workplace demonstrations, and local electoral and union organisingcampaigns contributed to protests against national government policies. The research andanalysis are based on both qualitative data collected during fieldwork and on quantitative datafrom a variety of Turkish and international sources. Through an analysis of the wildcat strikes,the article contributes to the literature on labour movements and strikes in authoritarian contexts.Differently from the majority of the existing literature on this issue, it focuses on the workplacelevel rather than analysing the relations between government officials and the trade unionconfederations at the national level. By doing this, it shows that, despite the oppressive context atthe national level, trade unions may regain power at the sectoral level.KEYWORDS: trade unions; metal industry; Turkey; authoritarian regime; social movements

Everything is possible for the domain intersection dom T ∩ dom T⁎

In this paper we show that for the domain intersection domT∩domT⁎ of a closed linear operator and its Hilbert space adjoint everything is possible for very common classes of operators with non-empty resolvent set. Apart from the most striking case of a maximal sectorial operator with domT∩domT⁎={0}, we construct classes of operators for which dim(domT∩domT⁎)=n∈N0; dim(domT∩domT⁎)=∞ and at the same time codim(domT∩domT⁎)=∞; and codim(domT∩domT⁎)=n∈N0; the latter includes the case that domT∩domT⁎ is dense but no core of T and T⁎ and the case domT=domT⁎ for non-normal T. We also show that all these possibilities may occur for operators T with non-empty resolvent set such that either W(T)=C, T is maximal accretive but not sectorial, or T is even maximal sectorial. Moreover, in all but one subcase T can be chosen with compact resolvent.

Does foraging competition drive plumage convergence in three look-alike Atlantic Forest woodpecker species?

Explaining the co-existence of sympatric and ecologically similar species is a central goal in ecology. In woodpeckers (Picidae), co-existence is frequently accompanied by plumage convergence. A particularly striking case concerns three woodpecker species in the Atlantic Forest of South America: Robust Woodpecker (Campephilus robustus), Lineated Woodpecker (Dryocopus lineatus) and Helmeted Woodpecker (Celeus galeatus), which show a remarkable degree of plumage similarity thought to result from convergence due to interspecific social dominance mimicry (ISDM). We studied the foraging ecology and interactions of these three species in old-growth forests and selectively logged forests to test the extent to which these species differ in various aspects of their foraging ecology, and we examined whether particular foraging requirements may help explain the association of the threatened Helmeted Woodpecker with mature forests. The species selected different tree species, tree diameters, foraging heights, decay states of trees and decay states of substrates, resulting in marked niche separation among the three species. Proportionally, the Robust Woodpecker chiselled more, Helmeted Woodpecker used more probing and Lineated Woodpecker used more hammering. Helmeted Woodpecker was the only species that included bamboos as foraging substrates, and it foraged more on dead wood than Lineated or Robust Woodpeckers, but mostly on small dead branches in live trees rather than standing dead trees. Foraging requirements are not the most likely factor explaining the association of Helmeted Woodpecker with mature forests. Limited resource and substrate overlap among the three woodpecker species, lack of interspecific interactions, and rarity of the Helmeted Woodpecker do not match predictions if these species were conforming to a mimicry complex under the hypothesis of ISDM. Instead, plumage convergence may aid in interactions with third species, or impart advantages in intraspecific competition.

Stereodynamic control of overlapping resonances in cold molecular collisions

Stereodynamic control of resonant molecular collisions has emerged as a new frontier in cold molecule research. Recent experimental studies have focused on weakly interacting molecular systems such as HD collisions with H$_2$, D$_2$ and He. We report here the possibility of such control in strongly interacting systems taking rotational relaxation in cold collisions of HCl and H$_2$. Using explicit quantum scattering calculations in full six dimensions it is shown that robust control of the collision dynamics is possible even when multiple (overlapping) shape-resonances coexist in a narrow energy range, indicating that cold stereochemistry offers great promise for many molecules beyond simple systems. We demonstrate a striking case where two prominent peaks in overlapping resonances are switched-off simultaneously by suitable alignment of the HCl molecule.

Suicide, overdose and worker exit in a cohort of Michigan autoworkers

BackgroundIn recent decades, suicide and fatal overdose rates have increased in the US, particularly for working-age adults with no college education. The coincident decline in manufacturing has limited stable employment...

Electroweak-symmetric dark monopoles from preheating

If the dark sector contains ’t Hooft-Polyakov monopoles and a small enough dark gauge coupling, dark monopoles could be a macroscopic dark matter candidate. Its Higgs-portal coupling to the Standard Model can modify the electroweak vacuum in the monopole interior. In the most striking cases, dark monopoles could even contain electroweak-symmetric cores and generate multi-hit signals at large-volume detectors. If they are produced via parametric resonance in the early Universe, monopoles with radii up to one micron and masses up to ten kilotonnes could account for all of dark matter.

The spread of <em>Bombus haematurus</em> in Italy and its first DNA barcode reference sequence

Climate change and human activities are impacting species distribution, and thus, tracking species movements is a key aspect for their conservation and for understanding their biology. Among the bumblebees that are changing distribution, one of the most striking cases of a fast and natural range expansion is the eastern Mediterranean Bombus haematurus. Here we report the first Italian records of this species, with observations from the N-E Italy at a distance of 332 Km from the edge of the historical distribution. These are the westernmost known occurrences of this species and they are not far from a large series of records in several Central European countries of recent colonization. Here, we also obtained and made publicly available the reference COI barcode sequence of Bombus haematurus and shown that is significantly different from other similar species at this genetic marker. Coupling morphology, field-data and genetic identity should greatly improve the efficiency of tracking species movements and therefore also their knowledge in both recently colonized and historical areas.

Jailing Immigrant Detainees: A National Study of County Participation in Immigration Detention, 1983–2013

Hundreds of county jails detain immigrants facing removal proceedings, a civil process. In exchange, local jails receive per diem payments from Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Immigration detention thus presents a striking case of commodification of penal institutions for civil confinement purposes. Yet we know very little about the counties participating in this arrangement and the predictors of their participation over time. Our study offers the first systematic analysis of immigration detention in county jails using new and comprehensive panel data on jails across the United States. First, we find that the number of counties confining immigrant detainees steadily increased between 1983 and 2013, with the largest growth concentrated in small- to medium-sized, rural, and Republican counties located in the South. Second, our regression analyses point to a number of significant predictors of county participation in immigration detention: (a) worsening labor market conditions, combined with growing excess bed space for the criminal inmate population; (b) an increasing Latino population up to a certain threshold level; and (c) increasing Republican Party strength. These findings have important implications for current debates raging across the United States about the proper role of local communities in detaining immigrants.

Appealing for Liberty: Freedom Suits in the South by Loren Schweninger

Reviewed by: Appealing for Liberty: Freedom Suits in the South by Loren Schweninger Aston Gonzalez Appealing for Liberty: Freedom Suits in the South. Loren Schweninger. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018. ISBN 978-0-1906-6428-2. 440 pp., cloth, $39.95. Interspersed with provocative and chilling accounts of enslaved people attempting to win their freedom using means of law, Appealing for Liberty offers an outstanding overview of the strategies that secured their freedom. Schweninger's analysis and comparison of more than two thousand freedom suits representing more than fortysix hundred plaintiffs from all of the Southern states and the District of Columbia provide numerous insights into the people, laws, and courts that determined their outcomes. Primarily organized by theme, the work is bookended with chapters on freedom suits that incorporate legal issues that are closely scrutinized within the book. Schweninger follows the legal distinctions that helped determine these cases between the American Revolution and the Civil War by parsing out the importance of how, when, and where people gained or failed in their attempts to win their freedom. Schweninger's book reveals a great deal about the court systems that enslaved people navigated. In pointing out the differences among the state laws and customs that shaped juridical and legal processes, two states—Louisiana and Delaware—receive special attention. All Southern states are represented in the book, but many of the most striking cases come from these two states. A series of laws offered more avenues for freedom that stemmed from nonimportation laws, being hired out, skin color, and Native American heritage. As legal historian Ariela Gross has previously argued, many cases highlight the importance of performing race, specifically whiteness or Indianness and its often attendant freedom, according to phenotype, dress, and comportment in the courts. For example, until the approach of the Civil War Louisiana law presumed skin color to reflect enslaved or free status (53, 120). Other avenues to freedom—such as hearsay evidence permissible in the courts—closed shortly in the decades after the American Revolution. Furthermore, these freedom suits illuminate the procedure of judicial evidence with respect to enslavement and freedom. Lower courts granted freedom to plaintiffs who purchased themselves through self-hire, an often illegal practice, but "the appeals courts would invariably reverse the rulings" (176). [End Page 321] The book provides a rich understanding of those people who helped and hindered enslaved people's claims to freedom. Though enslaved (rarely) and free black people (occasionally) provided testimony to assist in a freedom suit, white community members and lawyers, many of them slaveowners, provided the bulk of the legal support in the examined cases. In an especially revealing chapter, readers discover that white lawyers took on freedom suits not due to financial gain or antislavery beliefs but because they "sought to maintain the integrity of the statutes enacted by state legislatures, to safeguard the sanctity of the legal process, and to defend the rights of slaves or free persons of color who, they deemed, had been unfairly treated" (242). Schweninger's study reveals that "in only a few, isolated cases" did antislavery activists assist African Americans suing for their freedom (187). Later chapters of the book that focus on interpersonal relationships make clear that claimants often benefitted from an extensive support network. Others, like those who initially stood to inherit enslaved people in wills, often turned to deceptive or illegal actions to keep term slaves and manumitted slaves permanently in bondage. Additionally, enslaved people documented how enslavers broke agreements and swindled them in order to derive more labor and financial gain from them despite a promise of freedom. The testimonies of enslaved people reveal a wealth of information about them. They demonstrate their knowledge of the court system, the laws of their states and surrounding states, and to whom they turned for assistance. Some learned that residency in a free state or territory before their return to a slave state could be a path to freedom (145). Their use of legal strategies including injunctions and writs of habeas corpus demonstrated the knowledge they and their legal counsel possessed. Court proceedings recorded their family histories, community ties, and harrowing life experiences. Due to the expansive nature...

Ascenso y caída del Supermax: cómo el modelo de prisión estadounidense y la política penal ultrapunitiva llegaron a Colombia

En el contexto del programa antinarcótico estadounidense, Plan Colombia, durante la primera década del siglo XXI, agentes especiales de la Oficina Estadounidense de Prisiones (BOP, por sus siglas en inglés) se posicionaron en el corazón de la administración carcelaria colombiana. Su tarea fue liderar una reforma profunda del sector, basada en el régimen penal ultra punitivo y sus unidades de confinamiento supermax.1 Basado en un extensivo trabajo de campo con arquitectos de cárceles, presos y otros actores de los sistemas penales de Estados Unidos y Colombia, este trabajo analiza cómo la reforma fue preparada en el terreno, arrojando luces sobre los intereses y las expectativas parcialmente divergentes de ambos gobiernos en el contexto neocolonial del Plan Colombia. Mostramos cómo, por una parte, la reforma tuvo un éxito parcial en la militarización de la vida carcelaria y en la desurbanización del sistema de prisiones, aislando espacialmente a los presos de su entorno social y familiar. Por otra parte, mostramos que la reforma eventualmente falló, por razones políticas e institucionales, al no lograr su objetivo declarado de modernizar las prisiones colombianas.Desde una perspectiva más teórica y basados en literatura reciente sobre la movilidad de las políticas y las formas arquitectónicas,3 el trabajo argumenta que la introducción de las prisiones supermax en Colombia es un llamativo caso en el que una política móvil y un tipo arquitectónico ambulante coinciden y se complementan mutuamente. También sugiere que para mejorar nuestro entendimiento de cómo el espacio es producido en la arena global, se deben considerar más sistemáticamente las interconexiones entre los circuitos de la política y las movilidades de la arquitectura.

Battle Hymn of the God-Slayers

“God is dead,” declared philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, “… and we have killed him” (1887)—a proclamation that numerous video game protagonists could aptly say by journey's end. The prominent god-slayer trope in video game storylines casts the gameworld's god(s) as the final boss, to be slain by players, inviting connection to real-world religious ideas. Adequate scholarly attention has not been given to the musical features of the god-slayer trope—specifically, the bosses’ unique battle tracks—to discover what the music's meaning contributes to the trope. Quantitative analysis of video games featuring the god-slayer trope reveals that the bosses’ battle tracks may strategically combine rock and sacred music topics for significant semiotic effect. This article explores the meanings associated with rock and sacred music topics, using analytic methods from the burgeoning field of musical semiotics. By invoking music-theoretic work in topic theory (Monelle 2006, Hatten 2004), agential modalities (Tarasti 1994), and virtual agency (Hatten 2018), I argue that the rock and the sacred music topics initially appear to conflict—but the trope serves as a hermeneutic premise for a meaningful and productive synthesis uniquely fit for the narrative god-slayer trope. Xenoblade Chronicles (2010) forms a striking case study, with its tracks “Zanza” and “The God-Slaying Sword” exemplifying the sacred-rock trope and its semiotic meaning in relation to the game's plot—a narratively apt battle hymn for the game's god-slaying protagonists. Using a cultural-historical lens, the conclusion explores connections between the narrative god-slayer trope and the descent of Japan's god-emperor from divinity to humanity.

Ballistic gelatin Lagrange Mooney-Rivlin material model as a substitute of bird in finite element bird strike case studies

Abstract Numerical simulation plays a crucial role in today’s aviation industry. Modern computers with the latest commercial FE codes have fueled the triumph of establishing simulation as a prerequisite of aerostructure part design from micro modeling of materials to large-scale structural analysis. In this current research paper, a Mooney-Rivlin material model of ballistic gelatin with Lagrange code is analyzed as a potential candidate for the computational bird model to simulate bird strike case studies. To investigate the practicability, the model is compared with other established Lagrange and SPH EOS models for both rigid and deformable body impacts along with experimental data found in the literature adopting explicit solver Ansys Autodyn. Despite some discrepancies found during rigid body impacts, deformable plate impacts confirm the robustness of the model with significantly faster computation time. Besides, the biggest criticism of the Lagrange model, mesh distortion problem as fluid during bird strike case studies is efficiently tackled by adopting the node erosion algorithm as an effective technique to solve Lagrange bird models without affecting the outcome of the solutions.

Hurdles to debt relief for “no income no assets” debtors in Germany: A case study of failed consumer bankruptcy law reforms

AbstractGiven that many overindebted households have low or no assets and income, governments have increasingly tried to adapt their consumer bankruptcy regimes to the needs and capacities of these NINA (“no income, no assets”) debtors. Most notably, since the mid‐2000s, some countries from the Anglosphere have created low‐cost, means‐tested, and administrative (i.e., nonjudicial) debt relief procedures as alternative to traditional bankruptcy for NINA debtors. By contrast, in some European countries such as Germany, legislators have tried—but until today failed—to create efficient debt relief measures for NINA debtors. This contribution aims to make English‐speaking readers familiar with the history of consumer insolvency law in Germany, with a focus on legislative developments regarding NINA debtors, and to identify actors, institutions, and ideas that have contributed—especially during the 2000s—to the failure of consumer bankruptcy reforms addressing the main problems of NINA cases in Germany (i.e., high hurdles to relief for debtors, high administrative efforts for trustees and courts, high costs for the public purse, and yet very few payments to creditors). The German case is relevant not only because it is a striking case of failure to adapt a debt relief regime to NINA debtors but also because German consumer bankruptcy law—despite its shortcomings—continues to serve as a template for insolvency law reforms in European and other countries.

The contested notion of ‘deliberate metaphor’: What can we learn from ‘unclear’ cases in academic lectures?

Abstract This contribution applies Steen’s (e.g., 2008, 2010, 2015, 2017a,b) notion of ‘deliberate metaphor’ to authentic language data from US-American academic lectures. The analysis of excerpts from these data demonstrates several problems with the concept of deliberate metaphor and its proposed ‘identification procedure’ (Reijnierse 2017, Reijnierse et al. 2018). As the analysis shows, problems in distinguishing deliberate from non-deliberate metaphors are posed by metaphorical technical terms, the assumption of ‘idealized language users’ inherent in the identification procedure of deliberate metaphors, and the dynamics of discourse. Thus, while in its current state, deliberate metaphor can draw our attention to important uses of striking metaphors, it appears to be inadequate for the analysis of less striking cases of metaphor whose use in particular discourse contexts nevertheless suggests important communicative functions for part of the participants.

Evolution, Trends, and Potential Explanations of the Increase in the Incidence of Tuberculosis: the Case of Uruguay

A descriptive analysis of the trend of tuberculosis incidence in Uruguay between 1995 and 2018. In 2015, World Health Organization (WHO) proposed The END TB Strategy; the Latin American countries that implemented these strategies at the first level of care have had successful outcomes in terms of the reduction in the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of the disease. Uruguay is a striking case in the regional environment regarding tuberculosis epidemiology. The trend of tuberculosis had a turning point in 2006, which defines two clearly different periods. The first period covers the year 1995 to 2006 and shows a significant decrease in the incidence rate and the second period covers the year 2006 to 2018 and shows a significant increase in the incidence rate. The proportion of contacts of tuberculosis cases receiving prophylactic treatment, the percentage of cases lost to follow-up, and the magnitude of the bacillary burden at diagnosis moment are possible factors linked to the changes in the trend of the incidence of tuberculosis. The initiation of a gradual transfer of the responsibilities of the National Program of Tuberculosis in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention to primary care health providers in the National Integrated Health System will hopefully contribute to reverse the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in the country.

Regional Specifics of the Development of Media Brands of Online Media Offices (For Example, the Republic of Tatarstan)

The phenomenon of mediatization has an impact on social processes and culture, creating a new mediated world in which relentless competition and digital technologies cause the transformation of media systems. A striking case in point is the processes of conquering and retaining market segments in network spaces, which gives rise to new forms of media activity. One of them is media branding in the online media offices. A systematic and integrated approach to the study of regional media allows analyzing the market effects of the development of media brands based on a clear definition of the mission and values ​​of the brand, its relationship and inclusion in the media information policy, infographic design (slogan, legend, trademark, corporate color and logotype, branded fonts, style), as dictated by the multilingualism of the media space. As a result of the study, it has been noted that the media brand is being formed in the minds of the audience, the brand success hinges on the degree of closeness of the real audience to that image that is created in the process of developing the publication’s information policy. A media brand promotes the formation of communities of people that are indicative of promoting media content. The functional features of a regional media brand include: positioning of regional content, language specifics (multilingualism and / or bilingualism), contiguity of an audience, periodic stability of audience dimension, audience communication (representation as a community in a network space). The functions of the media brand in the region are the following: increasing competitiveness; legal protection; providing an emotional bond with the audience; creative stimulation. Four levels of regional media brand formation have been identified through the research: basic (it is possessed by the majority of media – 81.9%; average (13.6%); high – 2.5%; integrated – 2%. In order to successfully create a media brand and manage this process, the media introduces new functional areas of activity, which comprise: image-building, promotion, marketing research, reputation. The media in their website representations use the values of their own media brand that are worth of consumers’ belief to manage readers’ loyalty and build audience loyalty.

2434 Cholestatic Jaundice: A Rare Presentation of Coxiella burnetii

INTRODUCTION: Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetti, is a zoonotic infection which naturally infects animals. Humans can contract it by inhalation of contaminated feces, ingestion of contaminated milk, and very rarely by ingestion of contaminated organs. Q fever can have varying clinical presentations including flu-like illness, pneumonia, or endocarditis, but hepatitis is the most common amongst young, healthy patients. We present a striking case of cholestatic jaundice secondary to Q fever. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 43 year old male presented with a two week history of severe myalgias, headache, jaundice, fever, and abdominal pain which began after returning to the US from his 7th military tour in Afghanistan. He denied exposure to contaminated water or ticks but had eaten local cuisine including goat liver. He was febrile to 102.5 F, had scleral icterus, conjunctival suffusion, was jaundice, and had hepatosplenomegaly. Pertinent labs: platelets 59,500, total bilirubin 12.4 mg/dL, direct bilirubin 8 mg/dL, AST 41 units/L, ALT 56 units/L, and alkaline phosphatase 138 units/L. Pipercillicin/tazobactam and doxycycline were started empirically. There was no biliary obstruction on MRCP. Testing for CMV, EBV, HIV, syphilis, malaria, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, tularemia, ehrlichiosis, chikungunya, leptospirosis, histoplasmosis, tuberculosis, Q fever, and dengue were obtained. Ten days into his hospital stay the Coxiella burnetii DNA PCR returned positive. Despite optimum therapy on doxycyline, he did not defervesce for 14 days, 24 hours after hydroxychloroquine was added. At follow up, he remained afebrile and his total bilirubin had normalized to 0.9 mg/dL (peak of 13.7 mg/dL). DISCUSSION: This is a rare presentation of a rare disease given the degree of hyperbilirubinemia as Q fever typically causes a hepatocellular pattern of injury. It is unusual for Q fever to cause a bilirubin greater than 5 mg/dL. Also, febrile duration despite appropriate pharmacologic therapy has been found to be prolonged in patients with hyperbilirubinemia as opposed to those without, as was the case with our patient. Thrombocytopenia has also been described as a rare feature of Coxiella burnettii infection. Given this clinical picture, it is important to consider Q fever for a direct hyperbilirubinemia, prolonged fever, and thrombocytopenia in patients with a potential exposure history. It is also essential to consider oral transmission of Coxiella burnetti as a potential rare mode of transmission.

Biosignatures Search in Habitable Planets

The search for life has had a new enthusiastic restart in the last two decades thanks to the large number of new worlds discovered. The about 4100 exoplanets found so far, show a large diversity of planets, from hot giants to rocky planets orbiting small and cold stars. Most of them are very different from those of the Solar System and one of the striking case is that of the super-Earths, rocky planets with masses ranging between 1 and 10 M ⊕ with dimensions up to twice those of Earth. In the right environment, these planets could be the cradle of alien life that could modify the chemical composition of their atmospheres. So, the search for life signatures requires as the first step the knowledge of planet atmospheres, the main objective of future exoplanetary space explorations. Indeed, the quest for the determination of the chemical composition of those planetary atmospheres rises also more general interest than that given by the mere directory of the atmospheric compounds. It opens out to the more general speculation on what such detection might tell us about the presence of life on those planets. As, for now, we have only one example of life in the universe, we are bound to study terrestrial organisms to assess possibilities of life on other planets and guide our search for possible extinct or extant life on other planetary bodies. In this review, we try to answer the three questions that also in this special search, mark the beginning of every research: what? where? how?

The conundrum of species delimitation: a genomic perspective on a mitogenetically super-variable butterfly.

The Palaearctic butterfly Melitaea didyma stands out as one of the most striking cases of intraspecific genetic differentiation detected in Lepidoptera: 11 partially sympatric mitochondrial lineages have been reported, displaying levels of divergence of up to 7.4%. To better understand the evolutionary processes underlying the diversity observed in mtDNA, we compared mtDNA and genome-wide SNP data using double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) results from 93 specimens of M. didyma ranging from Morocco to eastern Kazakhstan. We found that, between ddRADseq and mtDNA results, there is a match only in populations that probably remained allopatric for long periods of time. Other mtDNA lineages may have resulted from introgression events and were probably affected by Wolbachia infection. The five main ddRADseq clades supported by STRUCTURE were parapatric or allopatric and showed high pairwise FST values, but some were also estimated to display various levels of gene flow. Melitaea didyma represents one of the first cases of deep mtDNA splits among European butterflies assessed by a genome-wide DNA analysis and reveals that the interpretation of patterns remains challenging even when a high amount of genomic data is available. These findings actualize the ongoing debate of species delimitation in allopatry, an issue probably of relevance to a significant proportion of global biodiversity.