Stress Shift Research Articles

On one typological rarity: The causative in Tsugni Dargwa

The paper deals with a typologically rare and perhaps even unique case of causative marking attested in the dialect of Tsugni (Dargwa group, Nakh-Dagestanian family). Whereas all dialects and languages of the Dargwa group that have been described before express the causative by a suffix (the suffix -aq in most cases), the causative derivation in Tsugni is marked by a stress shift — from the verbal stem to the infl ectional suffix following it. In this connection, the paper also describes the stress patterns attested in the verbs in Tsugni and some other Dargwa dialects. In the final part of the paper we discuss how this unusual marking pattern could arise and what its lexical source could be.

Calibration and recalibration of stress response systems across development: Implications for mental and physical health.

Decades of human and animal research demonstrates that stress responsive neuroendocrine systems calibrate to the harshness of environmental conditions during fetal and early postnatal life. Emerging evidence indicates that if conditions change markedly over childhood, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis may recalibrate during puberty, another period that involves heightened neural plasticity and rapid maturation of neurobehavioral systems. These recent findings have prompted increased interest in the potential for stress system calibration/recalibration over development. To direct research in this area, this chapter integrates and discusses theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence pertaining to calibration and recalibration of the stress response. We describe how these concepts relate to other constructs, including sensitive periods, plasticity, and programming. We then consider four potential periods of calibration/recalibration: fetal, infancy, puberty, and pregnancy/lactation. In each section, we discuss evidence that the HPA and/or sympathetic medullary adrenal (SAM) system undergoes developmental change, rendering it more plastic and amenable to shift its activity in response to environmental conditions. We also review findings that the impacts of environmental harshness on stress responding persist beyond these periods. We then articulate that marked change in the quality of the environment (from harsh to benign or vice versa) is required in order for recalibration to occur, and that recalibration would result in shifts in stress responding to more closely align with the profiles of individuals who have experienced these conditions throughout life. Finally, we reflect on whether recalibration of the HPA and SAM system may extend to the other stress-responsive neurobehavioral systems.

A Critical Outlook on Stress and Trauma Field in the Era of COVID-19 and Beyond: The Linear and Non-Linear Effects of Cumulative Stressors and Traumas on Psychopathology: Are They Mostly Mediated by the Centrality of Events and Existential Anxieties?

Objective: The study aimed to clarify and refine the conceptual framework of cumulative stressors and trauma (CST) dynamics, its relationships to the centrality of an event to an identity (COE), and the existential annihilation anxieties (EAA), and psychopathology. The study aimed to propose and test a model in which CST affects psychopathology directly and to a greater extent indirectly through COE and the four different types of identity-based EAA (personal/psychic identity, collective identity, physical identity, and status identity EAA). Further, the study aimed to replicate the previous finding that the non-linear model of CST’s effects on internalizing, externalizing, and thought disorders (the psychopathology three major factors) explains more variance than the linear model. Method: Using path analysis, PROCESS mediation analysis, curve estimation regression, on a combined sample (N = 1566) from Egypt (N = 490), Turkey (N = 420), Kuwait (N = 300), Syria (N = 179), and the UK (N = 177), we tested the study assumptions. Results: Status identity EAA and the other types of EAA related to different identities and COE mediated the major part of CST impact on psychopathology; with “status identity, EAA” had the strongest effect size. The non-linear model of the impact of CST’s cumulative dynamics on psychopathology, internalizing, externalizing, thought disorders, and physical health accounted for much more variance than the linear model. Conclusions: Results supported the proposed framework. The implications of these results for a paradigm shift in understanding stress and traumatization dynamics that go beyond the current linear approach with the sole focus on a single past stressor or traumatic stressor were discussed.

Damage detection in Aerospace structures using Chirped fiber Bragg grating

In the aviation industry, there is a need to detect even the smallest damage in order to avoid a fatal accident. Aerospace structures undergo various kinds of damages due to the impact force of objects during flight. In particular, the forward- facing components like a wing leading edge are subjected to impact forces caused by natural incidents like bird strikes. This work investigates the damage detection on the wing’s leading edge when hit by a bird during flight. The damage detection method proposed in this work uses Chirped Fiber Bragg Grating (CFBG) as a sensing element, whose reflection spectrum is analyzed to verify the presence of damage. The already existing methods make use of the Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor which has lesser impact than the CFBG sensor. The aircraft wing has been designed in SOLIDWORKS and strain simulation is carried out using COMSOL software. The parameters such as stress, strain and wave length shift are obtained which can be used for damage detection in aircraft structures.

Sol-gel indium-zinc-tin-oxide thin film transistor pixel array with superior stabilityunder negative bias illumination stress

In this paper, we fabricate a back channel etched structure thin film transistor (TFT) pixel array with hafnium-aluminum oxide dielectric and indium-zinc-tin-oxide (IZTO) semiconductor using a solution process. The electrical characteristics of IZTO TFT are modified by N<sub>2</sub>O plasma treatment. In comparison with the subthreshold swing and saturation mobility of the device untreated by plasma , the subthreshold swing decreases from 204 to 137 mV·dec<sup>–1</sup>, and the saturation mobility increases from 29.12 to 51.52 cm<sup>2</sup>·V<sup>–1</sup>·s<sup>–1</sup>. Improvement in the mobility and the subthreshold swing (SS) demonstrate that interface states may be passivated by reactive O radicals that are generated by N<sub>2</sub>O plasma, which is confirmed by the result of X-ray photoelectron spectrum analysis. In addition, the stability of negative bias illumination stress (NBIS) shift is only 0.1V for 3600 s with an illumination intensity of 10000 lux. This result indicates that its superior stability meets the requirements for the display driver. Therefore, N<sub>2</sub>O plasma treatment is verified to be an effective method to improve device performance and light stability for IZTO TFT pixel array.

Cardiac Arrhythmias, Acute Coronary Syndromes, and Heart Failure in the Surgical Patient

Cardiac arrhythmias and events, such as acute coronary syndrome and acute decompensated heart failure, are becoming increasingly common with an aging population. Much is written regarding the evaluation and management of these conditions in the cardiac and vascular patient populations; however, there is less literature to discuss the management strategies in the critically ill noncardiac postoperative and polytrauma patients. Factors such as physiologic stress, electrolyte imbalances, neurologic derangement, infection, and massive fluid shifts create an environment that promotes cardiopulmonary instability. Appropriate recognition of cardiac arrhythmias, acute coronary syndromes, and heart failure coupled with accurate and timely intervention can reduce morbidity and mortality in these patients. This review discusses the assessment and management of cardiac tachy- and brady-arrhythmias, acute coronary syndromes, and acute decompensated heart failure in the surgical patient. This review contains 4 figures, 5 tables and 45 references Key Words: acute coronary syndrome, angina, arrhythmia, bradycardia, cardiac ischemia, dieresis, fluid overload, heart failure, infarction, tachycardia

Cardiac Arrhythmias, Acute Coronary Syndromes, and Heart Failure in the Surgical Patient

Cardiac arrhythmias and events, such as acute coronary syndrome and acute decompensated heart failure, are becoming increasingly common with an aging population. Much is written regarding the evaluation and management of these conditions in the cardiac and vascular patient populations; however, there is less literature to discuss the management strategies in the critically ill noncardiac postoperative and polytrauma patients. Factors such as physiologic stress, electrolyte imbalances, neurologic derangement, infection, and massive fluid shifts create an environment that promotes cardiopulmonary instability. Appropriate recognition of cardiac arrhythmias, acute coronary syndromes, and heart failure coupled with accurate and timely intervention can reduce morbidity and mortality in these patients. This review discusses the assessment and management of cardiac tachy- and brady-arrhythmias, acute coronary syndromes, and acute decompensated heart failure in the surgical patient. This review contains 4 figures, 5 tables and 45 references Key Words: acute coronary syndrome, angina, arrhythmia, bradycardia, cardiac ischemia, dieresis, fluid overload, heart failure, infarction, tachycardia

Cardiac Arrhythmias, Acute Coronary Syndromes, and Heart Failure in the Surgical Patient

Cardiac arrhythmias and events, such as acute coronary syndrome and acute decompensated heart failure, are becoming increasingly common with an aging population. Much is written regarding the evaluation and management of these conditions in the cardiac and vascular patient populations; however, there is less literature to discuss the management strategies in the critically ill noncardiac postoperative and polytrauma patients. Factors such as physiologic stress, electrolyte imbalances, neurologic derangement, infection, and massive fluid shifts create an environment that promotes cardiopulmonary instability. Appropriate recognition of cardiac arrhythmias, acute coronary syndromes, and heart failure coupled with accurate and timely intervention can reduce morbidity and mortality in these patients. This review discusses the assessment and management of cardiac tachy- and brady-arrhythmias, acute coronary syndromes, and acute decompensated heart failure in the surgical patient. This review contains 4 figures, 5 tables and 45 references Key Words: acute coronary syndrome, angina, arrhythmia, bradycardia, cardiac ischemia, dieresis, fluid overload, heart failure, infarction, tachycardia

Metallurgical Failure Analysis of Cracking in Exhaust Stack Liner Fastening Bolts

Abstract Exhaust stack liners of a test rig for gas turbine burners failed locally by ruptured fasteners and fallen-off liner plates. Misalignment of the plating relative to each other and relative to their fasteners caused restraint of the expanding and shrinking liner plates upon start-up and shutdown of the burner rig. The fastening holes of the failed liner plates were not concentric, but misaligned relative to each other and relative to their fastener bolts. This exerted a shear loading on the threads of the fastening bolts, which in turn caused a mean stress shift and damaged the threads of the fasteners by nicking. So pre-loaded, the fastening bolts were not able to withstand the vibratory loads from the flowing exhaust gases and failed due to fatigue.

Commentary: “Vowel Quality and Direction of Stress Shift in a Predictive Model Explaining the Varying Impact of Misplaced Word Stress: Evidence From English” and “Exploring the Complexity of the L2 Intonation System: An Acoustic and Eye-Tracking Study”

Commentary: “Vowel Quality and Direction of Stress Shift in a Predictive Model Explaining the Varying Impact of Misplaced Word Stress: Evidence From English” and “Exploring the Complexity of the L2 Intonation System: An Acoustic and Eye-Tracking Study”

Natural Rock Fractures: From Aperture to Fluid Flow

Fractures provide preferential flow paths and establish the internal “plumbing” of the rock mass. Fracture surface roughness and the matedness between surfaces combine to delineate the fracture geometric aperture. New and published measurements show the inherent relation between roughness wavelength and amplitude. In fact, data cluster along a power trend consistent with fractal topography. Synthetic fractal surfaces created using this power law, kinematic constraints and contact mechanics are used to explore the evolution of aperture size distribution during normal loading and shear displacement. Results show that increments in normal stress shift the Gaussian aperture size distribution toward smaller apertures. On the other hand, shear displacements do not affect the aperture size distribution of unmated fractures; however, the aperture mean and standard deviation increase with shear displacement in initially mated fractures. We demonstrate that the cubic law is locally valid when fracture roughness follows the observed power law and allows for efficient numerical analyses of transmissivity. Simulations show that flow trajectories redistribute and flow channeling becomes more pronounced with increasing normal stress. Shear displacement induces early aperture anisotropy in initially mated fractures as contact points detach transversely to the shear direction; however, anisotropy decreases as fractures become unmated after large shear displacements. Radial transmissivity measurements obtained using a torsional ring shear device and data gathered from the literature support the development of robust phenomenological models that satisfy asymptotic trends. A power function accurately captures the evolution of transmissivity with normal stress, while a logistic function represents changes with shear displacement. A complementary hydro-chemo-mechanical study shows that positive feedback during reactive fluid flow heightens channeling.

Chronic unpredictable stress shifts rat behavior from exploration to exploitation

Chronic stress evokes wide-ranging behavioral alterations, including risk avoidance, increased motoric output, and reduced consummatory behaviors. These are often interpreted as dysfunctions, but they may subserve adaptations for coping with existential threats. We tested this in a cohort of rats previously exposed to mild unpredictable stress for 5 weeks. Previously stressed rats exhibited the typically increased avoidance of open field and altered responses to predator odor, suggesting enhanced sensitivity to threatening contexts and cues. Interestingly, these animals collected rewards at a higher rate than controls, because they locomoted faster, spent less time in off-task (exploratory) behavior, and committed fewer licks at feeders. Further, they were not impaired in flexibly shifting choice as reward probabilities changed among feeders, suggesting that behavioral adaptations are not simply of transference to behavioral control to neural systems insensitive to reward (e.g. habits). These data add to a small but growing body of evidence indicating that stress shifts responses away from exploration and toward exploitation of resources, possibly to reduce threat exposure. Highlights Rats with a history of stress collected reward at a higher rate than controls on an operant task, owing to increase locomotion speed, reduced off-task behavior, and reduced time licking at feeders. Previously stressed rats exhibited increased win-stay responses than controls, suggesting the involvement of neural circuits related to goal-directed responding. Previously stressed rats performed equally to controls on a task requiring a shift of preferences based on reward probability, suggesting that they are not simply relying more on habit-based neural systems.

Lexical Stress and Semantic Range: A Comparative Componential Analysis of Pahari and English Words

Stress is a unique feature in any language's phonology, serving various purposes. The study explores the function of lexical stress in Pahari by presenting a contrast between English and Pahari. In English, stress changes the syntactic category of the word; unlike English, the stress in Pahari not only changes the syntactic category but manages to put the lexical item in an entirely different semantic field with a sharp contrast of meaning. Documented data is insufficient for studying stress in Pahari, as it needs more established literature. Therefore, native Pahari speakers are the participants in exploring the phenomenon. Data analysis revealed that a stress shift in Pahari alters the entire organization of the lexicon in terms of a particular word as the word becomes representative of the different semantic fields. The feature distinguishes Pahari from English and many other languages where the stress changes only the syntactic category, not the semantic field; as a result, the lexical item carries the same conceptual field. An example of the change in the semantic field in Pahari is the word "mundi". Stress on the first syllable, /mʊndi/, will occupy the feature of the body part where it means ‘neck’. Stress on the second syllable /mʊnˈdi/ carries the feature of the remaining portion of the trunk of the chopped tree, where it means ‘tree stump’. The study presents a list of such words and their meanings through componential analysis (CA), indicating the same word with two different stress realizations stands for two different semantic fields. This prosodic feature of lexical stress in Pahari is similar the languages like Hebrew.

A variable section beams based Bi-BCM formulation for the kinetostatic analysis of cross-axis flexural pivots

The Cross-Axis Flexural Pivot (CAFP) is a well-established compliant rotational joint characterized by a highly configurable behavior. Its classic form, consisting of two uniform beams that cross at an arbitrary angle, has been thoroughly examined via either theoretical approaches or Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Conversely, the effects of utilizing variable section beams have had minor consideration, possibly due to the more complex modeling phase. The present paper addresses the analysis of CAFPs incorporating beams whose width and thickness are assumed to vary along the axis with either linear or parabolic functions. The CAFP planar behavior is studied resorting to the Beam-Constraint Model (BCM) for different load cases, namely with an ideal rotation applied to one rigid link or a more practicable cable-driven actuation. To extend the use of BCM to large deflections, each CAFP’s beam is modeled as a chain of two BCM elements, named Bi-BCM. A preliminary study has been carried out to establish empirical equations that provide the BCM characteristic coefficients for every considered beam shape. Next, these have been used to perform the pivot behavioral analysis and to generate, as an output of the sensitivity studies, the performance maps of stiffness, maximum stress and center shift. These results have been verified with FEA, which confirmed the Bi-BCM accuracy for any tested configuration. Finally, direct comparisons between predicted behaviors of the CAFP actuated via the flexible cable and experimental data obtained with 3D printed specimens further validated the proposed Bi-BCM model.

A reflection of the unfavorable living conditions caused by the First World War in the diet and health of a 10‐year‐old boy (1907–1917) from Vetlá cemetery, Bohemia

AbstractAlthough First World War battles did not directly affect the territory of all participating states, the conflict brought suffering in the form of a decline in their inhabitants' economic situation. This was also true in the Czech Lands. Opportunities for studying the impact of the period's difficult living conditions on the human body are very limited. This study presents pilot research into the possible influence of the wartime environment on children's lives through the example of a 10‐year‐old boy (1907–1917) from a family of landowners. The circumstances of his death and burial, demonstrated in coffin adjustment, confirm that the war influenced conditions at the time. We therefore considered the possible osteological and nutritional manifestations of the stress of that time, such as difference between biological and chronological age, the presence of skeletal developmental anomalies, signs of nonspecific stress in the form of linear enamel hypoplasia and Harris lines, and diet, also in the family context. The results showed no significant difference between the boy's biological and chronological ages nor body height disorder. There were seven developmental anomalies on his skeleton, some also found in other family members, which supports documented family relationships. Co‐occurrence of signs of nonspecific stress and isotopic shifts were also found, indicating the possible presence of nutritional stress before his wartime death.

Stress Change and Initial Consonant Loss in Umpithamu: Cause or Consequence?*

AbstractThis study aims to reconstruct a change in the system of word stress in Umpithamu, a language of Cape York Peninsula, in northeastern Australia. The change involves a shift in parsing direction, from a left‐aligned system as found in most Pama‐Nyungan languages, to a system anchored at the right edge. The process of change is reconstructed using evidence from changes in root structure and root size, in combination with specifics of the synchronic system of word stress. The broader context for the analysis is a well‐known hypothesis about stress shift as a cause of initial consonant loss, a typologically rare phenomenon attested in areal patterns in Australia, including Umpithamu and its neighbours. The reconstruction of stress change in Umpithamu shows that the picture is more complex, with the major stress shift as a consequence rather than a cause of initial loss. Umpithamu shows partial rather than complete initial loss, and thus reveals the complexities of the actual processes rather than their end point. Comparison with languages at the end point of the processes shows how their stress systems can be derived from an Umpithamu‐type system simply by assuming further changes in root structure attested as following initial consonant loss.

Partial Dependency of Vowel Reduction on Stress Shift: Evidence from English -ion Nominalization

While classic theories utilize the comparison between cómp[ɛ]nsate going to comp[ə]nsátion and cond[ɛ́]nse going to cond[ɛ]nsátion to argue that stressed vowels are immune to reduction in multiple affixations (e.g., SPE), this paper presents a corpus-based case study that looks into this quantitative interaction between vowel reduction and stress shift during English -ion nominalization and offers discoveries that go against the classic claim. After analyzing 1,047 verb-noun target pairs extracted from the CELEX2 dictionary corpus, this study claims that vowel reduction only partially depends on its stress-bearing feature and that the suffix type, the stress shift pattern, vowel tenseness, and crucially some lexically specific constraints also predict vowel reduction. This finding is further supported by an OT analysis and a statistical model. As a quantitative study that relies on an exhaustive list of English samples to derive theoretical analysis, this research not only provides new insights into this long-lasting debate but also aims to highlight the significance of incorporating large data samples for a complete understanding of phonological phenomena.

Cerebral artery reactivity in young, adult, and aged APOE3 and APOE4 mice

Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is the 6th leading cause of death in the US. Growing evidence supports a link between AD and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Variant isoforms of apolipoprotein E (APOE) are risk factors for both AD and CVD. The most common APOE isoform, APOE3, has neutral risk for developing AD, whereas APOE4 increases AD risk. In order to study APOE-mediated processes, cerebral vessels were isolated from mice expressing human-ApoE targeted replacement of APOE3 (B6.129P2-Apoetm2(APOE*3)Mae N8) and APOE4 (B6.129P2-Apoetm3(APOE*4)Mae N8)(Taconic Labs). Our objective was to determine whether allelic differences altered vascular function by assessing mechanical characteristics and vascular reactivity in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) isolated from young (Y, 3mo), adult (A, 12mo) and aged (Aged, 18-22mo), homozygous APOE3 and APOE4, male and female mice. We hypothesize that APOE4 expression alters PCA structure/function compared to PCAs isolated from age matched APOE3 mice. Methods PCAs were rapidly isolated from age matched male and female, APOE3 and APOE4 mice, cleaned of connective tissue, cut into 5mm segments, and cannulated in an arteriograph chamber to assess mechanical characteristics and vascular reactivity (myogenic tone (MT) in the absence and presence of the non-specific NOS inhibitor, L-NAME). Active/passive wall tension, wall thickness, distensibility, stress/strain and MT was measured with stepwise increases in intraluminal pressure (10mm Hg to 140mm Hg). Results Our preliminary data suggests: PCAs from APOE3 and APOE4 mice exhibited similar MT. L-NAME inhibition of NOS unmasked MT in PCAs from APOE3 and APOE4 mice. L-NAME - induced MT was similar in Y, A and Aged APOE3 mice, where Y APOE4 mice exhibited greater L-NAME-induced tone than A and Aged (P<0.05). When challenged with 60mM [K+]o, all groups showed similar % constriction. Passive wall tension was similar in Y, A, and Aged APOE3 mice, where wall tension significantly decreased with aging in APOE4 mice (P<0.05). Wall thickness tended to increase with age in APOE3 mice, while wall thickness significantly decreased in aged APOE4 mice (P<0.05). Finally, Y APOE3 mice exhibited a rightward shift in stress vs strain, compared to A, and no difference was observed in vessels from A and Aged APOE3 mice. In contrast, PCAs from Y and A, APOE4 mice exhibited similar stress vs strain values. Interestingly, stress vs strain values in aged APOE4 PCAs were shifted to the left, and exhibited significantly different strain values for given values of stress at physiologically relevant pressures (P<0.05). Summary/Conclusions Our data suggests PCA vascular structure/function from APOE3 mice exhibit “normal” aging characteristics, whereas PCAs from APOE4 mice exhibit delayed changes in vascular structure/function. This data provides possible mechanisms for elevated cerebral blood flow in Y human and mice carrying the APOE4 allele vs aged matched APOE3.

On motivation and incoordination in grammar – The case of two Polish exclamative constructions

AbstractThe paper discusses two Polish exclamative constructions as instances of the Abstract Exclamative Construction (AEC) proposed by Michaelis and Lambrecht (1996). It is argued that while theCo-zaExclamative Construction is motivated straightforwardly by the identifyingCo-zaQuestion Construction as well as AEC, theAleExclamative Construction involves not only AEC but also a more complex process called “incoordination”, whereby a second coordinate clause with its coordinating conjunctionalebecomes an autonomous monoclausal construction. The process involves a change in the information structure and in illocutionary force, which becomes increasingly expressive. In addition, it is accompanied by a shift of the sentence stress from the focal element in the second coordinate clause to the initialAle.

Intervertebral Disc Mechanics With Nucleotomy: Differences Between Simple and Dual Loading.

Painful herniated discs are treated surgically by removing extruded nucleus pulposus (NP) material (nucleotomy). NP removal through enzymatic digestion is also commonly performed to initiate degenerative changes to study potential biological repair strategies. Experimental and computational studies have shown a decrease in disc stiffness with nucleotomy under single loading modalities, such as compression-only or bending-only loading. However, studies that apply more physiologically relevant loading conditions, such as compression in combination with bending or torsion, have shown contradicting results. We used a previously validated bone-disc-bone finite element model (Control) to create a Nucleotomy model to evaluate the effect of dual loading conditions (compression with torsion or bending) on intradiscal deformations. While disc joint stiffness decreased with nucleotomy under single loading conditions, as commonly reported in the literature, dual loading resulted in an increase in bending stiffness. More specifically, dual loading resulted in a 40% increase in bending stiffness under flexion and extension and a 25% increase in stiffness under lateral bending. The increase in bending stiffness was due to an increase and shift in compressive stress, where peak stresses migrated from the NP-annulus interface to the outer annulus. In contrast, the decrease in torsional stiffness was due to greater fiber reorientation during compression. In general, large radial strains were observed with nucleotomy, suggesting an increased risk for delamination or degenerative remodeling. In conclusion, the effect of nucleotomy on disc mechanics depends on the type and complexity of applied loads.