Stress Levels In Children Research Articles

Senam Otak (Brain Gym) Berpengaruh Terhadap Tingkat Stres pada Anak Usia Sekolah Kelas V di SD Negeri Pokoh 1 Wedomartani Ngemplak Sleman Yogyakarta

<p>Learning activities may cause excessive stress IN children. 82.8% of the causes of stress in children in Indonesian are from their very tight routine. Data of the National Commission for Children Protection show an average of 200 cases per month which increases 28%. Brain gym is used as one of the activities to address the issue of stress in children and to improve memory. This research is aimed at identifying the effect of brain gym on stress levels in school-age children of fifth grade at SD Negeri Pokoh 1 Wedomartani Ngemplak Sleman Yogyakarta. This research is a quasi-experimental research with one-group pre and post-test design. The subjects of the research were all fifth grade students at SD Negeri Pokoh 1 Wedomartani Ngemplak Sleman Yogyakarta in 2014, numbering 36 students. Sampling employed a total sampling and data were analyzed using the wilcoxon test. The results showed that the stress level of children before the brain gym given was mostly in the moderate category (50.0%) and after the brain gym given was mostly in the normal category (75.0%). The statistical test using the wilcoxon test generated p-value of 0.000 <0.05. Conclusion, there was a significant effect of brain gym on stress levels before and after treatment in the fifth grade students at SD Negeri Pokoh 1 Wedomartani Ngemplak Sleman Yogyakarta.</p>

Can reactivity to stress and family environment explain memory and executive function performance in early and middle childhood?

According to the literature, children's overall reactivity to stress is associated with their socioeconomic status and family environment. In turn, it has been shown that reactivity to stress is associated with cognitive performance. However, few studies have systematically tested these three constructs together. To investigate the relationship between family environment, salivary cortisol measurements and children's memory and executive function performance. Salivary cortisol levels of 70 children aged 9 or 10 years were measured before and after performing tasks designed to assess memory and executive functions. Questionnaires on socioeconomic issues, family environment and maternal psychopathologies were administered to participants' families during the children's early childhood and again when they reached school age. Data were analyzed by calculating correlations between variables and conducting hierarchical regression. High cortisol levels were associated with poorer working memory and worse performance in tasks involving executive functions, and were also associated with high scores for maternal psychopathology (during early childhood and school age) and family dysfunction. Family environment variables and changes in cortisol levels explain around 20% of the variance in performance of cognitive tasks. Family functioning and maternal psychopathology in early and middle childhood and children's stress levels were associated with children's working memory and executive functioning.

Plasma oxidative stress level of IgA nephropathy in children and the effect of early intervention with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.

Aim:The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of the plasma oxidative stress level in children with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and analyze its relativity to the clinical and pathological classification. To discuss the early effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) on the plasma oxidative stress level in children with IgA nephropathy.Methods:Thirty-eight children with IgAN were divided into groups according to their clinical features, pathologic grades, and treatments. Twenty healthy children were included in the control group.Results:The plasma level of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), malonaldehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected. The plasma level of oxidative stress was significantly increased in the IgAN group, including a higher plasma level of AOPP and MDA and a lower plasma level of SOD. After treatment, the plasma level of oxidative stress was significantly decreased in the ACEI group.Conclusions:The children with IgAN had an increase in the plasma level of oxidative stress, expressed as an increased plasma level of AOPP and MDA and a decreased plasma level of SOD. Oxidative stress was associated with the progression of IgAN in children. Early treatment with ACEI therapy can significantly reduce the plasma level of oxidative stress in children with IgAN.

The Relationship between Child Stress, Child Mindfulness and Parent Mindfulness

The current study tested the degree to which mindfulness in parents was directly and indirectly related to stress levels in children. A community sample of 68 parent-child dyads completed self-report surveys (Children: Mage = 10.70, SD = 2.6; 52% female, 48% male; Parents: Mage = 42.70, SD = 9.6; 72% female, 28% male). Multiple regression analyses revealed that both parent mindfulness and child mindfulness were significantly and negatively related to child stress levels. However, mindfulness in children did not mediate the relationship between mindfulness in parents and stress in children. This study contributes to the emerging literature on the effects of mindful parenting on child wellbeing and provides practical suggestions for how parents and children can increase their mindfulness.

Plasma levels of oxidative stress in children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome and their predictive value for relapse frequency.

Oxidative stress has been reported to play an important role in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS). However, the results of previous studies are controversial. Forty children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Patients were followed-up for 12-18 months and divided into three subgroups: frequent relapse (n = 10), non-frequent relapse (n = 12), and non-relapse (n = 18). The plasma levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were tested in controls and patient group at first presentation and after 4 weeks of steroid treatment. Patients had higher AOPP and MDA levels but lower SOD compared with controls. AOPP levels were significantly higher in the frequent relapse subgroup compared with the non-frequent relapse and non-relapse subgroups, respectively. No significant differences were found in the plasma levels of MDA and SOD among the three subgroups. AOPP >87.55 μmol/l before steroid treatment and AOPP >78.5 μmol/l after 4-week steroid treatment were positively correlated with the relapse frequency in patients with SSNS. Children with SSNS have oxidative stress. The plasma levels of AOPP before and after 4-week steroid treatment may predict whether patients with SSNS will relapse frequently.

Not All Sounds Have Negative Effects on Children Undergoing Cardiac Surgery.

This study was designed to evaluate the role of music therapy on the level of stress in children undergoing repair of congenital heart disease. Prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Children's university hospital. Fifty children aged 4 to 12 years undergoing repair of congenital heart disease. Patients were randomized into 2 equal groups (control group and music group); in the control group, patients listened to a blank CD, and in the music group, patients listened to a recorded CD of music and songs preferred by the child. Demographic data, clinical data, and preoperative vital signs were recorded. Baseline stress markers (blood glucose and cortisol levels) were sampled. Patients were assessed intraoperatively until extubation for vital signs and stress markers and after extubation for pain and sedation scales. An interview was conducted within the first postoperative week with the patients and their parents for assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder and negative postoperative behavior changes. There were no significant differences in demographic characteristics, clinical data, vital signs, preoperative and at-extubation blood glucose levels, and preoperative blood cortisol levels between groups. Significant differences were found between groups in blood glucose levels and cortisol levels at all intraoperative times, but only in cortisol blood levels at extubation. Significant differences were found in pain score, sedation score, occurrence of child post-traumatic stress disorder, and occurrence of negative postoperative behavior. Listening to favorable music by children undergoing repair for congenital heart disease resulted in less stress and more relaxation.

The Relationship between Strength-Based Parenting with Children’s Stress Levels and Strength-Based Coping Approaches

The current study adopted a positive psychology approach to examine the role of a positively oriented style of parenting—strength-based parenting (SBP)—on levels of stress in primary school aged children. Specifically, the study tested the degree to which SBP was directly and indirectly related to stress levels in children, partly through its influence on children’ coping responses. A community sample of Australian upper-primary school aged children (N= 103; Mage = 11.30; SD = 1.10; 57% female, 43% male) participated in a cross-sectional, mixed methods field study using self-report surveys and behavioral vignette. A series of multiple regression analyses found that SBP was significantly negatively related to stress levels and significantly positively related to strength-based coping in children. In addition, strength-based coping partially mediated the rela-tionship between SBP and stress levels in children, suggesting that one reason why SBP reduced stress in children was that it encouraged children to take strength-based coping approaches when faced with adversity. SBP thus increases the endogenous resources (i.e., personal strengths) that children can draw upon to address resources with demands that leads to stress. The discussion provides practical implications for SBP and suggestions for future research in this area.

The Relationship between Personality Traits and Stress Levels in Children

This study assessed the relationship between the personality traits and stress levels in children. The Scale of Children Personality Traits and the Scale of Infant Stress were administered. The personality trait dimensions refer to neuroticism, psychoticism, extroversion and sociability, and the stress dimensions refer to levels of stress resistance, alertness, near-exhaustion and exhaustion and the stress reaction types regarding the psychological, psychological with depressing component, psychophysiological and physic types. Fifty children of both genders were assessed; all of them studied in classes from the first to the fourth grades of an elementary public school. The data indicate moderate and positive correlations between the neuroticism and stress levels traits, being mainly evidenced in psychological reactions. On the other hand, the traits psychoticism, ex-troversion and sociability did not present significant correlations with the sample stress levels.

Is Top-down vs Bottom-up Radiological Evaluation after Febrile Urinary Tract Infection Really Less Stressful for the Child and Family? Challenging the Dogma

We evaluated whether stress levels in children and parents during radiological evaluation after febrile urinary tract infection are really lower using the top-down approach, where (99m)technetium dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy is used initially, than the bottom-up approach, where voiding cystourethrography is initially performed and repeated examinations are easier for all. We prospectively evaluated 120 children 3 to 8 years old. Pain ratings were obtained using the Faces Pain Scale-Revised, and conversation during the procedure was evaluated using the Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale-Revised by 2 independent observers. To evaluate parental anxiety, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form was also completed. Following a documented febrile urinary tract infection children were randomized to the top-down or bottom-up group. A third group of 44 children undergoing repeat voiding cystourethrography and their parents were also evaluated. Child ratings of pain using the Faces Pain Scale-Revised were not significantly different between the top-down group following (99m)technetium dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy (2.99 on a scale of 10) and the bottom-up group following voiding cystourethrography (3.21). Also the Faces Pain Scale-Revised was not significantly different in the repeat voiding cystourethrography group (3.35). On the Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale-Revised there was negative correlation between child coping and child distress, as well as rate of child distress and adult coping promoting behavior. Parental state anxiety scores were significantly less in the top-down and repeat voiding cystourethrography groups than in the bottom-up group. Although the top-down approach and repeat voiding cystourethrography cause less anxiety for caregivers, these values do not correlate to pain scale in children. This finding might be due to lack of appropriate evaluation tools of pediatric pain and anxiety. However, the theory that the top-down approach is less invasive, and thus less stressful, requires further research. The Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale-Revised data indicate that influences in adult-child interaction are bidirectional.

The Influences of Ego-Resiliency on Stress Level in Children: The Mediating Effects of Affects

This study investigated the influences of ego-resilience, positive affects, and negative affects on stress levels in children. The subjects were 245 5th-graders. The results indicated that : (1) Ego-resiliency and positive affects were significantly positively related to each other, and these variables were significantly negatively related to negative affects and stress. (2) Ego-resiliency had a direct effect on children`s stress. Additionally, positive affects and negative affects mediated between ego-resiliency and stress; this means children who had high ego-resiliency experienced more positive affects, which led to lesser negative affects and reduced levels of stress.

Children’s Body composition and Stress – the ChiBS study: aims, design, methods, population and participation characteristics

BackgroundThe last decades, the prevalence of childhood obesity has increased. Apart from other lifestyle factors, the effect of chronic psychosocial stress on the development of obesity has been recognized. However, more research is needed into the influence of chronic stress on appetite regulation, energy balance and body composition, as well as on the interaction with physical activity/sedentary behavior, diet and sleep in children. In this regard, the ChiBS study (Children’s Body composition and Stress) was designed at the Ghent University. Within this paper, we describe the aims, design, methods, participation and population characteristics of the ChiBS study.MethodsThe influence of chronic stress on changes in body composition is investigated over a two-year follow-up period (February-June 2010, 2011 and 2012) in primary-school children between 6 and 12 years old in the city Aalter (Flanders, Belgium).Stress is measured by child- and parent-reported stress-questionnaires, as well as by objective stress biomarkers (serum, salivary and hair cortisol) and heart rate variability. Body composition is evaluated using basic anthropometric measurements and air displacement plethysmography. Additional information on socio-economic status, medical history, physical activity, dietary intake and sleep are obtained by questionnaires, and physical activity by accelerometers.ResultsThe participation percentage was 68.7% (N = 523/761), with 71.3% of the children willing to participate in the first follow-up survey. Drop-out proportions were highest for serum sampling (12.1%), salivary sampling (8.3%) and heart rate variability measurements (7.4%).DiscussionThe ChiBS project is unique in its setting: its standardized and longitudinal approach provides valuable data and new insights into the relationship between stress and changes in body composition in a large cohort of young children. In addition, this study allows an in-depth investigation of the validity of the different methods that were used to assess stress levels in children.

Effectiveness of salivary chromogranin A as a stress index in young children during dental treatment

Abstract It is important to understand the level of stress experienced by children during dental treatment, which can be stressful and even lead to permanent dental phobia. We investigated whether chromogranin A (CgA), a stress marker in adults, is useful for determining stress levels in children. Saliva samples were collected before and after treatment from 5 children (3–5 years) who required treatment more than 5 times in a relatively short period. Their parents completed a questionnaire about their child liking/disliking the clinic visit, how they explained to their children the purpose of the dental visit and the type of treatment sought, and to explain descriptively the difference they noticed in their child's behavior. The CgA levels were significantly higher before than after the treatment in all cases. Pre-treatment CgA values were not always related to dislike for the clinic visit, type of treatment sought, and behavioral reaction to the treatment. The CgA values may have been influenced by the children's previous experience of the treatment. The results suggest that CgA might be appropriate for verifying children's stress levels during dental treatment and stress tendency towards dental treatment.

Maltreated Children's Memory of Stressful Removals from Their Biological Parents

SummaryThe effects of stress on memory were examined through a study of 33 3 to 12‐year‐old maltreated children removed from their biological parents by the Child Protective Services because of an emergency (acute) or normal (planned) care order. Children's stress levels were rated by a researcher present during the removal and children's memory of the removal investigated at a later time. The type of removal significantly predicted children's level of stress. ‘Acute removal’ children remembered more from high‐stress phases of the removal than the ‘planned removal’ children. All children had more accurate memories of the low‐stress phases. Details remembered were rated as central or peripheral; more central information was recalled than peripheral information. The ‘acute removal’ children recalled more peripheral information from the high‐stress phases of the removal than the low‐stress phases, a difference, which was not present for the ‘planned removal’ children. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Children’s inferential styles, 5-HTTLPR genotype, and maternal expressed emotion-criticism: An integrated model for the intergenerational transmission of depression.

The authors tested a model for the intergenerational transmission of depression integrating specific genetic (5-HTTLPR), cognitive (inferential style), and environmental (mother depressive symptoms and expressed-emotion criticism [EE-Crit]) risk factors. Supporting the hypothesis that maternal depression is associated with elevated levels of stress in children's lives, mothers with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) exhibited higher depressive symptoms across a 6-month multiwave follow-up than mothers with no depression history. In addition, partially supporting our hypothesis, levels of maternal criticism during the follow-up were significantly related to mothers' current depressive symptoms but not to history of MDD. Finally, the authors found support for an integrated Gene x Cognition x Environment model of risk. Specifically, among children with negative inferential styles regarding their self-characteristics, there was a clear dose response of 5-HTTLPR genotype moderating the relation between maternal criticism and children's depressive symptoms, with the highest depressive symptoms during the follow-up observed among children carrying 2 copies of the 5-HTTLPR lower expressing alleles (short [S] or long [LG]) who also exhibited negative inferential styles for self-characteristics and who experienced high levels of EE-Crit. In contrast, children with positive inferential styles exhibited low depressive symptoms regardless of 5-HTTLPR genotype or level of maternal criticism.

Stressbelastung von 2–8-jährigen Kindern und deren Eltern infolge erstmaliger und wiederholter Miktionszystourethrographie

Invasive procedures such as voiding cystourethrograms (VCUGs) cause distress in both children and their accompanying parents. The main purpose of this study was to examine whether stress levels in children and their parents differ during first-time and repeated VCUGs. The second objective was to examine the relationship between parental behavior (behavior promoting child coping and behavior promoting child distress), parental stress levels and child distress in first-time versus repeated VCUGs. In a prospective study, the distress behavior of 31 children aged 2-8 years who were undergoing a repeated VCUG was examined. A second group of 31 children who were undergoing a VCUG for the first time served as a control sample. Child and parental behavior during the VCUG was coded by three independent observers using a standardized rating scale (CAMPIS-R, Blount et al.). Children reported on their stress levels using a faces scale; parents and radiologists rated the child's distress on a visual analog scale. Similarly, parents assessed their own stress levels on a visual analog scale. The stress levels of children undergoing a repeated VCUG do not differ from those of children undergoing a VCUG for the first time, but parental stress levels were significantly lower during repeated VCUGs. In both VCUG groups there was significant positive correlation between parental distress-promoting behavior and child distress, and between parental stress levels and child distress. Parental coping-promoting behavior showed no significant correlation with child distress or parental stress levels in either VCUG group. Parental stress levels and parental distress-promoting behavior correlated positively only for repeated VCUGs. Neither parental coping- nor distress-promoting behavior differed between first-time versus repeated VCUG groups. Repeated VCUGs and first-time VCUGs are both highly distressing procedures for children. Even though parental stress levels are lower during repeated VCUGs, spontaneous parental behavior proves to be ineffective or even counterproductive in reducing the child's distress. Further research into efficient counseling and training methods for parents and children undergoing VCUGs is required.

Use of perioperative dialogues with children undergoing day surgery

This paper is a report of a study to explore what it means for children to attend hospital for day surgery. Hospitalization is a major stressor for children. Fear of separation, unfamiliar routines, anaesthetic/operation expectations/experiences and pain and needles are sources of children's negative reactions. A grounded theory study was carried out during 2005-2006 with 15 boys and five girls (aged 6-9 years) scheduled for elective day surgery. Data were collected using tape-recorded interviews that included a perioperative dialogue, participant observations and pre- and postoperative drawings. A conceptual model was generated on the basis of the core category 'enduring inflicted hospital distress', showing that the main problem for children having day surgery is that they are forced into an unpredictable and distressful situation. Pre-operatively, the children do not know what to expect, as described in the category 'facing an unknown reality'. Additional categories show that they perceive a 'breaking away from daily routines' and that they are 'trying to gain control' over the situation. During the perioperative period, the categories 'losing control' and 'co-operating despite fear and pain' are present and intertwined. Post-operatively, the categories 'breathing a sigh of relief' and 'regaining normality in life' emerged. The perioperative dialogue used in our study, if translated into clinical practice, might therefore minimize distress and prepare children for the 'unknown' stressor that hospital care often presents. Further research is needed to compare anxiety and stress levels in children undergoing day surgery involving the perioperative dialogue and those having 'traditional' anaesthetic care.

Examination stress in Singapore primary schoolchildren: how compliance by subjects can impact on study results.

Examinations are anecdotally viewed as extremely stressful to Singapore schoolchildren. We test this postulate by obtaining parental ratings of children's emotional stress levels longitudinally in a large representative sample of sixth (P6) and fifth (P5) class primary schoolchildren, respectively, exposed and unexposed to a streaming examination. Children's stress levels were rated monthly by a parent for 10 months. Analyses failed to find evidence of any differential stress impact across P6 and P5 comparison groups, apart from a subset of P6 children whose parents complied with every monthly survey. The streaming examination in the final year of primary school did not emerge as a general stressor to children, but achieved salience within a defined subset of children whose parents were highly study compliant. Study compliance may be a proxy variable of some import, and have wider relevance to other cohort studies and to intervention trials.

Hiperglicemia de estrés en Pediatría

Glucose levels rise early in response to an acute illness, but what is not clear are the limits of this increase according to the level of metabolic stress in children. Objectives : To study glycaemia in paedriatric patients with an acute metabolic stress. Patients and methods : 107 children, aged between 29 days and 13 years were recruited in the Emergency unit before the administration of drugs or glucose solutions and classified according to disease and level of metabolic stress (MS): MS low (n = 22), intermediate (n = 46) or severe (n = 23). We study prospectively glucose levels and analyze it according to age (younger or older than 2 years), level of MS, associated pathology. A group of outpatients without an acute illness were used as controls. Temperature and the CRP were used as markers of stress. Anthropometric tables and the z point of standard NCHS tables were used to assess nutritional status. Stadistics analysis were done using ANOVA and univariated correlation coefficient. Results : The glucose levels were for the low group 89.9 mg/dl, (SD 17.7), intermediate 97.7 mg/dl (SD 22.9) and severe 112.8 (SD 29.4). There was no relation between the CRP and glucose level in the different groups, but increases of 8.7 mg/l, 33.8 mg/l and 45.6 mg/l respectively for low, intermediate and severe groups. While there was no correlation between glucose level, PCR and temperature there was a tendency of higher temperatures in children in the intermediate and severe groups. The maximum glucose levels were 177 mg/dl in the severe group. Levels above 110 mg/dl were observed in 9% (2/22) in the low group, 19.6% (9/46) in the intermediate and 60% (14/23) in the severe, the maximum level in the control group was 105 mg/dl. In the controls, there was a non significant increase in the glucose level according to age. Conclusions : A tendency to greater glycaemias in intermediate and severe metabolic group (NS) and hight risk of hiperglicemia in these groups vs low group and controls were found. Hiperglicemia was not correlated with other stress markers such as CRP or fever. The response is similar at all ages studied and levels above 180 mg/dl should be considered outside of acceptable levels.