Stress In Erythrocytes Research Articles

Impact of Chlorella sorokiniana feed additive on poultry growth health and oxidative stress in erythrocytes

Microalgae, have emerged as a potentially promising feed additive option due to their beneficial nutritional profile rich in bioactive compounds. The present study examines the incorporation of Chlorella sorokiniana (at 0.1% and 1%) into chicken feed compared to control feed and its effect on growth and health parameters of poultry grown at pilot plant scale. Growth performance parameters (weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality, European Production Efficiency Index (EPEF)) and the immune system response are examined. In addition, it examines well-being gut health and nutrient absorption related variables via macroscopical and histological analysis. Finally, red blood cell (RBC) morphology and oxidative stress parameters (reactive oxygens species (ROS) and malondialdehyde level) in the whole blood as well as the lipid profile of the adipose tissue are determined. Addition of Chlorella sorokiniana at 0.1% resulted improved growth performance parameters whereas the ROS levels were significantly decreased indicating reduced oxidative stress. Finally, the results of histological analyses of the intestine on parameters related to nutrient absorption correlated with the results on growth performance. On the other hand, addition Chlorella sorokiniana at 1% did not affect significantly the growth performance parameters, resulted in increased footpad dermatitis, increased oxidative stress and alterations in RBC.

Blood erythrocytes – a biological model for evaluating antioxidant activity of chemical compounds

This review presents an analysis of literature, including our own work, on various aspects of using RBC as an in vitro model in the comprehensive evaluation of antioxidant activity of a wide range of natural and synthetic compounds, their mixtures, and plant extracts. The existing practice of using human, laboratory, and domestic animal red blood cells is examined. The characteristics of the most commonly used initiators of oxidative stress in such studies, 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride (AAPH) and H2O2, as well as the mechanisms underlying the development of the hemolytic process are discussed. A critical analysis of methodological approaches to assessing the level of hemolysis is provided. The review further discusses the evaluation of erythrocyte survival under oxidative stress conditions and the ability of the tested compounds to act as membrane protectors. The text considers the criteria for a comprehensive assessment of erythrocytes, facilitating the study of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying antioxidant activity of a wide range of substances on a model of oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes. Traditional methods include assessment of the intensity of membrane lipid peroxidation (LPO) processes through measurement of concentration of products that react with 2-thiobarbituric acid, a s well assessment of relative content of oxidized forms of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. The use of modern fluorescent methods is another promising approach. In particular, the fluorescence of heme degradation products, the decrease in intensity of which can indicate the presence of antioxidant activity in the compounds under investigation, is a sensitive marker of oxidative stress in erythrocytes. Another prominent fluorescent method is the assessment of the level of oxidative stress by measuring the intracellular concentration of ROS in erythrocytes. Analysis of our own and literature data allows us to recommend the method of oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes as the method to screen newly developed compounds in order to select the most interesting candidates for further in-depth studies. It is appropriate for establishing the structure-activity relationship and developing a strategy for the targeted synthesis of new biologically active compounds combining high hemocompatibility and antioxidant activity, promising for biomedical applications.

Peroxide-induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes under the action of low-frequency vibration

Background. In recent years, many publications have highlighted the role of erythrocytes in the pathogenesis of various acute and chronic diseases. Their negative impact is explained by the ability of these cells to generate superoxide anion-radical and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to autooxidation of hemoglobin, which increases in hypoxia. The purpose of this work was to study the role of autooxidation of hemoglobin of erythrocytes and activation of redox processes in the regulation of specific physiological processes of these cells under the influence of vibration – a factor that combines mechanical influence, oxidative stress and hypoxia. Materials and Methods. An erythrocyte suspension at T = 25 °C was subjected to vibration for 3 hours in the frequency range from 8 to 32 Hz, with amplitudes of 0.5±0.04 and 0.9±0.08 mm. At specified intervals of time, the content of hydrogen peroxide, the propensity of hemoglobin to autoxidation and the content of hemoglobin ligand forms of the cytoplasmic fraction in the hemolysates of cells were measured. Spearman’s non-parametric correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the studied indicators. Results. The processes of hemoglobin autooxidation in erythrocytes under low-frequen­cy vibration conditions were investigated. Changes in the kinetics of the reaction of erythrocyte hemoglobin oxidation with potassium hexacyanoferrate were observed. An increase in the content of intracellular hydrogen peroxide was shown, which increased more than twice in the frequency range of 16–24 Hz, A = 0.9±0.08 mm. The formation of hemichromes, an increase in the content of methemoglobin in cells was shown. In the frequency range of 20–32 Hz, the formation of ferrylhemoglobin was recorded. Conclusion. Under the influence of vibration in the frequency range of 8–24 Hz, unstable forms of hemoglobin are formed in erythrocytes, which are oxidized to hemichromes. The process of hemoglobin autooxidation, which initiates oxidative stress, slows down over time due to the increase in the content of oxyhemoglobin. The formation of hemichromes at high frequencies indicates the involvement of hemoglobin in oxidative processes, which can have negative consequences for cells.

Exploring the anti-aging effect of dextran and polyethylene glycol-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles in erythrocytes

Oxidative stress generated during aging largely affects erythrocytes. Antioxidative therapies such as polyphenols and flavonoids face limitations like low bioavailability and reduced efficiency. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) can behave as antioxidative enzymes and thus have better efficiency. Additionally, biopolymer coatings such as polyethylene glycol and polysaccharides such as dextran enhance the biocompatibility of these NPs. Therefore, we synthesized and characterized bare, polyethylene glycol, dextran-coated CeONPs and examined their hemocompatibility and protective effect against age-induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes. Erythrocytes were obtained from 5ml of fresh blood drawn from 52 healthy individuals aged 20-85years with their consent. CeONPs were found to be protective against age-induced oxidative damage in erythrocytes such as reduced levels of antioxidants and increased levels of oxidative species. Pretreatment with NPs protected the morphology and membrane integrity of erythrocytes. Among the NPs investigated, dextran-coated CeONPs emerged as the most effective, providing a reassuring sign of progress in anti-aging research. Therefore, Dex-CeONPs can be used as potential antioxidant therapeutics against age-induced oxidative stress.

Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activity of Dextran-Coated Iron Oxide, Gold, and Silver Nanoparticles Against Age-Induced Oxidative Stress in Erythrocytes.

Erythrocytes undergo several changes during human aging and age-related diseases and, thus, have been studied as biomarkers of the aging process. The present study aimed to explore the antioxidant ability of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as iron oxide (Fe3O4), gold (Au), and silver (Ag) to mitigate age-related oxidative stress in human erythrocytes. Metal and metal oxide NPs behave like antioxidative enzymes, directly influencing redox pathways and thus have better efficiency. Additionally, biopolymer coatings such as dextran enhance the biocompatibility of these NPs. Therefore, dextran-coated Fe3O4, Au, and Ag NPs were synthesized using wet chemical methods and were characterized. Their hemocompatibility and ability to protect erythrocytes from age-induced oxidative stress were investigated. The Fe3O4 and Au NPs were observed to protect erythrocytes from hydrogen peroxide and age-induced oxidative damage, including decreased antioxidant levels, reduced activity of antioxidative enzymes, and increased amounts of oxidative species. Pretreatment with NPs preserved the morphology and membrane integrity of the erythrocyte. However, Ag NPs induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes similar to hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, dextran-coated Fe3O4 and Au nanoparticles have the potential to be employed as antioxidant therapies against age-related oxidative stress.

Nutritional load in post-prandial oxidative stress and the pathogeneses of diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus affected more than 500 million of people globally, with an annual mortality of 1.5 million directly attributable to diabetic complications. Oxidative stress, in particularly in post-prandial state, plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of the diabetic complications. However, oxidative status marker is generally poorly characterized and their mechanisms of action are not well understood. In this work, we proposed a new framework for deep characterization of oxidative stress in erythrocytes (and in urine) using home-built micro-scale NMR system. The dynamic of post-prandial oxidative status (against a wide variety of nutritional load) in individual was assessed based on the proposed oxidative status of the red blood cells, with respect to the traditional risk-factors such as urinary isoprostane, reveals new insights into our understanding of diabetes. This new method can be potentially important in drafting guidelines for sub-stratification of diabetes mellitus for clinical care and management.

Fruit extracts of various cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) cultivars as antioxidant therapy for alleviating nitrative stress in erythrocytes of blood in experimental diabetes mellitus

Natural antioxidants (vitamins, bioflavonoids, anthocyanins, etc.) are used to prevent the development of oxidative-nitrative stress in diabetes mellitus (DM), which helps to restore or avert functional disorders in the cells and tissues of the body. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of extracts of the fruit of different cultivars of the cornelian cherry, as well as their main iridoid glycoside – loganic acid, on the activity of NO-synthase and the content of stable metabolites of NO in blood erythrocytes of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Materials and methods. In the work, we used the extract of the fruits of the cornelian cherry “Podolski” cultivar (BDPA 10462), the ripe fruits of which have a red color, and the extract of the “Yantarnyi” (BDPA 14131) and “Flava” (BDPA 8795) cultivars, the ripe fruits of which have a yellow color. Loganic acid was extracted from yellow fruits of the “Yantarnyi” and “Flava” cultivars of Cornus mas L. All studied extracts were administered to rats orally for 14 days from the 10th day after the induction of DM. The dose of administration was 20 mg/kg body weight. Results. The extract of the red fruits is demonstrated the most pronounced effect in normalizing the biomarkers of nitrative stress (activity of NO-synthase and its isoforms, the content of nitrite and nitrate anions) in erythrocytes of rats with diabetes. The extract of the yellow fruits shows a positive effect on the suppression of nitrative stress, which has been indicated by a decrease in the activity of iNO-synthase to the values in the control group of animals. Loganic acid, on the contrary, inhibited the eNO-synthase. In addition, the extract of yellow fruits of cornelian cherry and loganic acid decreased the level of NO3– and increased the content of NO2– in erythrocytes of diabetic rats. Conclusions. Biomarkers of nitrative stress in erythrocytes of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes indicated the antioxidant properties of fruit extracts of cornelian cherry, in particular the red fruits, which contain a large amount of anthocyanins.

Attenuation of Oxidative Stress in Erythrocytes Stored with Vitamin C and l-Carnitine in Additive Solution-7.

Background: Blood transfusion has advanced toward component therapy for specific requirements during trauma and surgery. Oxidative stress is induced in erythrocytes during storage. Hence, antioxidants as additives can be employed to counteract oxidative stress and enhance antioxidant defenses. Therefore, this study investigates the combinatorial effects of vitamin C and l-carnitine on erythrocytes during storage. Methodology: Erythrocyte samples were categorized into control and experimental groups-vitamin C (10 mM) and l-carnitine (10 mM) and stored under blood bank conditions (at 4°C) for 35 days. Hemoglobin (Hb), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT] and glutathione peroxidase [GPX]), lipid peroxidation products (conjugate dienes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARSs]), protein oxidation products, metabolic markers (glucose, lactate dehydrogenase), glutathione (GSH), superoxides, and hemolysis were assessed at weekly intervals. Results: SOD activity increased on day 7 in the controls, whereas it increased on days 7 and 14 in the experimental groups. CAT activity increased on day 35 in both the groups. GPX activity increased on day 7 in the controls. Hb levels decreased on days 14 and 35 in the controls and on day 35 in the experimental groups. Hemolysis increased from day 7 onward in both the groups. Protein oxidation products were maintained throughout the storage. GSH levels increased on day 21 in the controls and on days 14 and 21 in the experimental groups. Superoxides and conjugate dienes decreased from day 14 in both the groups. TBARSs decreased on day 7 in the experimental groups. Conclusion: Vitamin C and l-carnitine have synergistically enhanced the efficacy of stored erythrocytes in terms of Hb, antioxidant enzymes, and lipid peroxidation.

Sodium sesquicarbonate elicits oxidative stress in erythrocytes, liver and kidney tissues

Sodium sesquicarbonate also known as Sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate (SSD) has been used globally for centuries in food and traditional medical practices. There is paucity of scientific information on the safety of this common food additive. This study was designed to find out if the oral administration of SSD is capable of generating oxidative stress in erythrocytes, liver and kidney using albino rats as experimental models. The total number of animals used for this study was fifteen. The experimental animals were grouped into three. There were five animals in each group. The rats in the first group which was the control group, were dosed with 1 ml distilled water, while groups 2 and 3 were treated with 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg body weight (bw) of SSD, respectively, once daily per os for 28 days. After the duration of treatment, the erythrocytes, hepatic and kidney tissues were processed for the analysis. The biomarkers of oxidative stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase; and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances/ malondialdehyde (TBARS/MDA) were assayed. The result indicated that catalase enzyme activity was overexpressed in the red blood cells, liver and kidneys of the group that consumed the lower dose of SSD. The dose-dependent increase in the lipid peroxidation of the tissues as indicated by increased levels of MDA in the erythrocytes and TBARS in the tissues of the treated groups was significant (P < 0.05). The SOD enzyme activity in all the tissues assayed showed a dose-dependent decrease, which was significant at the probability level of 0.05. The consumption of SSD therefore caused lipid peroxidation and reduction in activity of the antioxidants present in the tissues studied.

Investigation of the toxic effects of aspartame as an artificial sweetener in food: effect on redox and inflammatory biomarkers in rat

Aspartame (L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester) is a widely used synthetic sweetener. The safety of aspartame consumption remains controversial due to its widespread and sometimes indiscriminate use above the FDA-recommended level. The study focused on investigating the toxic effects of aspartame administration at high doses on redox and inflammatory biomarkers in male Wistar rats. Rats were divided into two groups: Group I was given normal saline (0.9%) orally and Group II was administered with aspartame (100 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days. Administration of aspartame significantly (p<0.05) increased the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PCO), and Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPP) content which are prominent markers of oxidative stress. The assessment of antioxidant defenses in both the groups denoted a significant (p<0.05) decrease in levels of Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Catalase in the aspartame-treated group in comparison to the control. The proinflammatory markers Tumour Necrosis Factor -α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C - reactive protein (CRP) were also significantly (p<0.05) increased in the treated group. These results suggest that aspartame intake of 100 mg/kg body weight contributes to oxidative stress in erythrocytes which in turn may play a role in predisposing an individual to obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Aspartame should be strictly limited to the FDA-recommended levels since its indiscriminate use causes severe toxic effects.

An Overview on Assay Methods to Quantify ROS and Enzymatic Antioxidants in Erythrocytes and Spermatozoa of Small Domestic Ruminants.

The present review aims to provide an overview of the assay methods for the quantification of ROS and principal enzymatic antioxidants as biomarkers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes and spermatozoa of small domestic ruminants. A complete literature search was carried out in PubMed, Scopus and the World Wide Web using relevant keywords and focusing on the last five years (2018-2023). Among spectrophotometry, fluorometry and chemiluminescence, the most widely used method for ROS assay is fluorometry, probably because it allows to simultaneously assay several ROS, using different probes, with greater economic advantages. Regarding intracellular antioxidant enzymes, recent literature reports only spectrophotometric methods, many of which use commercial kits. The use of a less sensitive but cheapest method is suitable because both erythrocytes and spermatozoa samples are highly concentrated in domestic ruminant species. All methods considered in this review have been found to be appropriate; in general, the differences are related to their costs and sensitivity. Quantification of ROS and enzymatic antioxidant activity in erythrocytes and spermatozoa may find application in the study of the welfare and health status of small domestic ruminants for monitoring livestock production.

Biomarkers of oxidative stress in acute blood loss and its correction with magnetite nanoparticles in a sodium chloride matrix

Biomarkers of oxidative stress in acute blood loss and its correction with magnetite nanoparticles in a sodium chloride matrix

Cirrhosis-induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes: The therapeutic potential of taurine.

Cholestasis/cirrhosis could induce erythrocyte lysis. The incidence of various types of anemia in cirrhosis is approx. 75%. Several studies have mentioned the pivotal role of oxidative stress in this complication. Taurine (TAU) is the human body's most abundant free amino acid. TAU is known as a robust cell membrane stabilizer. Many studies have mentioned that TAU could counteract oxidative stress in various experimental models. The current study was intended to evaluate the effect of TAU on erythrocytes in cirrhotic rats. Bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery was carried out on rats. Then, complete blood count (CBC), hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (HTC), and erythrocytes' G6PD, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured. Moreover, biomarkers of oxidative stress were assessed, and the erythrocytes' morphological changes were monitored in the cirrhotic mice exposed to TAU (0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% w : v in drinking water). Significant changes in the assessed erythrocyte parameters (G6PD activity, Hgb, HTC, and erythrocyte count) and red blood cells (RBC) morphological alterations were detected on day 42 after BDL surgery. Biomarkers of oxidative stress also did not change at the time points, except on post-BDL days 28 and 42. A significant decrease in blood parameters was evident at post-BDL day 42. All doses of TAU (0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% w : v in drinking water) significantly improved erythrocyte parameters and encountered oxidative stress in the erythrocytes of cirrhotic animals. These data indicate that TAU could be a safe agent to mitigate cirrhosis-induced erythrocyte damage and anemia. Further investigations are necessary to prove this in clinical settings.

COVID-19 Infection Changes the Functions and Morphology of Erythrocytes: A Multidisciplinary Study

Hematological problems are associated with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Respiratory impairment is the higher point studied, although without experimental studies related to the oxygen transport performed by erythrocytes. Therefore, we decided to investigate if erythrocytes from COVID-19 patients have their functionality changed. The case-control study included hospitalized patients with a positive real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) result admitted to University Hospital. Volunteers (negative RT-PCR results) were recruited as a control group. Thus, we assessed different erythrocytes parameters, oxidative stress markers, and biophysical studies using whole blood and isolated hemoglobin. We found a decrease of 51% in oxygen uptake and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. Raman spectrometry showed structural changes in the hemoglobin and lipids of the erythrocytes from COVID-19 patients; thus, these results were consolidated with an increase in Young’s modulus in erythrocytes followed by morphology changes. Besides, isolated hemoglobin from COVID-19 patients has a distinct interaction profile using a ligand model compared to the control. COVID-19 leads to structural, functional, and morphological damage to human erythrocytes. Our data showed structural and molecular changes and induction of oxidative stress in erythrocytes by COVID-19, a new perspective on the contribution of erythrocytes to a respiratory commitment in COVID-19.

OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF ERYTHROCYTES IN PATIENTS WITH COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS OF THE DISEASE

Community-acquired pneumonia is remaining one of the most common diseases in the world. The high morbidity and mortality rates establish the necessity for further in-depth research into the mechanisms of the development and progression of the disease, finding ways to optimize diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this study is to investigate indicators of the oxidative metabolism of erythrocytes in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and to evaluate its significance in the pathogenesis of the disease. Participants and methods: the study involved 20 adult patients suffering from community-acquired pneumonia, who took the course of treatment at the therapeutic department of the City Clinical Hospital No. 25, Kharkiv. The diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia was established on the basis of epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings. All indicators were compared with the findings in the group of healthy individuals. A comparative analysis of the content of carbonyl derivatives, the level of malondialdehyde, and membrane-bound haemoglobin was carried out. We revealed the presence of intracellular oxidative stress in erythrocytes of the patients with community-acquired pneumonia that leads to damage to their membranes and the release of hemoglobin into the blood plasma. Conclusion. Oxidative metabolism provokes an impairment of redox reactions in the blood plasma and contributes to the progression of the disease. Hypoxia, which develops during community-acquired pneumonia, aggravates the course of the disease and worsens the prognosis for recovery. The obtained results allow us to recommend the addition of antihypoxic agents to the traditional antibacterial therapy of community-acquired pneumonia.

Effects of N-acetylcysteine and dexamethasone on the antioxidant status of erythrocytes in experimental immunogenic uveitis

Objective . To study the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and dexamethasone over the parameters of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant defence (AOD) in erythrocytes of rabbits with experimental immunogenic uveitis (EIU). Materials and methods . An experimental study was carried out on 45 rabbits. Animals with EIU were treated with placebo, NAC, dexamethasone, or a combination of NAC and dexamethasone. Parameters of lipid peroxidation (diene conjugates, triene conjugates, malondialdehyde) and AOD (catalase activity, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione and their ratio, superoxide dismutase) were observed in blood erythrocytes of rabits. Results . EIU in rabbits was accompanied by a significant elevation of LPO parameters and inhibition of AOD in erythrocytes. NAC significantly reduced the intensity of oxidative stress in erythrocytes, and also increased the AOP parameters, including the content of reduced glutathione. Dexamethasone led to the inhibition of the glutathione system. The combined application of NAC and dexamethasone revealed the synergism of their pharmacological action. Conclusion . EIU in rabbits is accompanied by systemic manifestations of oxidative stress. NAC has a pronounced antioxidant effect on the redox status of blood erythrocytes. Dexamethasone has an inhibitory effect on the glutathione system. The combined parenteral administration of NAC and dexamethasone revealed their combined synergistic pharmacological effect.

Protective Effect of Melatonin Against Malathion Induced Alterations in Antioxidant Defense System and Morphology of Erythrocytes in Wistar Rats

Malathion intoxication has been shown to produce oxidative stress due to the generation of free radicals and alter the antioxidant defense system in erythrocytes. Previous studies have shown the ameliorative role melatonin against oxidative stress induced by generation of free radicals. Present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of melatonin against malathion induced oxidative stress. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control; Melatonin (10mg/Kg body weight) group; Malathion (250mg/Kg body weight) treated group; Malathion + Melatonin treated group. Animals were administered an acute dose of malathion orally. The result of this study shows that in vivo administration of malathion caused inhibition in AChE activity in erythrocytes. Malathion intoxication also significantly increased the oxidative damage as evidenced by increased level of LPO and GSH content. The Inhibition of GSH level and increased lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes was relieved in malathion + melatonin group. Enhanced activities of SOD, CAT, GR and GPx were observed in erythrocytes of malathion treated rats as compared to control group. Moreover, melatonin supplementation in malathion treated rats maintain normal level of antioxidant enzymes as compared to malathion treated rats which indicates that melatonin provide protection against malathion-induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes. No significant change in the membrane bound enzymes such as Na+/K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase was observed in malathion intoxicated rats. Findings of scanning electron micrographs of erythrocytes revealed that both the malathion treated and malathion+melatonin treated groups exhibited morphological changes in erythrocytes. However, concomitant melatonin supplementation normalized the morphological alterations in erythrocytes induced by malathion toxicity. In conclusion, melatonin supplementation may ameliorate malathion-induced oxidative imbalance by enhancing the glutathione level, reducing lipid peroxidation and normalizing antioxidant enzyme activities in erythrocytes.

Band 3 protein function and oxidative stress in erythrocytes.

Band 3 protein (B3p), anion transporter, allows the HCO3- /Cl- exchange across plasma membrane and plays an important role for erythrocytes homeostasis. In addition, B3p is linked to proteins cytoskeleton, thus contributing to cell shape and deformability, essential to erythrocytes adjustment within narrowest capillaries. Taking into account that erythrocytes are a suitable cell model to investigate the response of the oxidative stress effects, B3p functions, and specifically anion exchange capability, determining the rate constant for SO42- uptake, has been considered. As, in the latter years, rising attention has been addressed to membrane transport system, and particularly to this protein, the present mini-review has been conceived to report the most recent knowledge about B3p, with specific regard to its functions in oxidative stress conditions, including oxidative stress-related diseases.

D‐glucose and D‐galactose affect Band 3 protein function and oxidative stress in human erythrocytes

Metabolic dysfunctions continuously expose human erythrocytes to sugars present in plasma during their circulatory life span of 120 days. Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus causes glycation of proteins along with oxidative stress in erythrocytes. Moreover, acute systemic administration of D‐galactose was used to artificially induce blood senescence in human models as well to mimic galactosemia. The purpose of this study is to understand the effect of D‐glucose and D‐galactose in human erythrocytes and in particular on the function of Band 3 protein, which is an excellent tool for studying the oxidative events on the erythrocyte membrane. Human erythrocytes in vitro were exposed to increasing concentrations of D‐glucose (5‐15‐35 mM) for 3h or D‐galactose (0.1‐3‐5‐10 mM) for 1h. The rate constant for SO4= uptake, accounting for the efficiency of anion exchange through Band 3 protein along with levels of TBARS levels and membrane –SH groups have been measured. When erythrocytes were exposed to high D‐glucose (15–35 mM) for 3 h, TBARS levels and membrane –SH groups were unchanged while the rate constant for SO4= uptake was significantly accelerated with respect to control (5 mM). After exposure to high D‐galactose (5–10 mM) for 1 h, TBARS levels were higher and membrane –SH levels were lower than control, while the rate constant for SO4= uptake was significantly slower with respect to control (0.1 mM). The present findings show that the measurement of the rate constant for SO4= uptake is a suitable tool to monitor the effect of sugars on erythrocytes; hyperglycemia due to high glucose applied for 3 h affects anion exchange capability without producing lipid peroxidation and oxidative protein damage. High concentrations of D‐galactose (> 5 mM) decreased the rate constant for SO4= uptake, induced lipid peroxidation and reduced total sulfhydryl content. Based on this evidence, future studies will evaluate if the acceleration of Band 3 protein in presence of high D‐glucose depends on altered Bp3 conformation, affecting crosslink with Hb, or on altered glycosylation or phosphorylation signaling underlying Band 3 protein function. In addition, alterations of parameters of oxidative stress caused by D‐galactose on the erythrocytes membrane open the view to consider a potential therapeutic strategy ameliorating the damage caused by D‐galactose.

Chronic pesticides exposure on the farmers in Tanjung Wangi Village: Focus on Alpha-Synuclein as a Biomarker of Parkinson-sporadic

The study aim was to analyze the effect of chronic pesticide exposure on farmers in Tanjung Wangi village. Observational study with male adult farmer as respondents. 100 questionnaires were given to farmers and 56 returned. The average age of respondents was 46.5 years, education was primary school, length of work/day was 4-6 hours, length as farmer was more than 10 years. The results were no respondents have Parkinson symptoms with a median score were 57, 61, and 67.5 on 1 to 5, 5 to10, and more than 10 years pesticide exposure respectively. From 56 respondents selected 30 persons randomly for physical examination (PE) and blood examination Parameters measured were PE, concentration of glutathione-total and alpha-synuclein in erythrocyte membranes. Data analysis was performed with IBM SPSS 21. The results were no respondents have digestive and balance disorders. Alpha-synuclein concentrations were not significantly different between the length of exposure as well as total glutathione concentrations. PE significant correlation with alpha-synuclein (rho=0.366, p=0.044). Pesticides cause oxidative stress in erythrocytes. Alpha-synuclein has the potential as a biomarker for Parkinson-sporadic disease.