Streptococcus Pyrogenes Research Articles

Chemical analysis and antibacterial activities of Calotropis procera and Clusia rosea leaves extracts

In this work, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Calotropis procera and Clusia rosea leaves were evaluated for phytochemicals and antibacterial activities in an attempt to evaluate their medicinal potentials. The results of the phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, tannins, and phenolic compounds in the aqueous extracts of Calotropis procera (AqCp) and Clusia rosea (AqCr), and ethanolic extracts of Calotropis procera (EtCp) and Clusia rosea (EtCr). The concentrations of the bioactive constituents in the extracts were in order AqCp > EtCp > AqCr > EtCr. The antibacterial activities were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and, Streptococcus pyrogenes with different concentration of the plant extracts. The results of the antibacterial evaluations indicate the plant extracts can be used to inhibit the growth of the bacteria with AqCp being more effective. The result of this study validates the use of the aqueous extract of plant extracts in ethnomedicine and this could provide a lead in the isolation of antibacterial agents from water extracts of medicinal plants.

Effect of Different Brands of Ceftriaxone on Various Strains of Bacteria by Measuring Zone of Inhibition

In this study, the antibiotic ceftriaxone from three different brands was tested for its effectiveness against strains of bacteria like Streptococcus pyrogens, Staphylococcus aerus, and Klebsiella pneumonia. The effectiveness was estimated by measuring the zone of inhibition and compared with a standard disc (BD BBLSensi-Disc 2004/09) from an American company-general lab. The diameters of the inhibitory zones from all the brands were found to be well within the range of 20 to 33 mm ±0.5.

Synthesis and In Vitro Antimicrobial and Anthelminthic Evaluation of Naphtholic and Phenolic Azo Dyes.

The antimicrobial activity of 2-naphtholic and phenolic azo compounds was determined against seven microbial species, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Streptococcus pyrogenes (clinical), and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Salmonella typhi (clinical), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 251922), and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), using the high-throughput spot culture growth inhibition assay (HT-SPOTi). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for the active azo dyes. All the azo compounds (A1–B4) were screened for anthelmintic activity against adult Ghanaian earthworms, Hyperiodrilus spp. As part of the systematic investigation for biological activity, all the azo compounds exhibited good antimicrobial activity against the seven human pathogenic microorganisms. All the compounds exhibited anthelminthic activity against adult Ghanaian earthworms, Hyperiodrilus spp.

SANTALUM ALBUM;

Medicinal plants are good alternate of antibiotics against many bacterial as well as other diseases. Santalum album (Sandal) and Cymbopogon (Lemon grass) are two important medicinal plants whose important components were extracted by sequential extraction from non-polar to polar solvents. The study was aimed at finding antibacterial and radical scavenging potential of Santalum album (Sandal) and Cymbopogon (Lemon grass). Study Design: In vitro study. Setting: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat. Period: 12 months. Material and Methods: Sequential extracts of Santalum album and Cymbopogon with n-hexane, chloroform, acetone, ethylacetate, ethanol, butanol and water respectively were prepared to evaluate antibacterial activity against Staph aureus (25923), Staph aureus (38541), E.coli (25922), E.coli (35318), Streptococcus pyrogenes (Tc-11-2) and Shigella sonnei (BB-8). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to assess antioxidant activity. Results: Ethanolic and acetone extracts of sandal and lemongrass showed significant inhibtory activity against all seven strains. In case of sandal, acetone extract exhibited highest inhibitory activity against Staph aureus (25923) with 17±2 mm zone of inhibition while ethanolic extract of lemon grass showed highest activity with 16.333 ± 1.154mm zone of inhibition against E.Coli (35318). Other solvents including chloroform, n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol also showed considerable antibacterial activity, but water extracts of both plants showed no activity. All polarity based extracts of both plants exhibited antioxidant activity, ethanolic extracts of sandal and lemon grass showed highest radical scavenging activity with 84.366 ±1.504% and 83.766 ±4.272% inhibitions respectively. The minimum antioxidant activity was observed for chloroform extracts of sandal and n-hexane extract of lemongrass. Conclusion: we concluded that some plants have good antibacterial and antioxidant potential. Their phytochemical analysis can be carried out to find potent antibacterial and antioxidant compounds. This will be effective in combating bacterial diseases because mostly microbes are developing resistance against currently available antibiotics.

Malus pumila and Juglen regia plant species mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, spectral characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial studies

Zinc oxide nanoparticles derived from Malus pumila (apple) and Juglen regia (walnut) plant is an attractive area of research because of their widespread use. The use of plant material to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles has been considered as one of the best environmentally friendly approach. This method appears to be low-cost as compare to other conventional method of synthesis. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized by Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–visible), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (ATR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS). The antioxidant potential has been evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) assay using L-ascorbic acid as a standard. The antibacterial activity was measured by agar well diffusion method to measure the efficacy of plant species extract and extract mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles against 5 g positive bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus pyrogenes (S. pyrogenes), Corynebacterium diphtheriae (C. diphtheriae) and Corynebacterium xerosis (C. xerosis) and 3 g negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) bacteria with standard antibiotic for gram positive (Ciprofloxacin) and gram negative bacteria (Gentamicin).

Assessment of Antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates of human pathogen, Physiochemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Lantana indica Roxb

Objective: Objective of the study was to evaluate antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates of human pathogen, physiochemical and Phytochemical analysis of Lantana indica Roxb. Methods: The aqueous, methanol, acetone and chloroform fractions of Lantana indica were investigated for antimicrobial properties using pathogenic species of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyrogens, Alcaligene fecalis, Salmonella typhi, Bacillu cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Streptococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli) and fungi (Aspegillus fumigatus, A. niger, A. flavus, Candida albicans and C. tropicals, Microsporum canis, Epidermophyton floccossum, Trichophyton rubrum). Results: All the fractions of plant exhibited variable antimicrobial activity, however, the fraction prepared by extraction with water was found to be endowed with maximum antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion assay. The result of phytochemical shows that Lantana indica contain good source of elements and vitamin. The MICs by microbroth dilution assay was found to be ranged from 0.625 to 10.0 mg/ml in most of the fractions. Acetone extract was found to be least active against the fungal pathogens. Conclusion: In present study, all the four extracts of L. indica were found to be having moderate to high activity against most of the microbial species investigated; therefore, characterization of various extracts may be useful in identification of some novel antimicrobial compound having less toxicity.

Efficacy of Antimicrobial properties of Acalypha indica against Clinical isolates of human Pathogen

Study was to investigates antimicrobial properties against clinical isolates of human pathogen, physiochemical and Phytochemical analysis of Acalypha indica. The aqueous, methanol, acetone and chloroform fractions of Acalypha indica were investigated for antimicrobial properties using pathogenic species of 18 bacteria and 8 fungi. Efficacy of antimicrobial properties were shown by all fraction. Significant antimicrobial properties were observed by disc diffusion assay and Microbroth dilution assay against tested pathogen such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyrogens, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, P. aeurigonosa, S. aureus, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, C. albicans and C. tropicals. The MICs by microbroth dilution assay was found to be ranged from 0.625 to 10.0 mg/ml in most of the fractions. Chloroform extract was found to be least active against the fungal pathogens. All the fractions of Acalypha indica were exhibited moderate to high activity against human pathogenic microbes; so that, identification of various extracts may be useful in novel antimicrobial compound having less toxicity with high sensitivity and specificity.

Phytochemical and Anti-Microbial Screening of Crude Extracts of Natal Fig (FicusNatalensisKraus)

Traditional healers have successfully used several species of the genus Ficus to cure several ailments such as; diarrhea, dysentery, cuts, wounds, mumps, cholera, and jaundice. Ficus natalensis being of the same genus was screened for the presence of phytochemicals and antimicrobial effects. Phytochemical investigation of crude extracts of F. natalensis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, glycosides, steroids, triterpenes and anthraquinones. The crude hexane, ethylacetate and methanol fractions had inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Escherichia coli, Candida krusei ,and Candida tropicalis. Minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBC)/(MFC) and Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) were carried out on the extracts using the two fold serial dilution method at concentrations of 20 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL and 0.63 mg/mL but the crude extracts did not show inhibitory effect on Methicillin resistant Staphylococcusaureus, Shigeiladysenteriae, Vancomycin resistant enterococci, and Campylobacter jejuni.The result in this work agrees with the ethno-medicinal claim on this specie of the genus.Keywords: Ficusnatalensis (kraus); phytochemical screening, Minimum inhibitory concentration

Biogenic fabrication and characterization of silver nanoparticles using aqueous-ethanolic extract of lichen (Usnea longissima) and their antimicrobial activity

BackgroundBiogenic fabrication of silver nanoparticles from naturally occurring biomaterials provides an alternative, eco-friendly and cost-effective means of obtaining nanoparticles. It is a favourite pursuit of all scientists and has gained popularity because it prevents the environment from pollution. Our main objective to take up this project is to fabricate silver nanoparticles from lichen, Usnea longissima and explore their properties. In the present study, we report a benign method of biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous-ethanolic extract of Usnea longissima and their characterization by ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. Silver nanoparticles thus obtained were tested for antimicrobial activity against gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria.ResultsFormation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by the appearance of an absorption band at 400 nm in the UV-vis spectrum of the colloidal solution containing both the nanoparticles and U. longissima extract. Poly(ethylene glycol) coated silver nanoparticles showed additional absorption peaks at 424 and 450 nm. FTIR spectrum showed the involvement of amines, usnic acids, phenols, aldehydes and ketones in the reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Morphological studies showed three types of nanoparticles with an abundance of spherical shaped silver nanoparticles of 9.40–11.23 nm. Their average hydrodynamic diameter is 437.1 nm. Results of in vitro antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Streptococcus viridans, Corynebacterium xerosis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae (gram positive bacteria) and Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneuomoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram negative bacteria) showed that it was effective against tested bacterial strains. However, S. mutans, C. diphtheriae and P. aeruginosa were resistant to silver nanoparticles.ConclusionLichens are rarely exploited for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles. In the present work the lichen acts as reducing as well as capping agent. They can therefore, be used to synthesize metal nanoparticles and their size may be controlled by monitoring the concentration of extract and metal ions. Since they are antibacterial they may be used for the treatment of bacterial infections in man and animal. They can also be used in purification of water, in soaps and medicine. Their sustained release may be achieved by coating them with a suitable polymer. Silver nanoparticles fabricated from edible U. longissima are free from toxic chemicals and therefore they can be safely used in medicine and medical devices. These silver nanoparticles were stable for weeks therefore they can be stored for longer duration of time without decomposition.

Biogenic synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Agrewia optiva and Prunus persica phyto species: Characterization, antibacterial and antioxidant activity

A phytoextract mediated synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Agrewia optiva (Dhaman or Biul) and Prunus persica (Peach) leaf extract as capping and stabilizing agent without using hazardous toxic chemicals via biogenic route has been studied. The biogenic method of synthesis is convenient, rapid, cost effective and ecofriendly. The green synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements. The antibacterial study was determined by agar well diffusion method to measure the efficiency of both phyto species extract and its mediated iron oxide nanoparticles against five gram positive bacterial stains such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus pyrogenes (S. pyrogenes), Corynebacterium diphtheriae (C. diphtheriae) and Corynebacterium xerosis (C. xerosis) and three gram negative bacterial stains such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneuomoniae (K. pneuomoniae) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The antibiotic Ciprofloxacin and Gentamicin have been used as reference standard drugs for gram positive and gram negative bacterial stains, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the phyto extracts and prepared nanoparticles have been performed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay employing l-ascorbic acid as a standard.

Antibacterial activity of Solanum lycopersicum var. ceraciforme on aerobic microbial isolates of meat

The antibacterial activities of the extract of Solanum lycopersicum var. ceraciforme were evaluated against five bacteria: Serratia marcescens, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. Ethanolic extract (UEE) of Solanum lycopersicum var. ceraciforme were obtained by standard methods. The antibacterial activity was assayed using agar well diffusion method. The ethannolic extract (UEE) exhibited antibacterial effects against the isolates with inhibiting zones ranging from 2.09±0.01 mm to 7.53±0.01 mm. UEE was able to inhibit the growth of Serratia marcescens and Micrococcus luteus which was resistant to the commercial antibiotic, erythromycin. The extract showed appreciable quantity of total phenol (tannic acid equivalent) of 22.12 MgGAE/g. The higher phenolic content of UEE may be responsible for its ability to inhibit more of the aerobic microflora from meat. This study shows that useful bioactives component that can be used in preserving meat from microbial spoilage are present in UEE.

Assessment of possible healthcare associated infection pathogens at a military hospital, Lagos State, Nigeria, November, 2015

Introduction : healthcare associated infection (HCAI) are infections among patients in hospital setting that become manifest only after 48hrs of hospital stay, which are caused by pathogens acquired in healthcare settings. Usually, HCAI are infections of urinary tract, surgical wounds, and the lower respiratory tract. They are a major cause of death and increased morbidity in hospitalized patients. In November, 2015, we assessed the prevalence of possible nosocomial pathogens at a military hospital in Lagos State, Nigeria. Methods : hospital areas such as theatre, treatment room, nurses’ station, male surgical ward, vital signs room, accident and emergency room, labour room, and post-natal ward were randomly sampled for the survey. We collected swabs specimens from specific sites such as table tops, faucets, door handles, beddings and equipment using sterile swab sticks. The swabs were inoculated on nutrient, chocolate and McConkey agar plates and incubated at 37⁰C for 24hrs. We characterized isolates by Gram reaction and biochemical methods. Results : out of the 83 sites cultured, 31(37.3%) yielded significant growth. Organisms isolated include Staphylococcus epidermidis (32.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (22.6%), Escherichia coli (12.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.7%), Streptococcus pyrogenes (9.7%), Aspergillus spp. (9.7%) and Proteus mirabilis (3.2%) were isolated. These isolates were from sterile and non-sterile sites, fomites and hospital equipment. Non-sterile sites were less likely to have microbial growth when compared with sterile sites; (Odds ratio: 0.78, CI: 0.20 - 3.03). However, this association was not statistically significant. Conclusion : possible pathogens for HCAI were isolated from vital sections of the hospital. Organisms isolated pose risk to sterile procedures and patients care with attendant burden on their recovery. We educated the hospital community on the importance of hand washing with soap and recommended adherence to regular sterilization and disinfection procedures of relevant sites where patient care is administered towards reduction of healthcare associated pathogens.

Antimicrobial and Physicochemical Evaluation of <i>Luffa acutangular</i> Leaf Extracts

Leaves of <i>Luffa acutangular</i> are consumed in some parts of Nigeria as part of folk medicine for the treatment of diseases and as a vegetable food source. This study was undertaken to evaluate the phytochemical constituents from ethanol extracts, antimicrobial resistance, proximate and mineral analysis of its leaf extracts. The phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and triterpenoids. The elemental analysis of the dried leaf revealed the presence of Calcium (58.6 mg/g), Copper (0.6 mg/g), Magnesium (12.4 mg/g), Manganese (0.9 mg/g), Zinc (0.6 mg/g), Sodium (14.4 mg/g) and Potassium (143.6 mg/g) respectively. The samples were screened against <i>Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyrogens, Klebsciella pneumonia, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis</i> for their anti-microbial activity using Ciprofloxacin, Streptomycin and Fluconazole as control. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values were determined. Proximate analysis revealed moisture content of 10.6%, ash 6.3%, crude protein 2.6%, crude fiber 4.0%, fat 5.1% and carbohydrate content of 71.4%. The study showed that the leaf extract of <i>L. acutangular</i> may be used to manage some common diseases caused by the tested organisms. The major antimicrobial activity is tailored to the phyto-constituents. This confirms the folkloric use of the plants in the management of various diseases.

Phytochemical Screening and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;in Vitro&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Antimicrobial Activity of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Waltheria Indica Linn&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Leaf Extracts

The plant, <i>Waltherica indica Linn</i> is known to possess medicinal properties according to African folklore. Scientific verification of its bioactive constituents backing its use for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections is limited. This study aimed at evaluating the phytochemical compounds present in the crude leaf extracts as well as identify their pathogen-specific antagonistic activities. The results obtained revealed that alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, phenolic acids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids were present in the extracts. The results also revealed that the zones of inhibition from the acidic, basic, neutral polar and non-polar fractions ranged between 24-28mm against the organisms <i> (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyrogens, Klebsciella pneumonia, and Candida krusei)</i>. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MICs) of the crude, acidic, basic, neutral polar and non-polar fractions of the leaf was recorded at 2.5mg/ml and 0.5mg/ml respectively. The results obtained suggested that the leaf of the studied plant possess strong antimicrobial activities against selected bacterial and fungal species with direct correlation to the actions of their phyto-constituents.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ISOLATED ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FROM RAUVOLFIA SERPENTINA (L.) BENTH. EX KURZ

Objective: The aim of the present study was to isolate the endophytic fungi from medicinal plant Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. (Family Apocynaceae) and observed their antibacterial activity against bacteria as well as the molecular characterization of most potent fungal strain. Methods: Collection and isolation of endophytic fungi from different parts (root, shoot, leaves) of Rauvolfia serpentina plant. Screening of endophytic fungi for antibacterial activity was scrutinised against six bacteria viz. Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Streptococcus pyogenes by using Agar well diffusion method. For molecular sequencing of potent fungi, the DNA was extracted, quantified and amplified by using two oligonucleotide primers ITS4 and ITS6 in PCR.Results: A total seven endophytic fungi Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrinum, Cladosporium sp., Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus sp., Alternaria sp. and Aspergillus fumigatus were isolated from different parts of Rauvolfia serpentina and fungal strain Penicillium citrinum was shown the maximum zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis (23.0±0.12 mm), Escherichia coli (19.9±0.16 mm), Streptococcus pyrogens (19.2±0.59 mm), Enterococcus sp., (17.2±0.08 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.9±0.16 mm) and Salmonella typhimurium (15.1±0.16 mm). The molecular sequencing of the potent fungi was done by primers (ITS4 and ITS6) which showed strong specificity with fungal DNA and the percentages of identical matches of ITS4 and ITS6 DNA sequences in the GeneBank database (NCBI) were determined to 98 %.Conclusion: In the present study, the endophytic fungal strain Penicillium citrinumshowed the potential source of antibacterial bioactive compounds and molecular sequencing of this fungus helps in future to determine the various metabolic pathways that are responsible for the production of such type of novel compounds.

ECONOMIC MAXIMIZATION OF ALFALFA ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY USING STRESSFUL FACTORS

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;The present study addresses the effect of water deficit stress on the antimicrobial capacity of alfalfa (&lt;em&gt;Medicago sativa&lt;/em&gt;) plants. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Methanolic extracts of alfalfa plants grown in different soil types, varying in sand proportion, either alone or combined with various levels of water regimes were assessed for antibacterial and antifungal activities following cup plate method. The phytochemical profiles of plant extracts were also qualitatively screened using appropriate chemical reagents. Moreover, data were intensively processed &lt;em&gt;via&lt;/em&gt; two different statistical designs. &lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Increasing sand amount induced the inhibitory effect of plant extracts on &lt;em&gt;Escherichia&lt;/em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;coli&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Klebsiella pneumonia&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Proteus&lt;/em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;vulgaris&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Salmonella typhi&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Mucor circinelloides&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Rhizopus azygosporus&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;R. microsporus&lt;/em&gt; with less pronounced action on &lt;em&gt;Shigella flexneri&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;em&gt; Staphylococcus epidermidis&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;em&gt; Candida albicans&lt;/em&gt; and&lt;em&gt; Emericella quadrillineata&lt;/em&gt;;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;as well as a reversed influence on &lt;em&gt;Pseudomonas aerugenosa&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Streptococcus pyrogenes&lt;/em&gt;. Furthermore, withholding irrigation water enhanced the plant suppressive action on &lt;em&gt;E. coli, &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Salmonella typhi&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Staphylococcus epidermidis&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;em&gt; Candida albicans&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;R. microsporus&lt;/em&gt; with less marked or reversed influence on the other tested microbes. However, &lt;em&gt;Pseudallescheria ellipsoidea&lt;/em&gt;, two species of &lt;em&gt;Penicillium&lt;/em&gt; and five of &lt;em&gt;Aspergillus&lt;/em&gt; could resist the studied plant extracts. The results also revealed that the extracts of water-unsatisfied plants generally contained higher amounts of alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, glycosides, phytosterols, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids and reducing sugars.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The employed biological evaluations point out to promising antimicrobial efficiency of alfalfa plants particularly when stressed.&lt;/p&gt;

Comparative study of coliform contamination of public boreholes and pipe borne water systems in Bosso Town, North Central, Nigeria

This study was carried out to determine the coliform contamination of public boreholes and pipe borne water supplies within Bosso town. Twenty (20) water samples comprising of 10 each of borehole and pipe borne samples were aseptically collected from Bosso Town and analyzed using membrane filtration technique. The results obtained revealed that most (60.0%) of the water samples from the borehole sources except the samples from Rafin-Yashi, Maikunkele, Federal University of Technology (F.U.T) Minna, Tudun Fulani, contained coliform counts within 10cfu/100ml while all (100.0%) of the pipe borne water samples had coliform counts above 10cfu/100ml. The organisms isolated included species of Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Clostridium, Bacillus, Yersinia and Serratia. E.coli had the highest frequency of occurrence (20%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (11.7%), Salmonella spp (11.7%), Shigella spp (11.7%), Clostridium spp (8.3), Streptococcus faecalis (8.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.7%), Bacillus subtilis (6.7%), Streptococcus pyrogenes (5%), Klebsiella spp (3.3%), Proteus vulgaris (3.3%), Yersinia spp (1.7%) and Serratia spp (1.7%). This study revealed that pipe borne water and borehole water samples were contaminated in Bosso, with greater contamination observed with pipe borne water. This highlights the need for continuous assessment of the quality of public water supply and intervention measures to prevent outbreak of water-borne diseases in the area.Keywords: Water; Boreholes; Pipe borne; Coliforms; Water-borne disease

English

Aquatic invertebrates are known to rely on innate immune mechanisms which include both interacting cellular and humoral components to protect against potential pathogen .In the present study aqueous, ethanol and chloroform extracts of freshwater mussel Lamellidens maginalis were screened for antibacterial activity. The extracts were obtained from the whole body tissue of the animals and tested against 5 pathogenic bacteria viz., Streptococcus pyrogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marganii, Klebsiella oxytoca and Lactobacillus vulgaris. The inhibition zone ranged from 7mm to 13 mm. The minimum inhibition zone was 7mm, against K.oxytoca. The maximum inhibition zone was 13 mm against L.vulgaris. Aqueous extract of L. maginalis showed activities against the 5 bacterial strains. The maximum inhibition zone ranged from the 9 mm to 11mm. This data suggests that L.marginalis is the potential candidates for the isolation and purification of potent antibiotics. Moreover, the extraction of the antimicrobial compound appeared to be dependent on the extraction procedure and the nature of the solvents used for extraction.

Antimalarial, Non Alkaloidal Molecules from Preliminary Elucidation of Nauclea Diderechi Extract

The work investigated pharmacologically useful classes of compounds, from the petroleum ether fraction of the stem bark of Nauclea diderichii. From the bioassay, most of the microbes showed sensitivity except for Streptococcus pyrogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the fungus Candida stellatoidea, where the extracts were non -active. Petroleum ether extract was below detectable limits (BDL) in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Corynebacterium ulcereas, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the fungi, Candida albucans, Candida stellatoidea and Candida tropical. Chloroform extract had the highest activity, followed by the ethyl acetate, then the methanol and lastly the petroleum ether. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 1.25 mg/mL on the average. MBC was 2.25 mg/mL and MFC 5.00 mg/ml. Anti-malaria activity showed the LD50 of the acute toxicity as ≥ 3800mg kg-1 body weight. The suppressive test, curative effect, prophylactic effect and the survival periods were highly encouraging. Three compounds were isolated from the preliminary pet. Ether fraction of Nauclea diderichii and identified by infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV) and gas/liquid chromatography –mass spectroscopy (GC/LC-MS), analyses as Hexadecanoic acid,15-methyl-, methyl-ester,7Tetradecenal and 9and 10octadecenoic acid, methyl ester. These findings were in consonance with literature of plants and lent credence for the use of the stem bark of Nauclea diderichii as a potential natural drug source for treatment of some ailments in Adamawa State of northeastern Nigeria and beyond. *Corresponding author: Muluh Emmanuel Khan, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Agriculture, P M B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue state, Nigeria, Tel: +2347031667488; Email: emamulu@yahoo.com Citation: Khan, M.E. Antimalarial, Non Alkaloidal Molecules from Preliminary Elucidation of Nauclea Diderechi Extract (2016) J Pharm Pharmaceutics 3(1): 17. Antimalarial, Non Alkaloidal Molecules from Preliminary Elucidation of Nauclea Diderechi Extract Muluh Emmanuel Khan* Received date: November 23, 2015 Accepted date: April 22, 2016 Published date: April 28, 2016 DOI: 10.15436/2377-1313.16.012

Comparative study on the antimicrobial activity of partitioned fractions of the stem-bark of ceiba pentandra (bombacaceae)

AbstractDue to the emergence of more and more drug resistance bacteria and the reported antibacterial activity of Ceiba pentandra, the antimicrobial activity of the partitioned ethyl-acetate and n-butanol fractions of the stem-bark of this plant were carried out on the following clinical isolates: Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pyrogenes; corynebacterium ulcereans; Escherichia coli; Salmonella typhi; Shigella dysenterea; Enterococcus aerogenes; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; klebsiella pneumonia and the fungi Trichophytom rubrum, Microsporum sp., Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger. Agar diffusion and broth delusion methods were used in this study. The ethyl acetate fraction showed wide spectrum antibacteria activity (with zones of inhibition between 27mm and 37mm) while the n-butanol extract showed activity only against the gram negative bacteria (zones of inhibition between 20mm and 21mm). The MIC ranged from 0.65 to 2.5 mg/ml and 2.5 to 5 mg/ml and MBC ranged from 2.5 mg/ml and 5 – 10 mg/ml for the ethylacetate and n-butanol respectively. Both fractions showed no activity against the fungi used in this study. The preliminary phytochemistry of the ethyl acetate showed the presence of only flavonoid and this may explain the activity against all the bacteria. The n-butanol showed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, tannins and cardiac glycoside and the absence of flavonoid and alkaloids. This study justifies the use of this plant in herbal medicine.