An experiment-based approach for predicting the compression-after-impact (CAI) behavior and compressive residual strength of carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) composite is presented. The three-dimensional finite element model with an impact-induced damage region obtained from X-ray computed tomography analysis is developed. The unknown stiffness reduction of materials in the damaged region is determined by CAI experiments. The experiment-based bimodular nonlinear constitutive law together with a strain-based failure initiation criterion from the compressive test is developed during the simulation. The virtual CAI test is firstly validated through the comparison work between the results from finite element analysis and the experiments on the CFRTP laminate impacted by 20 J energy. Numerical investigations show the effects of plate geometries and boundary conditions on CAI behavior and residual strength of the CFRTP laminates with the same impact-induced damage.