Street Lighting System Research Articles

Mitigating the impacts of street lighting on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

Street lights are not only a major source of direct light pollution emissions, but stock has been transitioning to light-emitting diode (LED) technology in many parts of the world, resulting in increases in the blue part of the visible spectrum that is more harmful to biodiversity and human health. But LEDs can be modified more easily than conventional sodium lamps by adjusting their intensity, spectral output and other features of street light systems. In this Opinion piece, I provide an updated overview of street light mitigation strategies and contend that research in this area has been slow. I show how experimental lighting rigs that mimic real street lights can be used for mitigation testing, since invertebrate behaviour, abundances and interactions can respond quickly and measurably. I demonstrate how advances in network ecology that use species interaction data can provide much-needed assessments of the impacts of street lights on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, and ultimately provide new tools and metrics for biomonitoring. I acknowledge the limitations of measuring local, short-term responses of biodiversity and identify promising avenues for collaborating with industry and government agencies in new or existing road lighting schemes, to minimize the negative long-term impacts at marginal cost. This article is part of the theme issue 'Light pollution in complex ecological systems'.

Adaptive Illumination: Designing a Smart Street Lighting System for Sustainable Urban Environments

In the age of rapid technological advancement and increasing urbanization, the need for sustainable and efficient infrastructure has never been more pronounced. As cities grow and evolve, so do the challenges related to managing their energy consumption, safety, and environmental footprint. One of the critical components of urban infrastructure that has a direct impact on all these areas is street lighting. Traditional street lighting systems, while essential for safety and visibility, often consume excessive amounts of energy, contribute to light pollution, and require significant maintenance. This is where the concept of adaptive illumination comes into play as shown in Figure 1.
 Adaptive illumination refers to the design and implementation of street lighting systems that can adjust their brightness and intensity based on real-time environmental conditions and human activity. Unlike conventional systems that remain uniformly lit throughout the night, adaptive systems use sensors, data analytics, and connectivity to dynamically modify their output. This not only results in significant energy savings but also reduces light pollution and enhances the overall safety and comfort of urban residents.[1]
 The sustainability aspect of adaptive illumination cannot be overstated. As the world grapples with climate change and the pressing need to reduce carbon emissions, every kilowatt-hour saved has a cascading positive effect on the environment. By ensuring that street lights are only as bright as they need to be, cities can dramatically decrease their energy consumption. This is particularly relevant in the context of urban areas, which are often the largest consumers of electricity within a region.

Planning And Evaluation of Technological System Development in Public Street Lighting to Support Sustainable Development of The Integrated City of Batam

Developing a smart public street lighting system involves the integration of advanced technologies to improve energy efficiency, reduce operational costs, enhance safety, and enable intelligent functionalities. This research discusses the planning and evaluation of the development of a smart public street lighting system in the Batam City area with the aim of increasing the sustainability of the smart city. The research method used is a case study to gain an in-depth understanding of existing lighting systems and involve relevant stakeholders, such as local governments, technical experts and local communities. The evaluation results show that the development of a smart public street lighting system has a positive impact on the sustainability of smart cities, increasing energy efficiency, safety and community participation. The integration of local wisdom and maritime aspects in planning intelligent public street lighting systems also makes an important contribution to the identity and sustainability of Batam City. This research recommendations for further development, strengthening local wisdom, collaboration and partnerships with the private sector, as well as expanding implementation to other regions.

Road Lighting Standards’ Evolution and Future Development of Smart Street Lighting Based upon Users’ Performance in View of Human Centric Lighting: A Review

This paper reviews the literature on the development of different road lighting standards or guidelines, their effectiveness as determined by motorists’ and pedestrians’ opinions in relation to human centric lighting, and another novel method to assess the impact of different lighting conditions on users’ performance using EEG and cultivating the signals from EEG. Human centric lighting, in its simplest form, is a user-dependent method, since it improves lighting sources or designs based on the findings of analyses of the visual and non-visual effects of lighting upon user performances. Human centric lighting can help users since it considers factors that can improve their mood, productivity, health, etc. By incorporating an automated smart, human centric street lighting system, this article seeks to define the fundamentals of the smart street lighting standard for Indian context. This will help save a significant amount of energy. Additionally, this paper describes a few findings and experiments that were done to determine how variations in CCTs of main and peripheral sources and flickering peripheral sources affected user reaction time and visibility level of the seen for object detection, for quantification of the parameters related to human centric lighting. It is seen in the experiments done in Jadavpur University laboratory that for high CCT values, reaction time for object detection of human observers increases, and it is also seen that flickering of light sources increases reaction time, but it does not profoundly affect the decrement of reaction time for object detection with increment of CCT value of main source.

Research on a fuzzy algorithm for intelligent power-saving control of urban street lamps

Urbanisation has increased the demand for energy-efficient and environmentally friendly street lighting systems. However, traditional urban lighting uses time interval control and cannot be intelligently controlled according to the environment. Therefore, an intelligent urban street lighting control system based on advanced fuzzy control technology was developed. The system uses a fuzzy control algorithm based on ZigBee technology to study the street lighting system. The fuzzy control system determines input and output variables and obtains demand instructions for intelligent control of street lights through fuzzy operation. The number of node visits and node degree were optimised to complete the construction of the street lamp intelligent control system. Experimental simulations showed that the proposed scheme could reasonably control the brightness of the street lighting according to ambient light. At 5.00 p.m., the proposed scheme adjusts the street lighting to 80 W. The system is illuminated at the rated power, and the current power consumption is 100 W. A test was carried out under a street lighting system, and the proposed scheme dynamically adjusted the lighting brightness reasonably considering various factors such as light intensity, noise intensity and vehicle speed. The proposed street lamp fuzzy control algorithm has good control performance and significantly reduces the system energy consumption. The research has important reference value for energy saving and intelligent control of urban lighting.

Technical, economic and social feasibility of using solar street lighting on campus

<span lang="EN-US">A good and proper street lighting system on campus indirectly supports teaching and learning activities. However, these conditions still need to be developed at the Marine and Fisheries Polytechnic of Kupang due to the lack of these facilities. Therefore, a solar street lighting system was designed considering the good potential of solar energy in this region. The design of this system is carried out by measuring for a year, analyzing the energy potential, economics of the system, and the social impact of installing the system. The installation of solar street lighting on campus based on the results of an analysis of technical, economic, and social aspects gives good and feasible results. The results from the technical aspect provide that the utilization of this system provides a PR value of 85%, and can make savings of 15.99 MWh per year, and provide energy of 177.8 kWh per year. The results from the economic aspect of using this system provide an IRR value of 6%, SPBP for 8.93 years, and a net present value (NPV) of IDR 85,247,500.56. The results of the social aspects obtained from the respondents’ answers showed different and meaningful results (p<0.05) from all categories given to respondents.</span>

Perancangan PLTS Untuk Sumber Daya Lampu Penerangan Jalan Desa Iringmulyo Metro

The increasing activity of the people at night makes the need for lighting sources also increase, especially in public places. One part that requires lighting is the Iringmulyo Metro village road. Roads are the main infrastructure that must be considered for their condition and use, if the road conditions are good for passage it will certainly reduce the level of accidents and crime, so village roads also need lighting. Public street lighting using solar energy is a cheap and economical alternative to use as a source of lighting electricity because it uses a free and unlimited source of energy from nature, namely solar energy. The Iringmulyo Metro village road lighting system uses a solar cell of 200 wp and a lamp load of 40 watts. When the weather is clear the battery can charge up to 720wh and can run a light load for up to 18 hours. If the solar panel is unable to receive light, the battery still has a power reserve of 240wh/6 hours. Lighting a solar street light using a 40 watt LED lamp produces an illumination of 4.58 lux. The power efficiency of the solar cell module panel is 14.5% determined by the tilt position of the solar cell panel and the intensity of sunlight. The higher the sunlight intensity, the higher the output efficiency of the solar cell module

Light Pollution Index System Model Based on Markov Random Field

Light pollution is one of the environmental pollution problems facing the world. The research on the measurement standard of light pollution is not perfect at present. In this paper, we proposed a Markov random field model to determine the light pollution risk level of a site. Firstly, the specific data of 12 indicators of 5 typical cities were collected, and 10-factor indicators were screened using the R-type clustering algorithm. Then, the entropy weight method was used to determine the weight, and the light pollution measurement method of the Markov random field was established. The model was tested by five different data sets, and the test results show that the model is very effective. Three kinds of potential effects were proposed, and the relationship between the factor index and potential effects was established by using the partial least square method. Three possible intervention strategies for solving the problem of light pollution are pointed out: road lighting system planning, increasing vegetation coverage, and building system planning. Finally, a simulated annealing algorithm was used to determine the best intervention strategy, concluding that using strategy 1 in urban neighborhood 2 was the most effective measure, reducing the risk level of light pollution by 17.2%.

DESAIN SOLAR TREE UNTUK PENERANGAN JALAN UMUM DI JALAN BYPASS NGURAH RAI BALI

The road is a public facility that is quite important for the community in connecting access between regions. Public street lighting (PJU) is part of the road's complementary infrastructure which can be installed on the right or left of the road section or in the middle (on the road divider). LED is a type of lamp that is often used in PJU throughout Indonesia. In this study, solar trees are designed as a source of environmentally friendly electrical energy which will be added ongrid to the public street lighting system (PJU). This study aims to analyze the selection of the type of lamp, the capacity used and the design to be used on the Ngurah Rai Bypass Road. The location chosen from the planned Solar Tree installation is the Ngurah Rai Bypass Road for street lighting. This is intended as an application for the utilization of renewable energy, and to find out what percentage of savings is generated. The results of the tests in this study produce calculations based on the kWh meter on the Ngurah Rai Bypass Road using a solar panel of the Mono Full Screen type DHM-54X10/FS 390~420W with a maximum power of 420 watts, resulting in: First, the solar tree uses four panels with a maximum power of 1680 watts. second, the design of solar tree poles that are adequate to the conditions on the Ngurah Rai Bypass Road, namely the "Tedung" and "Kayon" shapes which will contain four panels on each pole. Third, the savings obtained from using this Solar Tree are 18.69%.

Automatic Street Light

Abstract: Traditional street lighting systems consume a significant amount of energy, leading to increased costs and negative environmental impacts. The demand for energy-efficient and cost-effective lighting solutions for streets and highways has increased in recent years. The given project focuses on to manage the amount of electricity used in public areas and to reduce labor. The research paper presents the design and working of an automatic street light system that uses LDR which detects the intensity of light and according to that it adjusts the lightening. The system decreases the costs by only lighting the areas where it is needed. The given paper offers a sketch of the different types of components used in the system such as LDR and microcontroller during day and night. The paper presents the results of experiments conducted to evaluate the performance of the system. The results showed that the system was able to accurately detect the intensity of sunlight and adjust the lighting accordingly. Ultimately, the paper focuses on the potential benefits of the system which includes improved safety for vehicles and reduced energy consumption. It also focus on some of the challenges that need to be addressed to deploy the system on a larger scale, such as the cost of the sensors and the need for maintenance. Overall, this research paper highlights on the feasibility and effectiveness of using automatic street lights controlled by a microcontroller to improve energy efficiency and reduce costs in urban areas

Smart Street Light System

Imagine walking down a street at night, and suddenly the street lights start to dim to save energy. You may wonder how this is possible it's all thanks to the smart street light system using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. This advanced system integrates various devices such as sensors and cameras to optimize and automate street lighting, providing an efficient and cost-effective solution by using IoT sensors, street lighting can be remotely monitored and controlled, making it possible to adjust lighting levels dynamically based on traffic patterns and weather conditions. This technology offers numerous benefits, including energy savings, improved public safety, and reduced carbon footprint, making our cities more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Overall, the smart street light system using IoT is a game-changer in urban development. It enhances our infrastructure and promotes sustainable growth, providing a better quality of life for all citizens.

Line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight vehicle-to-vehicle communication using light fidelity

Subject of study. Light fidelity is an alluring complementary communication technology for vehicular applications such as vehicle-to-vehicle and navigation systems. The street light communication system can be utilized for sending data like location, sign boards, traffic ahead, emergencies, speed limit, etc. This can help in easy navigation and reduce traffic congestion. Method. In this paper, a hardware model for vehicle-to-vehicle bidirectional communication along with street-light-to-vehicle communication has been presented. A taillight red color light emitting diode with a headlight white color light emitting diode was employed in the experiment to analyze the range in different situations. Main results. This paper also consists of the simulation of a non-line-of-sight communication channel considering different atmospheric conditions. This is effective in cases where line-of-sight communication is not possible. It has been observed that the Q-factors of the signals were 29.53 and 25.80 in the cases of climatic conditions such as clear and heavy fog, respectively. Practical significance. The transmission distance can be increased using brighter lights like used in real life headlights of cars and better photodiodes with higher photosensitivity and fast response time. The proposed prototype is useful in the case of traffic jams and other traffic scenarios.

Design of Rural Road Lighting System Based on Internet of Things and Deep Learning

With the promotion of China's new rural construction and beautiful countryside movements, there is a growing demand to improve the living environment of residents in rural areas and meet the requirements for energy efficiency and sustainability by implementing novel technologies. The internet of things (IOT) that allows real-time monitoring, measurement, and control while ensuring sustainability has become the trend in the field of lighting management. On the other hand, deep learning algorithms could help to eliminate the labor-intensive and time-consuming mining and feature extraction of high-dimensional complex data, and provide analysis and optimization of control strategies in a much shorter time. In this study, we put forward a new lighting design model by integrating IOT and deep learning, and theoretically analyzed its feasibility and discussed its advantages, with the goal to provide a new scheme for the design of rural road lighting system that is energy-efficient with improved reliability, robust functionality and satisfying performance.

Performance Appraisal of Urban Street-Lighting System: Drivers’ Opinion-Based Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation

Saudi Arabian urban roads and highways have witnessed a large number of traffic crashes. Road lighting is one of the most important factors influencing drivers’ safety during the nighttime. Street-lighting design (e.g., spacing and height), visibility (e.g., lane marking and oncoming vehicles), and drivers’ satisfaction (e.g., glare effect on eyes and overall ambiance) are primary criteria affecting the performance of an urban street-lighting system (USLS). The present study presents a methodology for the performance appraisal of USLS in Qassim, Saudi Arabia. An online questionnaire survey was developed to obtain drivers’ opinions on nine sub-criteria (three under each primary criterion). The responses were translated into a five-scale subjective rating system from very low to very high. Fuzzy synthetic evaluation (FSE) effectively aggregated the statistically diverse (p-value < 0.001) responses obtained on the three primary criteria. The study found that electronic billboards’ positioning, oncoming vehicle lights, and poor lighting in the course of bad weather (mainly dust) are mainly affecting the performance of USLS in the view of road users. The performance levels ranged between “medium” and “high”, with no criteria or sub-criteria achieving a “very high” level, suggesting a need for upgrades, such as conversion to LED lights and smart lighting control systems. The proposed methodology benefits the transportation ministries to identify lacking components of USLSs in different regions of Saudi Arabia. The methodology provides the opportunity to include additional or site-specific factors for appraising the performance of USLS before (during planning and design) or after the implementation of improvement actions.

Low-Voltage dc System Building Blocks: Integrated Power Flow Control and Short Circuit Protection

Low-voltage direct current (LVdc) systems are a promising technology for systems with a high penetration of renewable sources and storage that operate with bidirectional power flow. In this article, a fundamental building block for LVdc is presented for different applications, such as charge controllers, voltage regulation in street-lighting systems, and current limiters in meshed dc grids. The developed building block integrates a solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB) and partially rated power flow control converter (PFCC) capable of achieving the given control objectives with extremely high system efficiency and full short circuit protection.

Fast Frequency Support Through LED Street Lighting in Small Non-Synchronous Power Systems

Small-sized non-synchronous islands, which are inherently characterized by low system inertia, will face in the next years the challenge of integrating larger and larger amount of renewable energy sources, leading to further reduction of inertia. Several means to support inertia and frequency transients have been proposed in the literature, including energy storage systems, distributed generation, and demand response. LED street lighting systems are widespread control resources, which in a smart grid scenario, can be regulated by means of local or remote control signals. This article investigates the possibility to regulate the power consumption of LED street lighting to provide frequency support in a system characterized by reduced total inertia. Tests are carried out integrating the simulation of the non-synchronous power system of an Italian small island with the response of an actual LED street lamp, in a Power Hardware-in-the-Loop testing environment. Both synthetic inertia and fast frequency response approaches are tested and discussed.

Smart Street Light System Based on IOT

People in today's modern environment expect to have all of their needs met. Scientific and technological advancements are speeding up to meet this human demand. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a critical component of technology's rapid advancement. For example, we now use a manual technique to turn on street lights, which wastes a lot of energy throughout the world and should be changed. The Smart Street Light System, which is powered by the Internet of Things, aims to conserve energy by reducing electrical waste while simultaneously reducing operating costs. The LDR sensor is used to switch the street light on and off dependent on the amount of ambient light. It's a simple light/dark switch. This project makes use of a programmable Arduino UNO board to deliver the proper light intensity at different times. When compared to the current system, the proposed work outperforms it.

Smart streetlight system using mobile applications: secured fault detection and diagnosis with optimal powers

A street lighting system is a very essential part of the highways and streets of a smart city. Managing power consumption and maintenance of a street light system will be a challenging task in huge countries. The proposed work is mainly focused on the minimization of power consumption in the implementation of a smart street lighting system. Also, use a mobile application for setting up the brightness levels of the lamps in an encrypted form so that an unauthorized person will not be able to modify the settings. In the existing streetlight system, wireless sensors are installed to control and monitor the streetlamps. In the proposed system, using an nRF24L01 radio transceiver module, a secured communication link is established to operate the streetlights depending on the ambient weather conditions, movement of humans, vehicles and any other objects. A failsafe mechanism is implemented in the modules for conventional lamp operation in the case of module failures. Light-dependent resistor (LDR) is used to determine the ambient brightness levels to automatically turn on/off the streetlights based on weather conditions and lighting on roads. Using smartphones, we access and control the brightness information from the master node at which the nRF24L01 radio transceiver module is installed, and the same information is relayed to all the slave nodes. The results show that we could effectively monitor and control the brightness of streetlights in a secure way and there is a significant amount of power savings. The proposed system saves the average powers of 53.45%, 44.76%, 39.39%, and 32.25% respectively for 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% idle mode brightness compared to the state-of-the-art techniques present in the literature.

The Energy-Efficient Control Solutions of Smart Street Lighting Systems: A Review, Issues, and Recommendations

The smart street-lighting system (SSLS) is a leading candidate in the smart city. By the time of the last 15 cycles, many meaningful improvements have been executed in the SSLS with the impact of the internet of things technologies and universal networking devices. Conventional smart street lighting systems are restricted to wireless sensor networks, mobile devices, and old lighting control systems. This article presents a comprehensive treatment of network designs, namely communication, control, and wireless sensor-based smart street lighting system by deploying based on their existing system architecture, and network topologies including leading with it a host of privileges. In addition, choosing the right lighting class, high-intensity discharge (HID) lights, and retrofitting lighting technologies have all been covered in detail. This paper's objective is to evaluate various control technologies that may support the many applications deployed on networked streetlights. Moreover, issues and recommendations, distinguished in this paper, will pave the route for future smart street lighting systems that promote a reliable and seamless driving experience and are energy-efficient for environmental sustainability. It is far anticipated that LoRa and Sigfox with additional gateways could be the best possible smart street lighting system options as these technologies are facilitated for long distances but with a limited data rate. It is way more suitable for lighting control compared to other protocols to control thousands of streetlights.

Optimization of multi-period investment planning in street lighting systems by mixed-integer linear programming

This article proposed the use of multi-period mixed-integer linear programming method for investment planning to support decision-making processes in upgrading and managing street lighting systems. The technique incorporates a multi-variate model that maximizes energy-saving by considering budget constraints, the state of the lighting system, and the available technology in the market to replace the existing streetlights. This topic is novel because the complexity of the problem relies on the existence of several potentially large investments. As explained in this paper, the proposed method optimally considers the investments and returns as a combination that maximizes energy savings. The method was tested using actual data from an undisclosed public lighting system in Colombia. The results obtained revealed that multi-period investment optimization based on mixed-integer linear programming is an ideal investment plan, particularly in streetlight systems. Therefore, it forms an invaluable tool for street lighting systems' administrators and decision-makers in optimizing and facilitating the critical decision-making process in their work environment.