Straw Feed Research Articles

Accumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances in lysimeter-grown rice in Japan using tap water and simulated contaminated water

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of contaminants of concern in agricultural crops, but little is known of their accumulation or behavior in grains. We grew Japanese rice (Oryza sativa subsp. indica) in lysimeters irrigated with tap water or tap water plus simulated contaminated water for 2 years, then analyzed the roots, straw, unhulled rice, white rice, bran, soil, and water for PFASs residues. Total fluorine was measured by combustion ion chromatography. Estimated per-plant residue levels were 3.0 pg perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (bran: 0.5%, hull: 99.5%), 0.54 pg N-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamide (N-EtFOSA) (white rice: 67%, hull: 33%), 1.2 pg perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (white rice: 13%, bran: 7%, hull: 79%), 0.68 pg perfluoropentanoic acid (hull: 100%), 0.50 pg perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (white rice: 65%, bran: 16%, hull: 19%), 0.21 pg perfluoroheptanoic acid (hull: 100%), 0.25 pg perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (hull: 100%), and 0.12 pg perfluorodecanoic acid (PFNA) (white rice: 81%, bran: 19%). Estimated daily PFASs intakes were <1–3 ng perfluorooctanesulfonamide, <1–7 ng N-EtFOSA, 1–2 ng PFBA, <3–4 ng PFHxA, and 1–2 ng PFNA. Estimated PFOS, PFOA, and total PFASs in straw feed were 0.4, 0.1, and 2 kg yr−1 and 0.7, 0.4, and 8 kg yr−1 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Estimated PFOS, PFOA, and total PFASs in straw fertilizer were 4, 1, and 23 kg yr−1 and 7, 4, and 86 kg yr−1 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. PFASs accumulation may cause longer residence time in agricultural systems owing to straw being used as animal feed and organic fertilizer.

IPTEK Bagi Masyarakat (IbM) Melalui Peningkatan Panen Pedet dan Produksi Kompos Berkualitas Pada Kelompok Ternak Sapi Potong

Beef Cattle have a role as saving for farmers to continue their business, although not profitable based on business analysis. Therefore, the right strategy is needed according to the problems of both the culture and the resources of farmers. The community service activity was conducted in a beef cattle farmer groups as cattle breeding for calf production, namely, are Mergo Andini Makmur and Sumber Ayu in Sleman Regency. The beef cattle productivity in the two groups is not good, S/C is more than twice, even up to four times, postpartum estrus is more than one year, and calving interval is more than 2 years. The beef cattle farmer groups have already diversified their business, which is the processing of manure and waste product of cattle, but not yet optimal. Community service is carried out to improve reproductive performance of cattle through the providing of a superior bull for bull stimulation, counseling, assistance in the prevention of worm infections, and demonstrations of compost and feed quality production. The first stage is preparation, including consolidation with the member farmer groups, followed by the socialization of the activity program. The next stage of implementation, by conducting reproductive and breeding management counseling, cattle health management, feed processing and management, and compost production. The result of the implementation of a bull stimulation for one month is based on the emergence of estrus (more than 50%) following by a conception rate (33.33%) of the cows population, and the level of participatory farmers. The demonstration of the fermented straw feed and compost is also implemented as a supporting activity.

Effect of Substituting Alfalfa by Wheat Straw Powder on Rumen Digestion, Metabolism and Production Performance in Lactating Dairy Cows

China has abundant straw resources. However, the straw has high levels of crude fiber, low levels of crude protein and fat, poor palatability and low digestibility and a large volume. This study explored the feasibility of using wheat straw powder to replace some of alfalfa and the suitable replacement ratio for lactating dairy cows. In this trial, cows in the mid-lactation stage were fed with rations in which alfalfa hay was replaced isocalorically and isonitrogenously at 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% by wheat straw powder to explore the rumen metabolism and production performance of lactating dairy cows. Using a large randomized block design, 60 cows were selected and divided into 4 groups: the positive control group CG (0% replacement), and groups AL (20% replacement), AM (40% replacement), and AH (60% replacement). The pre-feeding period was 2 weeks and the trial period was 8 weeks. Milk yield, milk protein yield, milk protein percentage, lactose yield, lactose percentage, milk fat yield, and milk fat percentage were not affected by the diets, and the differences among the groups were not significant (P > 0.05). The results show that replacing 20% alfalfa with wheat straw powder is most beneficial to production. When only the feed costs were considered, without considering other costs (such as labor, machinery, etc.) in the economic benefit calculation process, and assume that other costs are the same among the groups, and the economic benefits obtained by the AL group were the largest. The experimental results provide a basis for the further development of straw feed.

Improving Fermentation of Steamed Stalk to Feed Using Candida utilis and Pachysolen tannophilus

Abstract In order to improve the protein content of straw feed and reduce the amount of nutrients added, in this paper, the cell wall structure of corn stalk was destroyed by thermophilic digestion and the polysaccharide was degraded into monosaccharide by complex enzyme, and then transformed into bacterial protein by double strain Candida utilis 1807 and Pachysolen tannophilus 1771 fermentation. Single factor experiments and orthogonal test were made to obtain the best process for the feed of double-bacteria synchronous fermentation of stalks. The optimum amount of each nutrient and the inoculation amounts of double bacteria (accounts for the percentage of the original dry straw quality): ammonium sulfate 6.79%, urea 2.72%, yeast powder 1.63%, magnesium sulfate 0.27%, Candida utilis 54.31% and Pachysolen tannophilus 54.31%; The operational parameters of fermentation process were: fermentation temperature 29°C, rotate speed 100 r/min and fermentation time 55 hours. The yield of stalk feed and crude protein was 82.04%, 23.33%, respectively. The crude protein content of stalk feed was 28.44%, which was 4.33 times of original dry stalk. The results showed that the multi-strain distribution and degradation of protein production provide important significance for corn straw bio-utilization.

CaTiO3 perovskite in the framework of activated carbon and its effect on enhanced electrochemical capacitance

Modifications of activated carbon materials (ACs) towards an increase in the electronic and ionic conductivities are expected to improve their capacitance in the absence of a conductive agent. Char derived from cotton straw feed were heat-treated at 800 °C in the presence of TiO2. Simultaneously KOH and K2CO3 were used as activation agents. That process resulted in the formation of perovskite CaTiO3 with an involvement of calcium present in carbon as an impurity. The composite were extensively characterized from the point of view of a texture, surface chemistry and electrochemical performance. The results indicated that perovskite with impurities affected the ionic conductivity and enhanced the capacitive performance of ACs. The capacitance measured on the electrode made of the best performing sample in both three- and two-electrode cell systems in the absence of a conductive agent - carbon black was 270 F g−1 and 185 F g−1 at current density of 0.5 A g−1, respectively. The results suggest that the AC/perovskite composites are promising electrodes of the high-performance supercapacitors.

The effect of feeding Levucell SC™ rumen specific live yeast on feed intake and weight gain performance of calves during weaning

SummaryA trial was run to examine the influence of feeding a rumen specific live yeast, Levucell SC™ (Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Hamilton, New Zealand), on feed intakes and body weights of calves at weaning. Sixty male, Friesian cross calves, aged four days old, were randomly allocated to either a control (unsupplemented) creep feed diet or one containing Levucell SC™, a rumen specific strain of live yeast. All calves were fed a commercial milk replacer (CMR) and offered straw and creep feed ad libitum from entry, and intakes and weight gains were recorded. At six weeks of age, the calves were transferred to grazing with ad libitum access to creep feed and monitored for a further two weeks, covering the transition period from milk to grazing. The calves fed Levucell SC™ had higher feed intakes at weaning (1.105 kg/day versus 1.523 kg/day at seven weeks of age; P = 0.0434 and 1.179 kg/day versus 1.965 kg/day at eight weeks of age; P = 0.0272 for control and Levucell SC™ respectively). Correspondingly, average daily gain (ADG) was improved. At seven weeks of age, ADG was 0.659 kg versus 0.912 kg (P = 0.039), and at eight weeks of age ADG was 0.457 kg versus 0.707 kg (P = 0.0650) for control and Levucell SC™ respectively. It was concluded that supplying Levucell SC™ via creep feed prevented the drop off in calf performance at weaning, in terms of both feed intake and weight gain. This is important, as early rumen development and pre-weaning growth rates are related to a reduction in gastric upsets at weaning, future growth performance in calves and future lactation performance.

Screening and Isolation of Cellulolytic Bacteria from Gut of Black Soldier Flays Larvae (Hermetia illucens) Feeding with Rice Straw

&lt;p&gt;A research on screening and isolation of cellulolytic bacteria from the gut of larvae Black Soldier treated rice straw feed has been conducted. The purpose of this study is to get the type of cellulolytic bacteria from the gut of larvae and bacteria that have the highest potential to degrade cellulose. Screening and isolation method applied by using intestinal larvae obtained from larval gut vortex at a speed of 1500 rpm. Furthermore, dilution graded from 1 to 10 and grown in media CMC (carboxyl methyl cellulose) at 37 &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;C and incubated for 48 hours. Observations were made based on the characteristics of the microscopic, macroscopic, biochemical test, cellulolytic activity and the activity of cellulase enzymes selected bacteria. The results showed a 9 cellulolytic bacteria from the gut of the larvae. &lt;em&gt;Bacillus &lt;/em&gt;sp. is a bacteria that have the highest potential with cellulolitic activity 2.1 mm (dz/dk), the exponential phase of hour at the 24&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;, and cellulase enzyme activity of 0.4 U/mL at pH 7 and 0.41 U/mL at pH 8.This research showed that the Black Soldier Flays Larvae (&lt;em&gt;Hermetia illucens&lt;/em&gt;) have competencein organic waste degradation, because in Black Soldier Flays&lt;em&gt; Larvae’s&lt;/em&gt; gut, cellulolitic enzyme is produced by cellulolitic bacteria, specially &lt;em&gt;Bacillus &lt;/em&gt;sp,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How to Cite&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Supriyatna, A., &amp;amp; Ukit, U. (2016). Screening and Isolation of Cellulolytic Bacteria from Gut of Black Soldier Flays Larvae (&lt;em&gt;Hermetia illucens&lt;/em&gt;) Feeding with Rice Straw. &lt;em&gt;Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology &amp;amp; Biology Education&lt;/em&gt;, 8(3), 314-320. &lt;/p&gt;

Excellent N-fixing and P-solubilizing traits in earthworm gut-isolated bacteria: A vermicompost based assessment with vegetable market waste and rice straw feed mixtures

Vermicomposting is a dependable waste recycling technology which greatly augments N and P levels mainly through microbial action. This paper aims to identify efficient N-fixing (NFB) and P-solubilizing (PSB) bacteria from earthworm intestines. Various combinations of vegetable market waste, rice straw, and cowdung were fed to two earthworm species (Eisenia fetida and Perionyx excavatus). Total organic C decreased, pH shifted towards neutrality, and NPK availability, and microbial (NFB, PSB, and total bacteria) population increased remarkably during vermicomposting with E. fetida. Therefore, 45 NFB and 34 PSB strains isolated from Eisenia gut were initially screened, their inter-dominance assessed, and 8 prolific strains were identified through 16SrRNA sequencing. Interestingly, two novel N-fixing strains of Kluyvera ascorbata emerged as an efficient biofertilizer candidate. Moreover, both N-fixing and P-solubilizing strains of Serratia and Bacillus were isolated from earthworm gut. All the isolated strains significantly improved soil health and facilitated crop growth as compared to commercial biofertilizers.

Suitable gibberellic acid treatment for double-purpose rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties at different harvest times

The purpose of this study was to investigate suitable gibberellic acid (GA) treatments for different rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties when harvested at different times, and to supply instructions for improving double-purpose rice production. Four rice varieties (Wuyujing 3, Nanjing 44, Nanjing 46 and Liangyoupeijiu) were used in the experiment, with one GA spraying time in 2013 (the 15th day after anthesis) and three GA spraying times in 2014 (the 7th, 15th and 21st day after anthesis) being set, and the rice was harvested on two occasions in 2013 and 2014 (harvest time 1 when the grains of the control group plants had reached 80% maturity, and harvest time 2 occurring 6days after harvest time 1). GA concentration was 45ghm−2 in both years. The results indicated that at normal harvest time (harvest time 1), the optimum GA treatment for Liangyoupeijiu was an application on the 7th day after anthesis, but for Nanjing 44 and Nanjing 46, the optimum GA treatment was an application on the 21st day after anthesis. However, when harvest time was delayed (harvest time 2), GA applied on the 21st day after anthesis for Liangyoupeijiu, Wuyujing 3 and Nanjing 44 was the optimum GA treatment for both grain production and straw feed quality; while for Nanjing 46, GA applied on the 21st day after anthesis was the best GA treatment for grain yield, and GA applied on the 15th day after anthesis was the best treatment for straw feed quality. In conclusion, the optimum GA treatment for double-purpose rice changed when harvesting took place at different times, and it also changed for different rice varieties. Moreover, the GA effects on grain production and straw feed quality were sometimes different.

MANUFACTURE A NEW PROTOTYPE FOR CHOPPING RICE AND BARLEY STRAW FOR PRODUCING THE LITTER OF POULTRY HOUSES

The experimental work was carried out at Rice Mechanization Center, Meet Eldeebah village, Kafr Elsheikh governorate during harvesting session of 2013, to manufacture a new prototype for chopping rice and barley straw for producing the litter of poultry houses. The investigated variables were straw feed rate (0.15, 0.16, 0.17 and 0.18kg/s) and chaff cutting length (1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 5cm). The effect of these variables on the prototype productivity, cutting efficiency and the energy consumed, ware investigated, the main results summarized as: At 0.16 kg/s feed rate, the productivity increased from 0.56 to 1.9t/h for rice, and from 0.41 to 1.39 t/h for barley when the cutting length increased from 1.5 to 5 cm. At 1.5cm cutting length, by increasing the feed rate from 0.15 to 0.18 kg/s, the prototype cutting efficiency decreased from 75 to 70 % for rice, and from 81 to 75.6 % for barley. The energy consumption rate of prototype decreased with increasing the feed rate of rice and barley straw. At 1.5cm cutting length, by increasing the feed rate from 0.15 to 0.18 kg/s, the energy consumption rate of prototype decreased from 9.84 to 8.36kw.h/t for rice, and from 8.36 to 7.1 kW.h/t for barley. Evaluation of using of two cutting methods (manufacture and normal) of shaving woods, barley and rice straw as bedding materials and mixture between barley + rice straw (1:1) on broiler performance, carcass yields, Bedding characteristics and chemical analysis of broiler meat, the body weight gain and feed intake, as well as, feed conversion ratio were improved (P<0.05) with the prototype cutting than normal cutting system.

Design and Experiment of Test-Bed for Straw Compression Forming and Baling

In order to study the performance of packing, compression and baling and obtain the influence of working parameters on complete machine, a test-bed was developed based on the packing, compression and baling devices of baler. The measure system consists of IPC, sensors, a data acquisition card and a type of software programmed by using VC++. It can real-time collect, display, process and analyze the parameters and loads of the working parts. Wheat straws with 40% moisture content were used to carry on compression and baling experiments. The test results show that average total power consumption of the working parts, average force acting on the plunger and average force acting on the connecting rod is 3.44 kW, 873.5 N and 11965.8 N respectively when the straw feed rate is 0.8 kg/s and the compression frequency of the plunger is 75 strokes per minute. The bale density can reach up to 125 kg/m3.

Comparison of Growth Performance of Khari Goats Fed with Different Level of Rice Bran and Urea Treated Rice Straw (UTRS) in Fodder Based Diets

For correcting, the nutritional imbalance of rice straw feed diet by supplementing energy and protein rich concentrate (rice bran) an experiment was carried out in growing male goats at Agriculture Research Station (Goat), Bandipur, Tanahun from November 2009 to Januwary 2010. Twelve goats of 6-7 months of age and similar body weight were divided into four treatment groups having three animals in each group by using complete randomized design. Four types of diet were formulated for these experimental animals. The animals of control group (treatment 1) were provided UTRS, Raikhanayo and concentrate mixture at the rate of 65, 25 and 10% of dry matter requirement, respectively. Dry matter requirement of treatment 2 was fulfilled by providing urea treated rice straw (UTRS), Raikhanayo and rice bran @ 65, 25 and 10%, respectively. Treatment 3 received dry matter requirement by UTRS, Raikhanayo and rice bran @ 55, 25 and 20%, respectively whereas treatment 4 got @ 45, 25 and 30 percent UTRS, Raikhanayo and rice bran, respectively. The study revealed that there was no significant effect in fodder and UTRS intake between diet groups except rice bran (P&lt;0.001). Likewise, there was highly significant (P&lt;0.001) effect in total dry matter intake between diet groups. The highest body weight gain was observed in treatment 4 (17.5 ± 1.8 kg) followed by treatment 3 and 2 (15.66 ± 1.15 kg and 15.5 ± 3.27 kg, respectively). The lowest body weight gain was noted for treatment 1 (14.5 ± 1.80 kg); however, it was also found non-significant between diet groups. Average daily gain was recorded highest in treatment 4 (50 g /day) followed by treatment 2 (31.44 g /day) whereas average daily gain for treatment 1 and 2 were recorded similar (27.77 g /day).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6480 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 55-60

Effect of supplementation of tef (Eragrostis tef) straw with different levels of noug (Guizotia abyssinica) meal on worked Arsi oxen (Bos indicus)

AbstractSupplementing the tef (Eragrostis tef) straw feed of Arsi oxen (Bos indicus) with 1, 2 or 4 kg per animal per day of noug (Guizotia abyssinica) meal for 90 days improved growth parameters. Supplementation significantly increased feed intake, average daily gain, and the weight of dressed carcass and lean meat. Supplementation with 1 kg of noug meal was the most profitable, giving a net return per animal of US$17.10, whereas a sole diet of tef straw gave a loss of US$18.66 per animal. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd

Agglomeration of silica sand in a fluidized bed gasifier operating on wheat straw

The effects of straw feed rate and ash composition on the agglomeration characteristics of the bed material (silica sand) in a fluidized bed gasification system were investigated. By changing the air flow rate and/or straw feed rate, the effects of four equivalence ratios (0.26, 0.38, 0.57 and 0.76) on agglomeration were investigated. The effect of straw ash content (0.0, 3.3, 27.8 and 43.5%) on the agglomeration of the bed material was also investigated at various temperatures (620, 740 and 850°C) using a high temperature furnace. It was found that a fluidized bed of silica sand agglomerated at around 800°C in the presence of straw ash, resulting in serious channelling and defluidization. A very hard and brittle structure was formed at 850°C. Changes in air velocity and/or fuel rate did not improve agglomeration characteristics. K 2O, which is present at a high weight percentage in the straw ash and has a relatively low melting temperature, was the major contributor to the agglomeration process.

Effect of Feeding Sheep on Naturally Spoiled Rice Straw, Clover Hay and Concentrate Feed Mixtures

The effects of feeding naturally contaminated feedstuffs to sheep were investigated through feeding of contaminated and uncontaminated clover hay, rice straw, and concentrate feed mixture were compared. The highest level of contamination with fungi was observed in the concentrate feed mixture followed by clover hay and rice straw. The most dominant mycotoxin in the contaminated feedstuffs was zearalenone. Contamination resulted in increases of crude protein, ash and silica in feedstuffs while both ether extract and crude fibre decreased. In vivo digestibility of different diet constituents in both contaminated and uncontaminated feedstuffs were determined using four mature Rahmani rams. Contamination resulted in significant increase in the digestibility of dry matter, crude fibre and energy. Contamination affected feed intake of the different feedstuffs particularly the concentrate feed mixture. A metabolism trial was also conducted to study the nitrogen and mineral balance. Retention of nitrogen and calcium was reduced when mouldy feeds were given. On the other hand, magnesium was relatively increased. Blood analysis for sheep at the end of the trials resulted in elevated values of inorganic phosphorus and phospholipid phosphorus and declined total nitrogen, calcium, cholesterol, calcium/phosphorus ratio and cholesterol/calcium ratio due to feeding on mouldy ration. Results of the urine analysis during the metabolism trials proved that mouldy ration increased the estimated values of the concentration of calcium, magnesium and vitamin C; whereas pH values, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus were declined during the feeding on the mouldy ration. Mouldy feeds tested, seemed to have toxic, nephritic and hepatic effect.

Effect of the content of plant crude protein in the ration on the utilization of urea by the milk cow. 1. Nitrogen digestibility and utilization of urea for bacterial protein synthesis in the rumen

The utilisation of feed urea in the rumen was tested in 2 experiments with a total of 4 newly lactating dairy cows (13 . . . 15 and 17 . . . 19 kg resp. milk/animal and day) with rumen and duodenal re-entrant cannulae. With the energy supply remaining constant in each case, the rations in experiment A contained 8.7, 12.4 and 14.6 and those of experiment B 10.7, 13,7 and 17.1% crude plant protein in the dry matter. After the supplementation with 120 and 150 g resp. urea/animal and day there were 11.9, 15.7 and 17.8 (A) and 13.8, 16.7 and 20.2 (B) % resp. crude protein in the dry matter. The rations consisted of maize silage and a pelleted mixture of straw and concentrated feed (A) resp. maize silage, alfalfa hay and concentrated feed (B). They contained 10.3 . . . 10.6 (A) and 13.6 (B) kg dry matter with 5.6 . . . 6.0 (A) and 8.2 (B). With the increase of the crude protein level of the ration to 16.7 . . . 17.8, the absolute amount of non-NH3-N (NAN) in the duodenum increased as well. Between N-intake (g/d, x) and NAN-passage corrected by the amount of the endogenous quota (g/d, y) the relation y = 87.3 + 0.55 x (r = 0.80) could be established. NAN-passage (y) as related to N-intake decreased with the N-concentration in the dry matter of the ration (x) according to the equation y = 0.35 + 1.22x-1 (r = 0.57). 70, 62 and 61% (experiment A) and 55, 61 and 51% (experiment B) of the consumed amount of N were apparently absorbed in the intestines as NAN (without endogenous quota). The bacterial N-yield of the rumen (g, y), determined with diamino pimelic acid as microbe marker, was dependent on the consumed digestible organic matter (g, x) as follows: y = 67.3 + 0.021x (r = 0.69). There was no connection with the level of N-supply. The measuring results of the bacterial N-yield show that the utilisation rate of the urea-N decreased rapidly when there was more than 11 . . . 12% crude plant protein in the dry matter of the ration. For the tested ration type (570 . . . 600 EFUcattle/kg dry matter) the urea utilisation potential in the rumen for crude plant protein concentrations of 8.7, 10.7, 12.4, 13.4, 13.7, 14.6 and 17.1% in the dry matter was 13.0, 6.9, 4.1, 2.6, 1.3 and -9.6 g urea/kg dry matter.