Strata Of Society Research Articles

Strategic modeling of the inclusive development of the national economy based on foresight

In martial law conditions, the national economy is the primary task of our government to develop ways to restore it. The restoration of the national economy in martial law conditions is possible based on the concept of inclusive development, which provides opportunities and equality for all economic participants while being accompanied by benefits for every sector of the economy and different strata of society. The process of scenario forecasting is essential in the conditions of restoration of the inclusive development of the national economy. Social and economic forecasting itself is provided using the foresight method. Accordingly, the strategic modeling of the inclusive development of the national economy based on foresight is quite relevant and requires research. The article's purpose is the strategic modeling of the inclusive development of the national economy based on foresight. The main orientations of the inclusive growth of the national economy in the system of Sustainable Development Goals have been analyzed. It has been proven that the specified criteria determine the state's level of achievement in inclusive development by those generally accepted in EU member states and other countries with developed economies. Furthermore, it was determined that the analyzed criteria could be supplemented or adjusted based on the country's national characteristics and economic, social, and institutional potential in the post-war period. It is substantiated that the economy's growth is the prerequisite for achieving the goals of inclusive development. At the same time, it has been proven that the economic growth model will contribute to inclusive development. However, it requires a significant revision of the economic model and, in some areas, complete reengineering. The tentative concept of strategic modeling of inclusive development of the national economy is substantiated. It was determined that this concept is based on the principle of movement from the future to the present and is focused on finding the most optimal ways to overcome the gaps between the indicative structural and value model of the inclusive development of the national economy and its current state through the formation of appropriate economic, legal, institutional and organizational conditions and the establishment balance between them based on the possibilities and limitations that will arise under the influence of various changes in the modeling background. Keywords: modeling, inclusive development, national economy, foresight, strategic goals.

Sustainability in a Digitized Era Analyzing the Moderation Effect of Social Strata and Digital Capital Dependence on Digital Divide

Although we have evolved digitally and technologically in the 21st century, disparities still exist in society. The research problem cited for the study is the need to assess the impact of the digital divide in the formation of digital capital, where the already stratified society based on variables such as age, gender, education, and region (rural–urban) will act as moderators to mitigate the digital inequalities for a sustainable world. The research objectives are to explore the underpinning reasons for the digital divide in reinforcing social inequalities, quantify the impact of the digital divide on digital capital statistically, and to evaluate the moderating effect of social strata variables comparatively. The idea of digital capital culminates into five hypotheses for this study as the digital divide impacts digital capital, as well as the assessment of moderating effects of age, education, and region. Statistical tools, specifically frequency, percentage, reliability, ANOVA, correlation, and regression, have been used to test the hypothesis and proposed conceptual model. The social strata dimension in the study revealed a higher variance of opinion. Digital capital is taken as the dependent variable and the digital divide is the independent variable, which shows Beta as 0.591 and B as 0.585, indicating a good relationship of 59.1% and an effect of 58.5%. Finally, the research reveals that there exists a digital divide and, hence, digital inequalities in India need to be addressed for attaining various Sustainable Development Goals. The study has significant implications for the leaders and policymakers to work towards inclusivity by bridging the digital divide and eliminating digital inequalities in India.

Unbinding Gentility: Women Making Music in the Nineteenth-Century South by Candace Bailey

Reviewed by: Unbinding Gentility: Women Making Music in the Nineteenth-Century South by Candace Bailey Julia Nitz Unbinding Gentility: Women Making Music in the Nineteenth-Century South. By Candace Bailey. Music in American Life. (Urbana, Chicago, and Springfield: University of Illinois Press, 2021. Pp. xx, 292. Paper, $30.00, ISBN 978-0-252-08574-1; cloth, $125.00, ISBN 978-0-252-04375-8.) This volume is admirable in its ambition to capture the role southern amateur women played in American musical history, or, as the author puts it, to tell the "history of women in the nineteenth-century U.S. South . . . through the medium of music" (p. 4). Candace Bailey critiques past studies that considered women's musical artifacts and practices "ephemera," a misplaced notion shared by musicologists and cultural historians alike, and she strives to overcome traditional, male-centric narratives "that prejudice composer and title over circulation and performance" (p. 2). Bailey's book "encompasses music's transmission, education, circulation, and repertory in order to understand music's meaning in women's culture of the South" (p. 3). Thus, she recharts southern musical traditions, putting special emphasis on the role of "scientific music" in women's cultural engagement across class and racial boundaries (p. 15). Key to Bailey's study is the location of "women's musical practices in the performance of gentility" (p. 5). She convincingly illustrates how musical practices during this era were intricately tied to social hierarchies and distinctions, showing how different strata of society used music as cultural capital. Tracing these developments from the antebellum period to Reconstruction, she explores the effect of the dissolution of the South's social hierarchy on music making. [End Page 761] The material consulted in this study is extensive, with a focus on music read from notation in over fifteen hundred binder's volumes. Bailey also examines "numerous nineteenth-century magazines and journals, newspapers, letters and diaries, official records, and many similar documents" (p. 2). She uses these materials to assemble ethnographic readings and microhistories that collectively reveal the kaleidoscopic, multifaceted southern music-scape of the mid-nineteenth century. Bailey proceeds chronologically in five sections: Parts 1, 2, and 3 cover the antebellum period, Part 4 explores the Civil War, and Part 5 turns to Reconstruction. Each part is divided into several chapters, and each chapter offers a distinct study. Parts 1, 2, and 3 provide an in-depth exploration of the plethora of antebellum musical performers. It illustrates the ubiquity of music in society and highlights how economic growth in the 1840s and 1850s opened new avenues to gentility for the middle and poorer classes. This broadening of the sphere of gentility is evidenced by a more widespread "literate music practice" than hitherto assumed (p. 15). Part 2 focuses on prominent genres of the period and the accompanying repertory used to signify gentility, including a chapter on operatic tunes. While Parts 1 and 2 mostly provide nuance to existing studies of antebellum women's music, Part 3 reframes repertory history. It deals with the role of a genre known as scientific music in women's musical education and practice. Bailey argues that its pervasiveness was an important marker of social status. Part 4, dealing with the Civil War years, focuses on social changes and how they triggered both retroactive and progressive musical practices. In these chapters especially, Bailey shows the importance of adding music to a reading of the parlor as a space for the construction of gender, class, and ethnicity. Part 5, on women musicians in the Reconstruction era, identifies the rise of women as professional performers and the changes in repertory toward classical music. Bailey convincingly illustrates how women musicians "redefined women's sphere and influence after the war by linking domestic competence and control with a public persona" (pp. 171–72). Bailey reconfigures traditional assumptions about the musical contributions of southern women by exploring the interrelation between music making and gentility in the U.S. South. Her approach is more inclusive than seen in previous studies, charting the musical practices of white women and women of color of all social classes. The representation of Black women in her study remains sketchy by necessity. As...

Producing Transformative Leaders in Africa through Education Pipelines

The purpose of this study was to the draw the attention of national governments and educators to the escalating poverty of transformative leadership in African society. Governments need to invest in the development of effective leaders for every section, sector and strata in society to transform the continent. On the contrary, education pipelines in Africa are skewed to produce a few university graduates to take up apex leadership positions in society. Yet school dropouts become field leaders who play a critical role in local governance and national transformation initiatives without a leadership education. In this study, the researcher used deductive and inductive methods to thematically analyze current approaches to pedagogy and leadership education in Africa from published literature, academic journals and descriptive statistics. The author suggests that school teachers are in a unique position to reverse the trend of poor leadership in society by equipping students with life skills to resolve social-economic challenges in their circumstances. However, empowering teachers to successfully address this need will require a substantive review of the foundations, philosophy and objectives of national education pipelines. There is also a need to review education structures, curriculum design, teacher training, examination boards and develop supportive policy frameworks to produce transformative leaders for the continent.

«Пивняк», «Мясник» и «Змеевик»: прозвища римских императоров конца IV – начала VI в.

This article is part of a series of papers on late Roman emperors’ nicknames, which began with the study of unofficial names of Flavius Claudius Julianus. The analysis of informal naming of rulers from the dynasties of Valentinian-Theodosius, Leo and the last augusti of the Western Roman Empire offers insights into how certain aspects of their ruling practices were perceived by various strata of society and makes it possible to trace the metamorphoses of their images in later tradition.

France in the Second World War: Collaboration, Resistance, Holocaust, Empire. By Chris Millington

Éric Zemmour, the rabble-rousing extreme-right candidate in the 2022 presidential elections, deliberately sparked controversy by claiming that Pétain had not killed off the Third Republic, but had secretly prepared a French revenge against Germany and had protected French Jews. Zemmour’s interventions were the latest reminder that the painful memory of France’s années noires is still a live issue some eighty years after the Liberation. Books on the Occupation may focus on a particular city or region, or may analyse a specific institution or a particular stratum of society. Or they may, as with Chris Millington’s latest book, offer an overview of the period as a whole. Millington has wisely chosen not to write yet another chronological history of Vichy; he has opted instead to organize his material under a number of themed headings. Throughout the book he fully incorporates notions of gender, colonialism, and ethnicity as he highlights the impact of events in France on the people and institutions of the French empire. In the first chapter, on the trauma of May–June 1940, Millington debunks a number of persistent myths about why France was defeated. Subsequent chapters are devoted to ‘Vichy’, ‘Collaboration’, ‘Resistance’, ‘Persecution’, and ‘Liberation’. Millington raises issues both within and between these, questioning, for example, the usefulness of the notions of ‘resistance’ and ‘collaboration’ within metropolitan and imperial contexts. Influenced by Philippe Burrin (La France à l’heure allemande, 1940–1944 (Paris: Seuil, 1995)), he prefers ‘defiance’ and ‘accommodation’ except when designating the tiny minority who were indisputably collaborators or resisters. In a final chapter, ‘History and Memory’, which precedes a short conclusion, Millington offers an excellent historiographical survey of the period from ‘Mythologizing the Resistance’ (1945–69), through a time of ‘Inconvenient Truths’ (1971–95), and concluding with ‘Diversification and Revisionism’ (2000 onwards). In making sense of Vichy, Millington rightly emphasizes the need to ‘grasp its diversity in space, time and composition’ (p. 52), which he qualifies by underscoring three important constants: Pétain remaining head of government throughout the Occupation; Vichy’s permanent quest for a peace treaty; and the exclusion and persecution of perceived enemies from the very beginning of Vichy’s existence. While few would contest that ‘The regime fully directed its energies into undoing the “damage” inflicted on France during the country’s years of democracy’, the assertion that follows — ‘Persecution was therefore Vichy’s raison d’être’ (p. 179) — is debatable. Persecution was certainly a means to an end for Vichy but not necessarily its raison d’être. Millington is to be praised for having covered the events and issues of this extremely complex historical moment in under two hundred pages without falling into the trap of oversimplification. This lively, stimulating new addition to the study of the années noires will be welcomed by the general reader, while old hands will find much to mull over in the text and are likely to discover new references in the extensive notes.

Analysis of contribution of some renowned artists of the Era of the Marxist Cultural Movement of Bengal

Undoubtedly during the era of colossal devastation and bloodbath occurred due to the World War II , famine , communal riots , Partition of India and refugee crisis emerged the Progressive Cultural Movement of 1940s that made its imprint on intellectual and cultural life of Bengal through organizations like the All Indian Progressive Writers’ Association ( 1936), the Anti- Fascist Writers’ and Artists’ Association (1942 ), Association of friends of the Soviet Countrymen ( 1941), the I.P.T.A ( 1943) and the Youth Cultural Institute ( 1940) etc. Jaynul Abedin , Ramkinkar , Chittaprashad , Gobardhan Aash and Ramkinkar were some of the most eminent artists of that particular historical period and the Calcutta Group based artists such as Nirad Majumdar , Suvo Thakur , Gopal Ghosh , Prankrishna Pal , Paritosh Sen and Pradosh Dasgupta tried their level best to express trauma and triumph of contemporary population of Bengal and especially struggle for survival of famine- stricken common people was depicted through famous paintings of Chittaprashad and Jaynul Abedin . In world of Somnath Hore and Debabrata Mukhopadhyay’s art reflecting social realism one can observe fathomless pain of poverty- stricken people and rebellious spirit against all kinds of suppression and oppression. In this article I tried my best to express contribution of some renowned artists of the Marxist Cultural Movement of Bengal who upheld harsh reality of stratified society through their painting and sculpture.

IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON POVERTY LEVEL IN SOUTH SULAWESI PROVINCE

Poverty is always a problem in the development of a country, especially in the economic field. Poverty from the economic side has an impact on the decline in people's purchasing power, while in the social aspect, poverty is seen as a problem when social stratification in society creates a dividing line where the upper class does not want to interact with the lower class society and vice versa. This study aims to determine the impact of government public spending on education and health functions on the level of poverty. The scope of the research covers 24 districts/cities in South Sulawesi Province from 2015-2019. The type of research used is quantitative, using secondary data. The data collection method was carried out through online searches on the official websites of DJPK and BPS. The data analysis technique used is path analysis. The results show that education spending directly has a positive impact on poverty levels, and health spending has a negative impact on poverty levels. Meanwhile, education spending indirectly has a negative impact on poverty levels through Gross Regional Domestic Product, and health spending has a positive impact on poverty levels through Gross Regional Domestic Product.

Antipodal pattern of millet and rice demography in response to 4.2 ka climate event in China

The response of population and agriculture to abrupt climate events remains a matter of heated debates, especially the societal collapses related to the 4.2 ka event. Long-term interaction between regional demography and millet-rice agriculture in China provide a unique opportunity to study this issue. Here using a newly database of radiocarbon dates and archaeobotanical data spanning the Neolithic-Bronze Age from different regions in China, we address the response and resilience of demography and agriculture to the 4.2 ka event. Regional populations show an antipodal pattern of boom in north and northwest (NW) and bust in south and southeast (SE) China during 4300–3500 cal a BP. This pattern coincided with the prosperity and breakdown of millet and rice agricultures contemporaneously, respectively. Our study reveals that drought-induced enlargement of farmland and trans-Eurasian cultural exchange promoted the sustainability of millet agriculture and population in NW China, and combined effects of cooling and flooding events and social crises caused a decline in rice agriculture and population in SE China. The diverse response and resilience of human societies to the 4.2 ka event has been attributed to both climatic anomalies and cultural exchange across different regions. In sum, the complex societies with high stratification and hierarchies were more vulnerable to abrupt climate events than low stratified societies open to exchanges during the middle to late Holocene.

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT AND ITS CONSTRAINTS

India is more known by her cultural base in the world. However, internally in India, all human beings are not treated equally. Right from the ancient time, the male domination has been found very active in the Indian society. The importance given to men in the society has made the women a part of the weaker section. Therefore, the constitution of India has already made provisions for providing equality and social justice by empowering the weaker sections as well as women. However, the process of empowerment determines the forms and contents on the basis of circumstances and events. This paper attempts to understand some issues related to the weakening of the empowerment process. Also stress is given to indicate the issues. To understand existing situation, the sociological observations and the secondary sources are used especially with reference to Gujarat. Also it focuses as on how the traditional facts are more powerful even today in the rural societies. It is also observed that the absence of better infrastructural facilities further weakens this process in such rural areas. This paper, with reference to women’s various constraints social, political, economic and psychological aspects that even set their tone on the social constraints that hamper this process despite the consistent efforts made by the Government through its various schemes and NGOs in Gujarat. Nevertheless, one must focus on how the process of empowerment can be realized successfully in an extremely stratified society like Gujarat so as it may reach each woman bridging the gap existing within a cross section of women. The forces of rural society lead to the discontinuation of girls’ education due to the social constraints. Thus, the practice of traditional customs, norms and values of the patriarch rural society weaken the empowering processes. So attention must be paid on such constraints to understand the existing situation.

Uneven Implications of Lockdown Amid COVID-19 in India: From Harassment, Stigma, Crime, and Internally Displaced People to Stress and Coping Strategies in the Middle/Upper Class.

A content analysis of an English Newspaper, The Times of India (the world’s largest newspaper by circulation) during the first national lockdown amid the COVID-19 pandemic identified nine different categories culled out from a total of 129 news categories reporting unprecedented COVID-19 stories. Half of them portrayed two sides of a coin: from daily wagers and migrant workers, including internally displaced people (23/129), harassment and stigma (4/129), and crime (3/129) to stressors and coping strategies for middle/upper class individuals (39/129). Reports evidenced increased vulnerability in the lower layers of Indian stratified society. Yet, two years later, the uneven implications on physical and mental health are scarcely studied by scientific researchers.

The Incidence of Suicide in Pakistan Day by Day, Especially the Educated Youth Trying to Commit Suicide in 2022 2023

The focus of this study the Incidence of Suicide in Pakistan Day by Day, Especially the Educated Youth Trying to Commit Suicide in 2022 2023 is to provide understanding for human nature, the societal impact of suicides, to explore the trend and causes of suicide, and to create awareness about this sensitive and unlawful act. The main theme is a try to stop this inhuman act by helping the needed people by approaching the related authorities. This report is an effort to stop this sinful act by explaining the bad effects because this act can never eliminate the problems but on the other hand give rise to them. This whole effort can only bring about change, if everyone really wants to help others and contribute to get rid of this evil and unlawful act. This study discovers that suicide is an indication of the problems in the lives of many people such as financial, social or medical. The most common underlying disorder is depression, 30% to 70% of suicide victims suffer from major depression, no matter which strata of society they belong to. A suicide attempt is often a cry for help that ends in tragedy. The research paper is an analytical study of adverse effect of criminalization of Attempt to Suicide in Pakistan in Section 325 of PPC 1860. Criminalization of attempted suicide is one of the major reasons that have made people reluctant to get help for the psychological problem that causes such act. This study aims to provide significant reasons for decriminalizing attempted suicide in Pakistan. Quantitative and Qualitative research method was used to gather, analyse and abridge the data. This paper focuses on the problem of criminalization of attempted suicide and tends to provide a new framework in the replacement of existing one. It is pertinent to mention that committing suicide is an illness not a crime, so the one who attempts to commit suicide must be treated as a „patient‟ not as a „culprit‟. The existing law provides punishment for the person who attempted suicide but failed, this represents the harshness of the state as it prescribes „punishment‟ for the person suffering from mental disorder, instead of „treatment‟. The analysis includes problems of criminalizing attempted suicide and challenges of the applicability of relevant law as well as negative impacts of it. Moreover, this paper deliberates upon the introduction of new practice in law. According to this practice, state institutions will provide rehabilitation/treatment to those persons who attempted suicide but failed under the law. Suicidal behavior is one of the serious consequences of depression. Depression disrupts the daily life functioning including ability to think properly, planning, problem solving and decision- making. This happens because of excessively experiencing the negative emotions. Dialectical behavior therapy sessions were planned including skills training for emotional stability, obsessions and impulse control. Evaluation of the behavior at the end of this intervention had fruitful outcomes and better change in the patient’s condition. Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale was used to measure the change after ten sessions, once a week of one hour each.

Identities in Flux. Race, Migration, and Citizenship in Brazil by Niyi Afolabi

Reviewed by: Identities in Flux. Race, Migration, and Citizenship in Brazil by Niyi Afolabi Wesley Costa de Moraes Afolabi, Niyi. Identities in Flux. Race, Migration, and Citizenship in Brazil. SUNY P, 2021. 284 pp. ISBN: 978-1-4384-8250-7. The history of race relations in Brazil is distinctive: the country was the main destination of African slaves in the Americas and the last one in the region to abolish slavery in 1888. It also crafted the longstanding belief that racial and cultural miscegenation led to the creation of a truly racism-free society. Quite understandably, to this day the enduring reality of deprivation and violence affecting people of darker skin in Brazil is hard to digest and even harder to change. Niyi Afolabi notes that the scholarly production scrutinizing this reality has mostly perceived the condition of Afro Brazilians as static, or denoting resignment. Indeed, evidence demonstrates that they remain in the destitute social location assigned to them by a highly stratified society. Nevertheless, Afro-Brazilians have used multiple strategies to defy such rigid patterns of social and geographical immobility. The author explores some Afro-Brazilian icons to reveal their frantic struggle for movement in the social landscape. Within a self-misleading color-blind national ideology, regarding these icons as static, or yielding, diminishes their symbolic importance. Pragmatic education should afford a less myopic understanding of Afro Brazilian history towards debunking the "mythical racial paradise" that is Brazil (232). Afolabi initially lays the historical groundwork of the sociocultural, political and economic formation of Brazil. The conceptualization of Brazil as racially harmonious begins with the Portuguese promoting themselves as colonizers with a special disposition to mix with other races. It is in everyday realities that, up to this date, Afro Brazilians experience rife racism and how it perpetuates their sacrifices for the benefit of the whiter classes. Reflecting the centuries-long harm done, denying an open debate on race relations crystalized the acceptance of inferiority by many Afro Brazilians. It is this passivity that ultimately the author sets out to redress by replacing static conformism with intense movement —a rebellious flux. Following a chronological order, chapter 2 presents the first icon: Zumbi dos Palmares, the leader of a 17th century settlement of runaway slaves whose death is now commemorated as a national holiday. Zumbi has been regarded both as hero and villain, and it is precisely this realm of contradictions that the author explores in its fluidity. As Zumbi strived to create a society where all were equal, his principles were and are easily incorporated into discourses preaching miscegenation. The stark [End Page 203] contradiction is that Zumbi was considered a threat and later killed, while the runaway community was eventually destroyed by successive military invasions. Chapter 3 is dedicated to the only female Afro Brazilian in the book, Xica da Silva, who lived for 15 years with a Caucasian diamond contractor in an out-ofwedlock relationship that bore thirteen children. Xica's life is hugely popular, with novels, soap operas and movies telling the story of how this 18th-century scandalous relationship allowed her to gain independence and, illustrating Afolabi's sense of identities in flux, some social power, although with blatant restrictions. Her life is surrounded by controversies and myth, and the author contends that the focus on her sexuality fails to acknowledge her as a true heroine in the context of Afro Brazilian migrating identities, of which particularly her mixed-race children would benefit. In chapter 4, Afolabi explores the character of Pedro Archanjo in Tenda dos milagres, a novel written by Jorge Amado. A fervid advocate of Afro Brazilian culture, Amado was born and raised in the cradle of African presence and influence in Brazil: the state of Bahia. Archanjo is based on real-life Manuel Querino, who is considered the very first Afro Brazilian historian. Querino extensively documented the African customs and contributions, challenging the Eurocentric Brazilian history and decoding the migrating identities between Africa and Brazil. As Afolabi points out, Querino's work is yet to be fully recognized, and Amado's novel is a noteworthy endeavor in that direction. In chapter 5, the author examines the Brazilian version of the Greek myth of...

Gender differentials in prevalence and distribution of BMI categories among older adults in various strata of society in India

The study aims to estimate the prevalence of underweight, overweight and identified the gender differentials among various strata of 50 years and above older populations in India. A national representative cross-sectional data of n=7273 older adults from WHO’s Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE wave1) India, was used. Underweight was defined as body mass index (BMI) <18.5 Kg/M2 and >25 Kg/M2 as overweight. A wealth index was created by cumulating the inverse proportion rate of assets acquired by individuals. The various stratifying axes comprised age, caste, and wealth. Bi-variable cross-tabulation with Chi-squared tests was used to test the differences in the distribution of nutritional status across various strata. 35.5% were underweight, 49.7% were normal weight and 14.7% were overweight. Most women were overweight (10.9% men~18.6% women, p<0.001), and fewer women were underweight (36.5% men~34.5% women, p<0.001) reflecting a gendered difference in nutritional status. Further, there was a dose-response relationship in nutritional status. The distribution across the caste groups was significantly graded, privileged being more overweight and less privileged being underweight. A similar pattern of hierarchical difference was seen for the wealth index.

Implications of Social Capital on Life satisfaction in a Stratified Society: Gendering the Bonding, Bridging, and Linking framework using representative samples of India

Implications of Social Capital on Life satisfaction in a Stratified Society: Gendering the Bonding, Bridging, and Linking framework using representative samples of India

EFFECT OF WEEKEND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION ON BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL IN NON-ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS ENGAGING IN SOCIAL DRINKING

Background: Social drinking is common in all strata of society. It is often encouraged and considered normal and a part of the winding down ritual on weekends. Alcohol is a contributor to Hypertension in a number of patients, the signicance of which is often underestimated. Although the effect of heavy alcohol consumption on Blood Pressure levels has been well-studied, the effect of social drinking on BP levels has not been studied enough, especially in the Indian context. A prospective observational study was conducted and a total of 10 Hypertensive patientsMethods: engaging in social drinking were recruited into the study. The study group was subjected to a standard questionnaire and the alcohol consumption pattern studied. Their BP recordings after a weekend of social drinking were recorded and compared to their BP recordings after a weekend in which they did not consume alcohol. The study showed that there was a signicant rise in BP after a weekend of social drinking inResults: comparison to BP readings taken after a weekend in which no alcohol was consumed. This study found that there was a signicant rise in BP levels even after consumption of low levels of alcohol as seen in social drinking.

A multi-proxy bioarchaeological approach reveals new trends in Bronze Age diet in Italy

This study investigates changes in dietary practices and subsistence strategies in Bronze Age Italy integrating isotopic analyses with archaeobotanical and archaeozoological data. By investigating food habits, we contribute to reconstructing human lifestyles and highlighting possible links with the economic/social organization when the rise of stratified societies and new economic activities affected subsistence practices. Stable isotopes analyses in humans and animals were performed on 6 Italian sites dating from 2300 to 900 cal. BC, followed by a complete review of additional 19 sites, which forms the basis of a diachronic and geographic comparison for Bronze Age Italy. The geographic analysis shows a more varied diet in northern and central Italy, compared to the south. The diachronic analysis highlights the homogeneity of food habits during the Early Bronze Age, contrary to the later phases when an increase in dietary variability and a higher animal protein consumption are revealed. The Middle Bronze Age appears as a pivotal moment in protohistoric societies, a phase of transition. The consumption of different foodstuffs highlights the importance of cultural exchanges, resulting in a sort of “food globalization”, although environmental and climatic fluctuations could also have affected dietary patterns, favoring some crops over others.

SYNERGETIC SIMULATION OF MANAGING PROCESSES IN EDUCATIONAL SPHERE IN THE CONTEST OF TEMPORARY SELF-RULED MANAGERIAL TARGET TEAMS APPLICATION

Considering the spreading of the system and synergetics methodology in the sphere of modern science, it is particularly important to apply the main principles of synergetics methodology in the process of educational management. The purpose of this application is to conduct a synergetic simulation of the managing processes in the educational sphere with the result of building a comprehensive synergetic model of such a process. The research has been conducted on three methodological levels: 1) the general one covering the fundamental principles of synergetics, 2) the peculiar one covering the fundamental principles of synergetics realized in the sphere of educational management, 3) and the single one covering the synergetic principles realized in the sphere of educational management when these principles have been extrapolated on the concrete synergetic model of educational management. It is stated that the system and synergetics view of the world reveals certain fundamental aspects of the behavior of natural and educational systems in the context of their control and governance. The conducted analysis enables us to state that educational management can be effectively carried out by means of temporary self-ruled managerial target teams. The members of the teams can be recruited both from different state and public structures and from educational institutions with the aim to solve concrete educational problems. These stem from current social events expressing certain social demands. The application of temporary self-ruled managerial target teams is realized according to fundamental synergetic principles and phenomena. By using temporary self-ruled managerial target teams one gains the system emergent effect revealing productive results of team members’ cooperation. The teams are created quite spontaneously when new educational/social/economic problems arise. These problems can be called the outer environment's disturbances. thus, the teams are open self-determined, and self-organized educational systems reacting to these disturbances. The management capacity of the teams results from their multi-targeted nature, flexibility, and staff diversity since the members of the teams are recruited from various strata of society including educational institutions.

Post-COVID era: Time to re-introduce "cardiorespiratory fitness" as a vital sign.

Post-COVID era: Time to re-introduce "cardiorespiratory fitness" as a vital sign.

Abbâsîler Dönemi Sosyal Hayatın Bir Göstergesi Olarak Kılık Kıyafet Kültürü (750-850)

İnsanlık tarihi kadar geçmişi olan giyinme, zamanla bir gelenek hâline gelmiş, kılık kıyafet kültürü oluşmuştur. İnsanların giyinme alışkanlıkları, toplumsal, sanatsal değerler, dini inanç, cinsiyet, yaş, tabaka, meslek, evlilik, doğum, ölüm, moda, coğrafya ve iklim gibi birçok etkene bağlı olmuştur. İnsan inançları doğrultusunda, yaşadığı kültür çevresinde coğrafyadan etkilenerek kendine özgü kılık kıyafet anlayışını geliştirmiştir. Kılık kıyafet, kendi benliğini ve kültürünü ifade etmenin bir başka yönü olup kültürde millîliği oluşturan unsurlardan sayılmaktadır. Bu çerçevede kılık kıyafet, ülke, dönem, kişi ya da gruplar hakkında kayda değer bilgiler vermektedir. Her toplumun kendine ait kılık kıyafetlerinin olmasının yanı sıra aynı toplum içinde yaşayan insanlar arasında bile farklı grupların birbirinden ayırt edilmesini mümkün kılan giyim kuşam farklılıkları vardır. İslâm toplumunun ilk zamanlarında, Arapların daha önceden bildiği, Hicaz bölgesinin sade kıyafetleri, birkaç değişiklik haricinde varlığını devam ettirmiştir. Bu dönemin yaygın elbiseleri vücuda giyilen kamîs, izâr ve ayağa giyilen naʻl ve hufftan ibarettir. Hz. Peygamber (sav) dönemine hâkim olan bu sade kılık kıyafet kültürü, Hz. Osman zamanında küçük değişimler geçirse de Emevîlere kadar ana hatlarıyla aynı şeklini muhafaza etmiştir. Emevîlerin devlet idaresi bağlamında dört halife döneminden farklı bir yönetim tarzı izlemesi ve bazı halifeler müstesna lükse, şatafat ve debdebeye önem vermesi, sosyal hayatın tüm alanlarında değişimi de beraberinde getirmiştir. Fetihlerle beraber karşılaşılan yeni kültürler de İslâm devletine sirayet etmiş, neticede ilgili kültürler kılık kıyafette birtakım değişikliklere neden olmuştur. Bu değişim Süleyman b. Abdülmelik (715-717) döneminde de devam etmiştir. Süslü ve bir o kadar da rengârenk bir giyim tarzı yaygınlaşmıştır. Ondan sonraki dönemde dikkate değer bir değişim olmamıştır. Kılık kıyafetteki bu değişiklik İslâm’a ve dinin emirlerine uygun bir şekilde toplum içindeki yerini almıştır. Emevîler döneminde başlayan değişim rüzgârı Abbâsîlerde bambaşka bir hâl almıştır. Devletin sahip olduğu güç, genişleyen topraklar ve büyüyen ekonomi, çok hızlı bir şekilde sosyal alandaki değişikliği de beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu değişim rüzgârı arasında hiç şüphesiz giyim tarzı da yerini almıştır. Sâsânilerden intikal eden sosyal grupların yanı sıra katı protokol kuralları Abbâsîleri etkisi altına almıştır. Teşrifat kuralları sarayın tamamına sirayet etmiş, Sâhibü’l-Kisve adında kıyafetlerle ilgilenen yeni görevliler tayin edilmiştir. Toplumun farklı kesimlerindeki insanlara özgü kıyafetler ortaya çıkmıştır. Aynı kıyafetler farklı zümreler tarafından farklı şekil ve formlarda giyilmiştir. Bununla beraber aynı elbiselerin şeklinde de zamanla değişiklikler olmuştur. Elbiselerde tercih edilen siyah, yeşil ve beyaz gibi farklı renkler tespit edilmiş, akabinde bunların taşıdıkları anlamlar üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu araştırmada Abbâsîlerin kuruluşundan ilk asrının sonuna kadarki kılık kıyafet kültürü etkilendiği konular çerçevesinde ele alınacaktır. Çalışma, Abbâsîlerin öncesinde ve ilk asrındaki kılık kıyafet kültürü hakkındaki genel bilgilerden sonra kılık kıyafet kültürü hakkındaki ayrıntılı bilgiler üzerinden devam edecektir. Abbâsîlerin bu döneminde kıyafetlere dair ulaşılan bulgular; başa, bedene ve ayağa giyilenler şeklinde sınıflandırılmıştır. Ayağa giyilenler başka bir araştırmaya bırakılmıştır. Çalışmada başa giyilen kıyafetler olan kalensuva, tavîle, imâme, rusâfiyye, asâbe, hımâr, kınâʻ, miknaʻ, burkuʻ, nikâb, lisâm, taylesân, daniyye, kubʻ, tâc ve iklîlden bahsedilmiştir. Bedene giyilen kıyafetler ise bürde, dürrâa, veşy, kabâ’, izâr, ridâ, mübattane, cübbe, haftân, bornos, kürk, kamîs, minteka, tikke, mitraf, zünnâr, sirvâl, sudrâ, tennûr ve gilâle şeklinde ele alınmıştır. Bahsi geçen kıyafetlerin inançla, coğrafya ve kültür ile olan ilişkisi ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra pamuk, keten, ipek, yün ve kadife gibi kumaş ve dokunuş şekillerinden bahsedilmiştir. Bunları giyen kişilerin ekonomik durumu ve toplum içindeki konumu incelenmiştir.