Grafting Strategy Research Articles

Channel engineering strategy of precisely modified MOF/nanofiber composite separator for advanced aqueous zinc ion batteries

As the combination of metal-organic framework (MOF) materials with adjustable channels and flexible polymeric matrix, MOF/nanofiber composite separators enable the controllable ion transport behavior, which offers promising candidates for developing novel battery separators. In this study, series MOF functionalized electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber separators were successfully developed via a precisely surface grafting strategy and then served as the separators for highly efficient aqueous zinc (Zn)-ion batteries (ZIBs). Moreover, channel engineering was developed by placing amino (MOF-N) and sulfonic acid groups (MOF-NS) on the channel surface of UIO-66, which then effectively promoted the ion transport progress. In particular, the resultant MOF-NS shows an excellent ionic conductivity (22.81 mS cm−1), improved Zn2+ transference number (0.78), and outstanding cyclic durability. These enhanced properties can be contributed by the effectively promoted dissociation of zinc salts and desolvation processes of hydrated Zn ions through strong ion-dipole interactions, as confirmed by the theoretical simulations. Our work demonstrates the great importance of channel engineering in modifying porous MOFs materials and the strong power of the precisely modified MOF/nanofiber separators in regulating ion transmission behavior and thus offers a promising separator candidate for high performance aqueous ZIBs.

A self-cleaning polyacrylonitrile fiber membrane modified by photocatalytic nanoparticles and zwitterionic polymer brushes for oil/water separation

A superhydrophilic oil/water emulsion separation membrane with visible light driven self-cleaning performance was prepared by electrospinning and surface grafting strategy.

New simple strategy for improving interfacial adhesion of basalt fiber composites by adhering bio-based β-cyclodextrin on fiber

Though basalt fiber has excellent mechanical properties and attractive green feature, the ultralow interfacial strength of fiber-to-polymer greatly limits its application. Herein, investigation into the first use of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and silane coupling agent as surface modifier for basalt fiber by dint of chemical grafting strategy was presented. The resulted fiber was discovered to provide the growth of 61.5% in fiber-to-epoxy adhesion relative to untreated basalt fibers in epoxy. The change in interfacial strength is associated with the improved epoxy wetting behavior and increased covalent interactions contributed by the unique conical hollow ring architecture of β-CD that offers more acting sites to be linked and accommodated with more silane coupling agents for subsequent chemical crosslinking and physical entanglement with greater epoxy molecules. Additionally, the crack deflection by “rigid” β-CD at interphase dissipates more energy. First proved superiority of β-CD for strengthening the interphase in this work paves the way for developing green and high-performance fiber composites, responding well to the sustainable development in engineering.

Low-temperature fabrication of potassium single-atom solid base catalysts with high activity in transesterification

Solid base catalysts are appealing to a variety of reactions due to their benefits of easy separation, negligible corrosion, and environmental friendliness. However, their activity is compromised because high temperature is frequently required for the formation of basic sites and aggregation of basic components is easy to occur under those circumstances. Herein, K single-atom solid base catalysts were fabricated by a low temperature, pyrolysis-free, grafting strategy, resulting in the catalysts with highly dispersed basic sites and high activity in transesterification reaction. Potassium tert-butoxide (KTB) functions as the precursor and mesoporous silica SBA-15 is employed as the support, K atoms are successfully grafted onto SBA-15 (denoted as K1/SBA-15) at 30 °C. Various characterizations confirm that highly dispersed K single atoms exist in the form of K-O-Si. The amount of basic sites of K1/SBA-15 measured by titration is 1.62 mmol·g−1, verifying the basicity of the obtained catalyst. K1/SBA-15 shows excellent activity (49.1 % yield) in the transesterification reaction of ethylene carbonate (EC) and methanol to produce dimethyl carbonate (DMC), which is superior to typical alkali metal-related solid superbases. The catalyst was recovered after reaction and the yield of DMC over the recovered catalyst decreases slightly (43.4 %) due to the partial deformation of pores. Moreover, the K1/SBA-15 exhibits a turnover frequency (TOF) value of 82.5 h−1, obviously higher than various reported solid base catalysts (0.95–36.2 h−1) under semblable reaction conditions.

Photochromic biomaterials: Synthesis and fluorescence properties of spiroxanthenes-grafted alginate derivatives

Herein, we reported a general and green synthetic strategy for photochromic functional alginate derivatives grafting with isoindolinone spiroxanthenes. Under mild condition, diverse 2-aminoalkyl isoindolinone spiroxanthene derivatives have been prepared from organic photochromic isobenzofuranone spiroxanthenes (including rhodamine B, rhodamine 6G and fluorescein), and grafted on alginate chains through amidation reaction using diamine as a linkage with water as a green solvent at room temperature. The photochromic properties of the fluorophores-modified polymers and the effect of pH value have been explored. Under acid conditions, the spiroisoindolinone rings of alginate derivatives are opened resulting in showing absorption bands and fluorescence with orange to green emission, while the alginate derivatives turned to colourless under basic conditions which is reversibly. In addition to biodegradability and biocompatibility, the polymers exhibit good film-forming properties simultaneously. The films and fibers produced from the alginate derivatives also project good fluorescence properties.

Strong and ultrafast stimulus-healable lignin-based composite elastomers with excellent adhesion properties

With the increased environmental issues, advanced high-performance and multifunctional polymeric materials derived from biomass have tremendous attention due to the great potential to replace their traditional petroleum-based counterparts. In this work, a series of lignin graft copolymers, lignin-graft-poly(n-butyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid) (Lig-g-P(BA-co-AA)), were rationally prepared via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. These lignin-based copolymers demonstrate good thermal stability and tunable glass transition temperature (Tg) values. The mechanical performance, including tensile strength, extensibility, Young's modulus, and toughness can be facilely adjusted by the BA/AA feed ratio and lignin content during polymerization. Owing to the extraordinary photothermal conversion ability of lignin, the Lig-B550 copolymer, containing 11.8 wt% lignin content, shows excellent stimulus-healing behavior within 1 min with a 97.1 % healing efficiency under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Moreover, the Lig-g-P(BA-co-AA) copolymers exhibit remarkable adhesion property, broadening their potential applications in the adhesive area. This grafting strategy is versatile and efficient, conferring the resultant lignin-based composite elastomers with dramatically enhanced mechanical properties and unprecedented photothermal behavior, which can inspire the further development of strong lignin-based sustainable elastomers.

Post‐Synthetic Covalent Grafting of Amines to NH2‐MOF for Post‐Combustion Carbon Capture

AbstractHerein, a post‐synthetic modification strategy is used to covalently graft polyamines, including ethylenediamine (ED), diethylenetriamine (DETA), tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine (TAEA), and polyethyleneimine (PEI) to the amino‐ligand inside of a Cr‐MOF, NH2‐Cr‐BDC, for post‐combustion carbon capture applications. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ion chromatography (IC) reveal that ≈45% of the MOF ligands are grafted with polyamines. Next, assessment of CO2 uptake, CO2/N2 selectivity, isosteric heats of CO2 adsorption, separation performance during humid CO2/N2 (15/85) breakthrough experiments, and cyclability, reveals an enhanced performance for the polyamine‐containing composites and the following performance trend: NH2‐Cr‐BDC<ED<DETA<TAEA<PEI. The best‐performing materials, including the TAEA and PEI‐grafted MOFs, offer CO2 uptakes of 1.0 and 1.55 mmol g−1, respectively, at 0.15 bar and 313 K. Further, these composites also offer a high CO2 capacity after 200 temperature swing adsorption/desorption (TSA) cycles in simulated humid flue gas. Last, after soaking the composites in water, there is no loss of CO2 capacity; on the contrary, when the same MOF is impregnated with polyamines using traditional approaches, there is ≈85% CO2 capacity loss after soaking. Thus, this covalent grafting strategy successfully immobilizes amines in MOF pores preventing leaching and hence can be an effective strategy to extend the adsorbent lifetime.

Surface modification of polyvinyl chloride with sodium alginate/carboxymethyl chitosan and heparin for realizing the anticoagulation

Thrombosis of extracorporeal circuits causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this study, plasma treatment technology and chemical grafting method were used to construct heparinized surfaces on the PVC substrate, which could not only reduce thrombosis but also decrease the side effects of the direct injection of anticoagulants. The PVC substrate was modified by plasma treatment technology firstly to obtain the active surface with the hydroxyl groups used for grafting. Then, heparin was grafted onto the modified PVC surface using different grafting strategies to prepare different heparinized surfaces. The experimental results indicated that the sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CCS) used as interlayers could significantly increase the graft density of heparin to improve the anticoagulant effects and hemocompatibility of heparinized surfaces. In addition, the modification of heparin can further improve the anticoagulant effects. The CCS/low-molecular-weight heparin (LWMH) surface has the best anticoagulant properties, which can prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) values of human plasma for about 35 s, reduce the hemolysis rates to <0.3 %, and perform well in the in-vitro blood circulation test. The heparinized surfaces prepared in this work have great application potential in anticoagulant treatment for medical devices.

Network–Polymer–Modified Superparamagnetic Magnetic Silica Nanoparticles for the Adsorption and Regeneration of Heavy Metal Ions

Superparamagnetic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs, Fe3O4) were first synthesized based on a chemical co–precipitation method, and the core–shell magnetic silica nanoparticles (MSNPs, Fe3O4@SiO2) were obtained via hydrolysis and the condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate onto Fe3O4 seed using a sol–gel process. Following that, MSNPs were immobilized using a three–step grafting strategy, where 8-hloroacetyl–aminoquinoline (CAAQ) was employed as a metal ion affinity ligand for trapping specific heavy metal ions, and a macromolecular polymer (polyethylenimine (PEI)) was selected as a bridge between the surface hydroxyl group and CAAQ to fabricate a network of organic networks onto the MSNPs’ surface. The as–synthesized MSNPs–CAAQ nanocomposites possessed abundant active functional groups and thus contained excellent removal features for heavy metal ions. Specifically, the maximum adsorption capacities at room temperature and without adjusting pH were 324.7, 306.8, and 293.3 mg/g for Fe3+, Cu2+, and Cr3+ ions, respectively, according to Langmuir linear fitting. The adsorption–desorption experiment results indicated that Na2EDTA proved to be more suitable as a desorbing agent for Cr3+ desorption on the MSNPs–CAAQ surface than HCl and HNO3. MSNPs–CAAQ exhibited a satisfactory adsorption capacity toward Cr3+ ions even after six consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles; the adsorption efficiency for Cr3+ ions was still 88.8% with 0.1 mol/L Na2EDTA as the desorbing agent. Furthermore, the MSNPs–CAAQ nanosorbent displayed a strong magnetic response with a saturated magnetization of 24.0 emu/g, and they could be easily separated from the aqueous medium under the attraction of a magnet, which could facilitate the sustainable removal of Cr3+ ions in practical applications.

Construction of zwitterionic ion imprinted polymer brushes on mixed matrix membranes for the separation of rare earth ions

In this article, zwitterionic ion imprinted polymer brushes were constructed on mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for the separation of rare earth ions. A multi-step chemical grafting strategy to anchor amino groups and double bonds sequentially on the oxygen-containing sites at the edge of GO nanosheets were established at first. After incorporating these modified GO nanosheets into MMMs, the imprinting process was constructed via in-situ free radical polymerization initiated by oxidize-reduction initiators on these double bond sites of GO nanosheets in the MMMs. [2-(methylacryloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3-propyl sulfonate) ammonium hydroxide was firstly applied as functional monomers to generate the zwitterionic polymer brushes on the GO-mixed matrix membranes, together with the aid of ligand bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphonic acid (Cyanex272) in the MMMs matrix. Benefiting from these specific designed imprinted sites, the imprinted membranes had the highest adsorption capacity for Y3+, which was nearly twice as much as that of Ho3+ and Er3+. The significant difference in adsorption capacity and permeation efficiency between imprinted and non-imprinted membranes proved this imprinting strategy realized valid Y3+ imprinting sites construction. The separation coefficients of Y3+/Ho3+ and Y3+/Er3+ calculated from permeation experiments were 2.16 and 2.77, which were much higher than those of MMMs and NIMs. Imprinted factor βr of Y3+/Ho3+ and Y3+/Er3+ were calculated as 2.63 and 1.97.

Rational construction of edge-grafted g-C3N4 via cross-linking aromatic compounds with C[sbnd]F bonds for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution

Chemical modification of g-C3N4 (CN) for electron directional transport to separate charge carriers is important for its photocatalytic application, but remains a challenge. In this research, Tetrafluoroterephthalic acid (TFBDC) was utilized to modify CN by the crossing-linking reaction of carboxyl groups in TFBDC and terminal NH2 groups in CN. The introduction of fluorine into the CN framework through benzene-ring linkage to CF bonds achieves the dual regulation of electron hybridization structure and electron directional transport from the center to the edge of CN, which can greatly promote the separation of charge carriers in plane, as supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and femtosecond transient absorption spectrum (fs-TAS). The decay dynamics analysis from fs-TAS results indicates the slower exciton annihilation and longer shallow electron trapping in TFBDC-50/CN (τ1: 1.3 ps, τ2: 136.4 ps) compared to CN (τ1: 3.3 ps, τ2: 149.4 ps), both of which can be attributed to the graft of benzene rings with CF bonds. This grafting strategy not only promotes the participation of more electrons in the photocatalytic water splitting process, resulting in the hydrogen evolution rate of TFBDC-50/CN being increased to 5.4 times that of CN, but also exhibits remarkable recycle stability, enhancing the overall performance of the photocatalytic system. The results obtained in this work can provide beneficial references for research aimed at exploring chemical modification of CN for the enhancement of photocatalytic performance.

The choice of conduits in coronary artery bypass surgery

Choosing appropriate bypass conduits is important in the consideration of long-term outcomes after surgical revascularization. When deciding on a grafting strategy, attention should be given to technical, anatomic, and angiographic determinants of conduit properties, as well as the clinical characteristics of the patient. The aim of the study was to present a current review of available choices of conduits in coronary artery bypass surgery. To date, only 4 conduits have proven to be effective: the saphenous vein (SVG), the internal mammary arteries (IMAs), the radial artery (RA), and the right gastroepiploic artery (RGEA). The IMA has unique biological properties that confer protection to intimal growth and atherosclerotic plaque formation, making it the conduit of choice for coronary artery bypass grafting. SVG exhibits a lower patency rate than those of IMAs. The RGEA allows revascularization of the inferior wall but is less commonly used, given that it is more prone to spasms.

Macromolecular grafting of carboxyl polymers on the surface of non-woven fabrics and their adsorption behavior on metal cations

In order to address the issues of the time-consuming, the low density of functional groups and the instability of mussel-inspired adsorbents, an efficient in situ cross-linked mussel-inspired coating-assisted macromolecular grafting strategy was proposed to prepare a polyacrylic acid (PAA) grafted polypropylene nonwoven (PP-g-PAA) for the efficient removal of heavy metal ions. The mussel-inspired coating was formed by rapid deposition in the presence of oxidizing agents and polyamines, and then thiol-terminated polyacrylic acid (PAA-SH) prepared by thiol-ene click reaction and glutaraldehyde were added in situ, and then PAA brushes were introduced on the surface of the polypropylene nonwoven via the Michael addition Schiff base reaction between the thiol and o-benzoquinone, and the improvement of the stability of the adsorbent was achieved through in situ formation of the three-dimensional cross-linked structure. A high density carboxyl group functionalized adsorbent with a grafting rate up to 38.98% was obtained, which also exhibited unprecedented tolerance to strong acid, alkali and polar organic solvents. Meanwhile, grafting on polyester nonwovens, sponges and PVDF membrane substrates confirmed the versatility of the proposed method. The PP-g-PAA was characterized by SEM, IR and XPS, and the adsorption behaviors of the adsorbent for Pb2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ were systematically investigated. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of PP-g-PAA was nearly twice as high as that of the mussel-inspired adsorbent. The adsorption mechanism was also well investigated.

In Situ Growth of Sub-50-nm Zirconium Aminobenzenedicarboxylate Metal-Organic Framework Nanocrystals for Carbon Dioxide Capture.

Controlled synthesis of sub-50-nm metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are usually called porous coordination polymers, exhibits huge potential applications in gas storage and separation. Herein, surface-confined growth of zirconium aminobenzenedicarboxylate MOF (UIO-66-NH2) nanocrystals on polypyrrole hollow spheres (PPyHSs) is achieved through covalently grafted benzene dicarboxylic acid ligands using bridged molecules. PPyHSs modified with ligand molecules prohibit excessive growth of UIO-66-NH2 nanocrystals on their confined surface, resulting in smaller-sized nanocrystals (<50 nm) and a monolayer UIO-66-NH2 coating. Benefiting from the homogeneous dispersion of UIO-66-NH2 nanocrystals with a smaller size (40 ± 10 nm), the as-prepared PPyHSs@UIO-66-NH2 hybrids with high specific surface area and pore volume exhibit remarkable CO2 capture performance. Moreover, the time required to reach the maximum CO2 adsorption capacity shortens with decreasing UIO-66-NH2 crystals size. As a proof of concept, the proposed covalent grafting strategy can be used for synthesizing sub-50-nm UIO-66-NH2 nanocrystals for CO2 capture.

Enhanced OH− conductivity and stability of polybenzimidazole membranes for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction via grafting and crosslinking strategies

A set of crosslinked quaternized polybenzimidazole (cQAPBI-nC) membranes with varying carbon chain lengths of crosslinking agents are designed and prepared through grafting and crosslinking reactions for their applications in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). The cQAPBI-6C membrane stands out among all the cQAPBI-nC membranes due to its ingenious construction of a hydrophilic/hydrophobic micro-phase separation structure. As a result, this membrane exhibits exceptional OH− conductivity and selectivity of 79.40 mS cm−1 and 54.73%, respectively, surpassing those of the commercially available FAA-3-PK-130 membrane (OH− conductivity: 33.38 mS cm−1, selectivity: 39.00%). Moreover, the cQAPBI-6C membrane has excellent mechanical and alkaline stabilities. In the self-made membrane electrode assembly reactor, the cQAPBI-6C membrane demonstrates higher CO Faraday efficiency (FE) compared with FAA-3-PK-130 membrane at −100 ∼ −160 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the cQAPBI-6C membrane can operate continuously and stably for over 32 h at −150 mA cm−2, and the CO FE and voltage maintain at around 95% and −3.7 V. These findings provide strong evidence to support the practical significance of the proposed modification strategy in the development of polybenzimidazole-based anion exchange membranes for CO2RR applications.

Grafting Strategies of Oxidation-Prone Coiled-Coil Peptides for Protein Capture in Bioassays: Impact of Orientation and the Oxidation State.

Many biomedical and biosensing applications require functionalization of surfaces with proteins. To this end, the E/K coiled-coil peptide heterodimeric system has been shown to be advantageous. First, Kcoil peptides are covalently grafted onto a given surface. Ecoil-tagged proteins can then be non-covalently captured via a specific interaction with their Kcoil partners. Previously, oriented Kcoil grafting was achieved via thiol coupling, using a unique Kcoil with a terminal cysteine residue. However, cysteine-terminated Kcoil peptides are hard to produce, purify, and oxidize during storage. Indeed, they tend to homodimerize and form disulfide bonds via oxidation of their terminal thiol group, making it impossible to later graft them on thiol-reactive surfaces. Kcoil peptides also contain multiple free amine groups, available for covalent coupling through carbodiimide chemistry. Grafting Kcoil peptides on surfaces via amine coupling would thus guarantee their immobilization regardless of their terminal cysteine's oxidation state, at the expense of the control over their orientation. In this work, we compare Kcoil grafting strategies for the subsequent capture of Ecoil-tagged proteins, for applications such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensing and cell culture onto protein-decorated substrates. We compare the "classic" thiol coupling of cysteine-terminated Kcoil peptides to the amine coupling of (i) monomeric Kcoil and (ii) dimeric Kcoil-Kcoil linked by a disulfide bond. We have observed that SPR biosensing performances relying on captured Ecoil-tagged proteins were similar for amine-coupled dimeric Kcoil-Kcoil and thiol-coupled Kcoil peptides, at the expense of higher Ecoil-tagged protein consumption. For cell culture applications, Ecoil-tagged growth factors captured on amine-coupled monomeric Kcoil signaled through cell receptors similarly to those captured on thiol-coupled Kcoil peptides. Altogether, while oriented thiol coupling of cysteine-terminated Kcoil peptides remains the most reliable and versatile platform for Ecoil-tagged protein capture, amine coupling of Kcoil peptides, either monomeric or dimerized through a cysteine bond, can offer a good alternative when the challenges and costs associated with the production of monomeric cysteine-tagged Kcoil are too dissuasive for the application.

A precise pyromellitic acid grafting prepared multifunctional MXene membranes for efficient oil-in-water emulsion separation and heavy metal ions removal

Industrial development generates large quantities of oily wastewater, which poses a serious threat to the environment and human health. Heavy metal ions, dyes, and some water-soluble pollutants are also discharged with oily wastewater. Therefore, there is an urgent need for multifunctional separation technologies to deal with various pollutants. As an emerging two-dimensional material, titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) is of great importance in the field of oil–water separation because of the abundant hydrophilic groups on its surface. Herein, we developed a precise grafting strategy to modify MXene sheets with pyromellitic acid groups and prepared a multifunctional MXene-based membrane. Benefit from the abundant hydrophilic groups on the MXene sheets’ surface, the as-prepared membrane demonstrated outstanding superhydrophilic and anti-oil adhesion properties, and also showed remarkable separation performance (6731.8 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 and >99.97%) for high viscosity emulsions. Importantly, the presence of grafting groups improved the removal efficiency of several heavy metal ions (>99%) by the membrane. Additionally, it also demonstrated superior chemical stability, flexibility, and efficient separating harsh emulsions. This work provides a new insight into the development of the multifunctional MXene-based membrane materials.

Nylon fabric supported poly (styrene sulfonic acid) brush catalyst: A superior heterogeneous Brønsted acid catalyst with stable performance and facile recyclability

The development of highly efficient and easily recyclable heterogeneous catalysts is of great significance for green synthesis. By adopting a facile photoinduced grafting strategy, we have successfully developed fabric nylon-supported poly (styrene sulfonic acid) brush catalyst which can serve as efficient and recyclable Brønsted acid catalyst. The fabric-supported catalyst was prepared from commercially available nylon nonwoven fabric, and characterized by XPS, FTIR, EA, SEM and Hammett acidity. Results obtained indicate that the fabric catalyst possesses high catalytic activity for the condensation of anthranilamide with aldehydes or ketones in ethanol (15 examples yields 90–97%), as well as the advantage to be easily recycled and reused, with superior stability and catalytic activity even after 15 runs. What's more, application of the fabric catalyst for scale-up synthesis of pharmaceutical molecule NSC-145669 further demonstrated its promising potential in industrial production. Attractively, this method could be easily extended to various olefin-containing monomers and thus provided a general strategy for designing textile catalysts.

Buccal Fat Pad Augmentation for Midfacial Rejuvenation: Modified Fat Grafting Technique and Ogee Line Remodeling.

The volume and position of the buccal fat pad (BFP) change with age, which manifests as a hollow midface. Previous studies showed that autologous fat grafting for BFP augmentation could effectively ameliorate midfacial hollowing. The aim of this study was to introduce a modified fat grafting technique for female patients with midfacial hollowing to restore the volume of BFP, and to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of this approach. Two cadavers were used for the dissection of the BFP and to demonstrate the surgical procedures. Forty-eight patients were treated for midfacial hollowing with the modified grafting strategy. The BFP was filled through a percutaneous zygomatic incision and an immediate amelioration in the hollow area was observed. Improvements were evaluated from measurements of the ogee line and ogee angle, FACE-Q questionnaires, and 3-party satisfaction ratings. Clinical profiles were reviewed and statistically analysed. The mean [standard deviation] ogee angle was 6.6° [1.9°] preoperatively and 3.9° [1.4°] postoperatively (average reduction, 2.7°). Patients' ogee lines were smoother postoperatively, with marked improvements in overall appearance, psychological well-being, and social confidence. Patients reported high satisfaction with decision-making and postoperative outcomes and felt 6.61 [2.21] years younger. Overall, 88%, 76%, and 83% of the cases were graded as good or excellent in improvement by surgeon, patient, and the third party, respectively. For age-dependent midfacial hollowing in female patients, the modified percutaneous grafting technique described here was safe and efficacious in restoring BFP volume. This technique produced a smoother ogee line and a natural, younger midfacial contour.

Application of cellulose to chromatographic media: Cellulose dissolution, and media fabrication and derivatization

As the cornerstone of chromatographic technology, the development of high-performance chromatographic media is a crucial means to enhance the purification efficiency of biological macromolecules. Cellulose is a popular biological separation medium due to its abundant hydroxyl group on the surface, easy modification and, weak non-specific adsorption. In this paper, the development of cellulosic solvent systems, typical preparation methods of cellulosic chromatographic media, and the enhancement of chromatographic properties of cellulosic chromatographic media by polymeric ligand grafting strategies and their mechanism of action are reviewed. Ultimately, based on the current research status, a promising outlook for the preparation of high-performance cellulose-based chromatographic media was presented.