Energy Development Strategy Research Articles

Evaluating the CO2 emissions implications of hydrogen energy policies in North China based on a dedicated hydrogen planning model

ABSTRACT The role of hydrogen is emphasized in many countries’ energy and climate strategies, yet the impacts of regional hydrogen-supporting policies remain underexplored. This study analyzes recently announced hydrogen-supporting policies across five provinces in northern China. Four scenarios – Current Policy (CP), Announced Policy (AP), Enhanced Policy (EP), and Net-Zero Emissions (NZE) – are developed and assessed using a dedicated hydrogen planning model, MESSAGEix-H2NC. With cumulative demand of end-use applications expanding 1.3 times compared to CP, the AP scenario’s absence of carbon emission constraints leads to a reliance on non-clean hydrogen, resulting in higher carbon emissions than CP. Cost reductions under EP achieve lower emission intensity (11.9 kgCO2/kgH2 by 2030 and 3.6 kgCO2/kgH2 by 2060). Consequently, the investment gap for EP grows from $2.4 billion in 2025 to $89.7 billion in 2060, while the gap for more thorough net-zero emissions (NZE) expands from $10 billion in 2025 to $107 billion in 2060. The investment gap between EP and NZE relative to CP expands over time. Overall, the model results highlight potential deficiencies in current hydrogen development plans and incentive policies in northern China. These findings reveal a misalignment between current policies and CO2 reduction targets and underscore the need for accelerated technological advancements to improve cost competitiveness. Key policy insights Current hydrogen-supporting policies in northern China lack effective coordination with national CO2 emissions reduction goals, hindering clean hydrogen development. Formulating an integrated policy framework and more ambitious emission reduction goals is necessary. Regional variations in renewable and fossil energy resources and development strategies highlight the importance of tailored interventions to promote cleaner technologies across diverse provincial contexts. The annual investment required to achieve green hydrogen dominant and low-carbon transformation goals needs to be at least 1.3 times the current level. By 2060, this gap will widen to nearly 22 times the business-as-usual investment level in the corresponding year. Coordinated policy efforts that integrate carbon emission constraints and support technological advancements can significantly enhance the competitiveness and environmental sustainability of northern China’s hydrogen industry.

Numerical modeling of the long-term poromechanical performance of a deep enhanced geothermal system in northern Québec

This study numerically investigates the thermo-poromechanical effects in a Canadian geothermal reservoir caused by long-term fluid production and injection. Using finite element modeling, it explores pore pressure diffusion and thermal dynamics, incorporating both the geological structure of the rock mass and faults. The simulations utilize the IAPWS (International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam) equations to model fluid density and viscosity, ensuring realistic representations of heterogeneous pressure fields. The system replicates a doublet configuration within a faulted zone, featuring two hydraulically stimulated fractures. The primary aim is to assess the likelihood of fault reactivation under varying in-situ stress conditions over a 100-year geothermal operation. Results show that stress distribution is largely influenced by thermal stresses along the fluid circulation pathway, with fluid velocity and temperature gradients affecting reservoir stability. Minimal pore pressure changes highlight the dominant role of thermal stresses in controlling fault behavior. The analysis indicates no potential for fault reactivation, as slip tendency values remain below the critical threshold, even when accounting for reduced mechanical properties using the Hoek-Brown criterion. Thermal effects continue to influence the surrounding rock throughout the operational period, suggesting that the reservoir maintains mechanical stability conducive to sustained geothermal production and injection. These findings provide valuable insights into the long-term safety and behavior of geothermal reservoirs, offering important implications for future geothermal energy development and management strategies.

Spatial optimization strategies for China’s hydrogen infrastructure industry chain

Promoting the development of China’s hydrogen energy industry is crucial for achieving green energy transition. However, existing research lacks systematic studies on the spatial layout of the hydrogen industry chain. This study constructed a comprehensive theoretical framework encompassing hardware infrastructure, software systems, and soft power. Using multi-source heterogeneous data, GIS analysis, and NVivo text coding methods, the current regional layout and challenges of China’s hydrogen infrastructure industry chain were systematically evaluated. The findings determined that economically developed eastern regions lead in infrastructure and soft power, while central and western regions leverage their resource and manufacturing advantages. Major challenges include regional imbalances in hardware infrastructure, uneven distribution of soft power, and misalignment between software systems and actual needs. Analysis of the “14th Five-Year Plan” of various regions elucidated deep insights into the diversity of local hydrogen energy development strategies, identifying five types of hydrogen cities: resource-advantaged, market-oriented, regionally collaborative, innovation-driven, and policy-supported. Accordingly, strategies to enhance industry chain synergy, clarify city roles, and optimize regional ecosystems were proposed. It is recommended to integrate hydrogen infrastructure with urban planning and incorporate environmental impact assessments into spatial optimization decisions. This study provides a systematic analytical framework and progressive policy recommendations for the efficient and green layout of China’s hydrogen infrastructure, offering important implications for the sustainable development of the hydrogen industry and other rapidly developing economies.

Comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the hydrogen production and transportation system

Based on the energy development strategy of Russia until 2035, the article substantiates the prospect for the development of nuclear energy, according to which nuclear plants are planned to be forced to unload in the range of up to 50% of the rated power while participating in the regulation of daily unevenness of the electrical load. In addition, nuclear power plants will be involved in primary frequency regulation, which is also associated with the unloading mode of operation of nuclear power plants. All these circumstances force us to look for ways to provide nuclear power plants with base load. Along with pumped storage power plants, the article considers an alternative option in the form of using a hydrogen complex based on the electrolysis production of hydrogen, which satisfies the concept of its carbon-free production. The article presents the global dynamics of the introduction of electrolyzers, and in addition to the increase in the share of electrolysis hydrogen produced at nuclear power plants. The hydrogen complex in this case is a means of providing the nuclear power plant with a base load, which involves the consumption of unclaimed electricity at cost. This allows hydrogen to be produced at a competitive price compared to individual producers on the market. The resulting hydrogen is in great demand as a useful product in a number of industries. The article provides examples of hydrogen consumption in various areas of consumption depending on purity, taking into account the requirements of GOST. A number of consumer industries use hydrogen of a special degree of purity, i.e., more than 99.999% vol. In this regard, additional hydrogen purification on palladium membranes was taken into account. A comprehensive assessment of the efficiency of the hydrogen production system was carried out, taking into account its additional purification and delivery to the consumer in various ways, mastered and in demand in world practice. A comparison has been made of the methods of delivering hydrogen to the consumer in comparison with the production of hydrogen by electrolysis at the point of consumption. A comparison was made using the criterion of net present value for the option of third-party consumers who do not have their own hydrogen production.

Do Tradable Green Certificates Promote Regional Carbon Emissions Reduction for Sustainable Development? Evidence from China

The tradable green certificate (TGC) scheme is an important approach for mitigating carbon emissions within the context of a renewable energy development strategy and regional sustainable development. However, studies investigating the role of TGCs in encouraging carbon emissions reduction in China are limited and inconclusive due to ignoring the interference of other renewable energy policies and little distinguishing the impact of different green certificates. Using Chinese provincial data from 2013 to 2023, this study employs a difference-in-differences strategy to estimate the effect of the TGC policy on regional carbon emissions. The results reveal that the TGC policy significantly reduces provincial carbon emissions, and this reduction is predominantly contributed by certificate-electricity integration green certificates rather than certificate-electricity separation certificates. A 1% increase in the provincial trade volume of certificate-electricity integration green certificates can reduce total provincial carbon emissions by 0.8–1.3%. These findings hold across a series of rigorous robustness tests. This study also explains the different effects between certificate-electricity integration and certificate-electricity separation green certificates by the concept of additionality. To effectively reduce carbon emissions in the future, the TGC system must meet the requirement of additionality. These insights can provide reference for the improvement of TGC policy to better achieve the carbon reduction objective and sustainable development.

Advancements in Cobalt-Based Catalysts for Enhanced CO2 Hydrogenation: Mechanisms, Applications, and Future Directions: A Short Review

In 2020, China put forward the national energy and economic development strategy goal of “carbon peak and carbon neutrality”; in this context, the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide into clean energy and high-value-added chemicals can effectively alleviate the current environmental pressure. This process represents a crucial avenue for the advancement of green energy and the realisation of a sustainable energy development strategy. Among the efficient catalysts designed for CO2 hydrogenation reactions, transition metal cobalt has garnered extensive attention from researchers due to its relatively abundant reserves and low economic cost. This paper first introduces the thermodynamic process of carbon dioxide hydrogenation and discusses methods to improve the efficiency of the catalytic reaction from a thermodynamic perspective. It then briefly describes the reaction mechanism of cobalt-based catalysts in the carbon dioxide hydrogenation reaction. Based on this understanding, this paper reviews recent research on the application of cobalt-based catalysts in the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to produce methane, hydrocarbon chemicals, and alcohols. Finally, the methods to improve the catalytic efficiency of these catalysts are discussed, and future research directions are proposed.

Results of experimental development of a laboratory water distillation installation based on a heat pump and a photovoltaic panel

Modern technologies and the continuous rise in water consumption require efficient and environmentally friendly methods of its extraction. According to the energy development strategy of the Russian Federation until 2035, the use of alternative energy sources in industry is a priority task for production. The use of renewable resources to produce distilled water for the needs of enterprises is becoming increasingly important. The innovative technology of a laboratory installation, combining water distillation using a heat pump and a photovoltaic panel, allows not only to obtain purified water, but also to heat the coolant before chemical purification. To create a laboratory stand, it is necessary to study the operating principles of the installation, divide the device into units: the main stand and the vacuum distiller, then model a three-dimensional image of each part of the complex in the SolidWorks software package. Based on the obtained models, a functional diagram of the complex is developed to obtain a coolant of the given parameters, and an algorithm is compiled for predicting the temperature of the heated water in the heat pump. The obtained installation test results are processed, and compared with theoretical data from tables of refrigerant properties, and a conclusion is drawn. The technology for producing purified water is aimed at replacing imported technologies and using renewable energy sources. The development of technologies for producing clean water is a priority for the development of the Russian energy sector. The results obtained indicate the potential of the laboratory installation for use in various areas where a reliable and environmentally friendly supply of distilled water is required, for example, in coastal areas for industrial facilities or agricultural enterprises.

Strategy of geothermal energy development as a renewable energy source in West Java Indonesia

Background: Indonesia has vast renewable energy potential, including biofuels, biomass, and bioenergy from tropical biodiversity spread across the country. Hydropower and geothermal energy are the only forms of renewable energy used to generate electricity and are connected to the grid. Geothermal energy may be incorporated into the grid to create hybrid energy systems that will help to reduce the high energy demand while maintaining low energy costs and net present costs. There are now 14 biosphere reserves in Indonesia, divided into 24 units of core zones, six units of buffer zones, and 13 units of transition zones. The West Java Province has a geothermal potential of 6,101 MWe or 21% of Indonesia's total geothermal resources. Currently, the installed capacity of electricity from geothermal energy in West Java is 1075 MWe or 89% of the total national installed capacity of 1196 MWe. Method: This paper reviews West Java Province data collection from official government bureaus, state-owned businesses, and non-governmental organizations (NGO) reports on geothermal energy capacity, electricity installation, and used area of ​​geothermal power plant and will be limited to the years 2010 through 2020. The collected data will then be refined, extrapolated, and analyzed by the connected trend to aid in studying West Java geothermal growth and use SWOT method analysis. Finding: The result of this research is a strategy for optimizing the development of geothermal energy utilization. The strategies that can be developed are infrastructure improvement as an investment facilitation strategy, a strategy to leverage a costly investment and capital investment, underground mining in conservation forest areas to avoid degradation improvement and supervision of related institutions and stakeholders, implementation of environmentally sustainable development, and socializing programs and providing job opportunities for the local community. Conclusion: Indonesia has an enormous potential for renewable energy, especially geothermal, with West Java Province having the largest installed capacity. This study suggests strategies to optimize geothermal energy development, including improving infrastructure, investment facilities, underground mining, improving supervision, and sustainable development. Novelty/Originality of this study: Research on geothermal energy in West Java provides a comprehensive analysis and specific strategies to optimize the development of this energy in the area, including innovative underground mining approaches.

Alternative energy in Ukraine. System dynamics methodology in RES research

The growing demand for electricity, which is expected to double by 2030 and quadruple by 2050 compared to 2000, underlines the urgent need for widespread deployment of renewable energy sources (RES) such as wind, solar, bioenergy, hydro and geothermal ones. Initiatives of many countries reflect the growing recognition of the need of transition to sustainable energy systems. According to the UN, Sustainable Development Goal 7 is "to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all". The paper examines the foreign experience of mixed energy development strategies and discusses the hypotheses of RES impact on key processes taking place in various spheres of life. In Ukraine, the transition to renewable energy is vital due to not only ecological or economic necessity, but also to a strategic one. According to the updated energy strategy of Ukraine until 2030, alternative energy should make up 25% of the total energy production, which corresponds to the country's obligations to the European Energy Community. But Ukraine faces a number of economic barriers that prevent deployment of renewable energy sources. These include high initial investment costs, unstable public policy frameworks and limited access to necessary financing, which together create a difficult investment climate that discourages domestic and foreign investors. By the start of the war in 2022, renewable energy sources accounted for about 13.4% of total energy production in Ukraine. However, the destruction of energy infrastructure throughout the country, including that of the renewable energy sector, led to a sharp decrease in this indicator up to 5-6%. A special attention in this study is paid to the use of the System Dynamis (SD) concept of simulation in RES research. Analysis of the latest publications and reference models testify to the effectiveness of the SD methodology and allowed to form the base model assumptions. Paper presents a structural SD model for the analysis of the implementation of renewable energy in Ukraine, taking into account the complex interaction of economic, social and environmental challenges to assess the long-term potential consequences of the transition to RES.

THE FOURTH ENERGY TRANSITION: CURRENT STATUS AND OUTLOOK, RUSSIA'S STRATEGY IN THE GEOPOLITICAL STRUGGLE

The article is devoted to the analysis of the public and tacit reasons for the fourth energy transition. An assessment of the phenomenon of the fourth energy transition is given as an objective stage in the development of global energy, and through the prism of economic competition and geopolitical confrontation between the EU, USA, Russia, China, and fossil fuel exporting countries. The history of interaction between the USSR (RF) and European countries in the energy sector is outlined. The politically motivated background behind the causes of the energy crisis and the accelerated pace of energy transition is revealed. The problem of the risks of the energy transition in the modern geopolitical and socio-economic situation is touched upon. The main provisions of the energy development strategy of the Russian Federation in the conditions of the fourth energy transition are presented.

Research on the Temperature Field Distribution Characteristics of Bottomhole PDC Bits during the Efficient Development of Unconventional Oil and Gas in Long Horizontal Wells

Unconventional tight oil and gas resources, including shale oil and gas, have become the main focus for increasing reserves and production. The safe and efficient development of unconventional oil and gas is a crucial demand for the energy development strategy. Deep tight oil and gas resource development generally adopts horizontal well drilling methods. During drilling, especially in long horizontal sections, the high temperature frequently causes failures of downhole drilling tools and rotary steering tools. The temperature rises sharply during rock breaking with the drill bit. Existing wellbore heat transfer models do not fully consider the impact of heat generated by the drill bit on the wellbore temperature field. This paper aims to experimentally study the temperature rise law of the cutting tooth of the bottom polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit during rock breaking. A set of evaluation devices was developed to study the temperature field distribution characteristics at the bottom of the PDC bit during rock breaking under different experimental conditions. The results indicate that the flow rate of drilling fluid, bit rotation speed, and weight on bit (WOB) significantly affect the distribution of the temperature field at the well bottom. This experimental research on the temperature field distribution characteristics at the bottom of the PDC bit during rock breaking helps reveal the heat transfer characteristics of the long horizontal section wellbore, guide the optimization of drilling parameters, and develop temperature control methods. It is of great significance for the advancement of efficient development technologies for unconventional resources in long horizontal wells.

The impact of the proportion of renewable energy consumption on geopolitical risks in the United States and the United Kingdom

Renewable energy serves as an effective alternative to traditional fossil fuels, reducing reliance on energy imports from specific countries, thereby alleviating geopolitical risks and ensuring national energy security. The development and utilization of renewable energy have profound implications for the global energy consumption structure and geopolitical landscape. This paper utilizes time-series and panel data from 1990 to 2020 to examine the causal relationship between renewable energy consumption and geopolitical risks. Focusing primarily on the United States and the United Kingdom, a multivariate regression model was developed for empirical analysis, with a comparative analysis conducted against other Group of Seven (G7) member countries. Subsequent robustness checks were performed to further validate the model's robustness. Additionally, this study explores the role of military strength as a moderating variable in the relationship between renewable energy and geopolitics. Lastly, a vector autoregression model was constructed to analyze the dynamic relationships between renewable energy and related variables. The findings reveal that (1) consumption of clean renewable energies, such as solar, wind, and tidal energy, significantly reduces geopolitical risks in the United States and the United Kingdom, with differing empirical results for France, Canada, and Japan, interpreted according to their developmental contexts and (2) increased defense expenditure in the US and the UK significantly enhances the positive impact of renewable energy consumption on mitigating geopolitical risks. Utilizing renewable energy not only diversifies national energy options but also reduces reliance on fossil fuels and fosters international cooperation, thereby easing geopolitical tensions. This research enriches the literature on the relationship between renewable energy consumption and national energy security in key global nations and offers theoretical insights for the formulation and implementation of national energy development strategies in the new world development paradigm.

Optimizing Bio-energy Supply Chain to Achieve Alternative Energy Targets

In response to global warming and the dwindling reservoirs of fossil fuels, Thailand has increasingly embraced alternative energy sources. Central to its energy development strategy is the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP), which aims to reduce energy intensity, capitalize on residual resources, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. While significant strides have been made in meeting various consumption targets set forth by the AEDP, notable challenges persist, particularly in the realms of bio-mass-derived electricity generation, bio-gas utilization, and bio-ethanol production from bio-mass. Therefore, this study delves into the factors contributing to the shortfall in achieving AEDP targets and proposes strategies to enhance the efficiency of the bio-energy supply chain. Leveraging mathematical and linear programming techniques, our research optimizes the supply chain dynamics, accounting for monthly supplier profiles spanning 77 provinces, 17 distinct biomasses, and 427 bio-energy plants equipped with diverse energy conversion technologies. Our findings indicate that Thailand currently boasts adequate bio-mass resources to fulfill the electricity and bio-ethanol targets outlined in the AEDP—provided enhancements are made to supply chain efficiency. To fully realize the objectives of the AEDP, we recommend augmenting bio-mass cultivation efforts and implementing new power plant installations. Additionally, we advocate for the consideration of high-methane content fuels, such as solid waste, as a means to alleviate bio-mass demand. This study underscores the paramount importance of strategic planning and optimization in propelling Thailand towards its alternative energy ambitions while surmounting supply chain impediments.

Research on Establishment and Application of Evaluation System of Urban Energy Strategy Development Indicators under the Perspective of Carbon Neutrality

A scientific, comprehensive and integrated assessment of urban energy development is of great significance for the establishment of a clean, low-carbon and efficient urban modern energy system. From the perspective of carbon neutrality, this paper sets 25 evaluation indicators in seven dimensions: energy supply, energy consumption, energy efficiency improvement, clean and low-carbon, safety and reliability, low-carbon transport, and scientific and technological innovation, and constructs a secondary indicator system for evaluating the strategic development of urban energy. The system adopts the hierarchical analysis method to determine the weights of the indicators, the double-baseline progression method to standardize the indicator scores, and finally the weighted composite index method to calculate the level of urban energy strategy development. This paper applies the index system to evaluate the current energy development status of Wenzhou city in 2020 and 2022, and to predict the energy strategy development in 2025 and 2030. The scores of Wenzhou city's urban energy strategy development level in the corresponding four periods are 63.56, 70.59, 77.87 and 85.06, indicating that by 2023, Wenzhou city's urban energy development level will go from medium development to high development. Wenzhou City should accelerate the proportion of renewable energy in the future. It is necessary to complement multiple energy sources and improve the integration of heat, electricity, gas and cold. In terms of end consumption, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of energy use, reduce energy intensity, implement electric energy substitution and form an energy consumption pattern centered on electricity.

Financial expenditure, financial friction, and coal consumption for energy efficient environment: Role of financial inclusion

This research investigates the crucial role that adaptability and ongoing evaluation have in implementing sustainable energy and economic development strategies in China. It emphasises the need for collaboration between enterprises, governmental organisations, and academic institutions in order to achieve these goals. The study also discusses how financial inclusion impacts economic growth and stability and how energy-intensive companies might use the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) approach to evaluate energy decomposition. The findings indicate that different provinces in China’s high energy-intensive (EI) economic sectors have different degrees of energy efficiency, with certain regions possibly having inefficiencies. The research underscores the need for targeted strategies to address these inefficiencies and disseminate efficacious approaches in new settings. The research also offers useful data that may be used to promote sustainable energy consumption and economic growth, with implications for policy-making and strategic initiatives. In summary, this paper presents specific policy recommendations and highlights the need for ongoing evaluation and collaboration to support China’s sustainable energy initiatives and economic growth.

Optimized low carbon scheduling strategy of integrated energy sources considering load aggregators

In the context of the global low-carbon energy development strategy, the massive influx of renewable energy leads to the instability of the power system, so it is necessary to carry out effective scheduling strategy and management mechanism for energy. On this basis, the Integrated Energy System including Electricity/Heat/Storage (EHSIES) is discussed in this paper. First, an ordered clustering method using a combination of simulated annealing and improved profile coefficients for load evolution number approximation is proposed. Second, a hybrid load clustering algorithm based on hierarchical clustering algorithm and K-means++ is presented and four types of load scenarios are obtained. Third, an Improved Harris Hawk Optimization (IHHO) algorithm based on the hybrid strategy is proposed and solved to the model of EHSIES. Finally, under the premise of the dynamic carbon trading mechanism considering historical compliance and load aggregator management, the scheduling strategies of flexible electric loads and thermal loads participating in EHSIES are discussed and solved by CPLEX. The results show that the solution time of IHHO is 50% and 33.3% lower than that of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Harris hawk optimization (HHO), and the number of iterations is 76.6% and 56.25% lower than that of PSO and HHO, respectively. In addition, considering a flexible load aggregator and a compliance-based dynamic carbon trading mechanism in EHSIES scheduling can effectively reduce the actual operating cost by 27.37%, the source-side energy spill rate by 68.75%, and the carbon emission by 51.92% and improve the operating efficiency and economic benefits of EHSIES.

중국의 입지요인이 유형별 환경친화적 에너지 자원 개발에 미치는 영향

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors inf luencing energy development locations and how they affect electricity demand in order to better formulate strategies for efficient energy development. Research design, data, and methodology: This research used the VAR econometric model to analyze the impact of these factors on the generation and grid capacity of four power sources (wind, solar, hydro, and thermal) from 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions across China. Results: There is a linear positive correlation between the four power sources’ generation and grid capacities and economic factors, resource factors, and policy factors. Conclusions: This paper contributes to balanced energy development policies, broadens research perspectives, enhances public understanding, and serves as a valuable reference. Its findings carry significant theoretical and practical implications for scholars, researchers, and policymakers alike.

Molecular mechanism and extraction performance evaluation of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents for phenol separation from oil: Different glycols as hydrogen bond donors

Highly efficient separation of phenols from coal-to-liquids can enhance the economics of the coal conversion process. The selection of extractants with high extraction efficiency and low neutral oil entrainment is significant for energy development strategy. In this study, four ChCl-based DESs with different glycols as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) were designed for the separation of phenol/toluene mixtures and the experimental results were analyzed by theoretical calculations. The experimental results showed that ChCl-EG had the highest extraction efficiency (94.02 %) and the least entrainment of toluene (0.449 g). Meanwhile, it could be regenerated and reused four times with no significant change in extraction capacity. The formation of hydrogen bonds between DESs and phenol was elucidated by σ-profile based on COSMO-SAC model. Multi-scale simulations and comparative analyses of the micro-mechanisms of the DESs system were carried out using quantum chemical (QC) and molecular dynamics (MD). It was shown that the attraction of DESs to phenol was mainly due to hydrogen bonds and vdW forces, with hydrogen bond interaction between Cl− in ChCl and H atom in phenol hydroxyl group being dominant. As the chain length of HBDs increased, the interaction of DESs with phenol was enhanced, while the entrainment of toluene also increased. Overall, the effect on the separation of phenol by different chain lengths of glycols as HBDs is elucidated. This study provides a theoretical reference for selecting and designing other DES extractants to separate phenol/toluene systems and similar systems.

Financial expenditure, financial friction, and coal consumption for energy efficient environment: Role of financial inclusion

This research investigates the crucial role that adaptability and ongoing evaluation have in implementing sustainable energy and economic development strategies in China. It emphasises the need for collaboration between enterprises, governmental organisations, and academic institutions in order to achieve these goals. The study also discusses how financial inclusion impacts economic growth and stability and how energy-intensive companies might use the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) approach to evaluate energy decomposition. The findings indicate that different provinces in China’s high energy-intensive (EI) economic sectors have different degrees of energy efficiency, with certain regions possibly having inefficiencies. The research underscores the need for targeted strategies to address these inefficiencies and disseminate efficacious approaches in new settings. The research also offers useful data that may be used to promote sustainable energy consumption and economic growth, with implications for policy-making and strategic initiatives. In summary, this paper presents specific policy recommendations and highlights the need for ongoing evaluation and collaboration to support China’s sustainable energy initiatives and economic growth.

Assessing and prioritizing drivers and strategies for transition to a green energy for sustainable development in China

This study addresses the critical global challenge of climate change, primarily caused by the overconsumption of fossil fuels. Recognizing the urgent need for a transition to green energy (GE) sources such as wind, solar, hydro, and biomass, this research focuses on identifying effective strategies for fostering a sustainable and low-carbon energy future in China. The study employs a combination of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), both well-established multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, to analyze various drivers, sub-drivers, and strategies crucial for this transition. Through an extensive literature review, we identified several key drivers and strategies aiding the shift towards GE for sustainable development. The AHP method was applied to evaluate and rank the major drivers and sub-drivers, such as policy, financing, and infrastructure and innovation, that are crucial for China's successful transition to GE. Simultaneously, fuzzy DEMATEL was utilized to prioritize vital strategies, including public awareness and education, financial incentives and support mechanisms, and policy and regulatory frameworks. The findings reveal that, in addition to strong policy and financial support, public awareness and education are critical for advancing GE development in China. This study underscores the importance of integrating various drivers and strategies for effective green energy development, aiming to mitigate the environmental impacts of fossil fuel use.