Mitigation Strategies Research Articles

Spatial distribution and transport characteristics of debris flow sediment using high resolution UAV images in the Ohya debris flow fan

Debris flows are significant geomorphic processes that can pose hazards to human settlements and infrastructure, making the understanding of their sediment transfer characteristics and impacts on the surrounding landscape crucial for effective land management and hazard mitigation strategies. This study investigates the distribution patterns of sandstone, vegetation, and shale classes within the Ohya debris flow fan, aiming to gain insights into the sediment characteristics, grain size variations, and vegetation cover trends along the flow path. Using a combination of field surveys and image processing we analyzed sediment characteristics and grain size variations a three study zones: upstream, transfer, and downstream. Statistical parameters such as mean, mode, skewness, and kurtosis were employed to quantify the grain size distribution and identify variations across the study zones. Results reveal distinct spatial variations in the distribution of sandstone, vegetation, and shale classes along the flow path. We observed a decrease in sandstone and vegetation cover from the upstream to the downstream sections, while the area covered by the shale class exhibited an increasing trend in the downstream direction. These findings suggest that debris flows selectively remove smaller particles downstream. The distribution of particle sizes within the sandstone class also exhibited variations, with a higher proportion of smaller pebbles downstream due to more effective removal of finer particles in the upstream zone. This study highlights the complex interplay between debris flow dynamics, sediment transport, and vegetation colonization. The findings contribute to the scientific knowledge of debris flow processes and can be used to inform land management decisions and mitigate the hazards associated with debris flows in similar environments.

Combined Effects of Treatment and Sewer Connections to Reduce Future Microplastic Emissions in Rivers.

Global mitigation strategies are needed to reduce the amount of microplastics reaching our oceans via rivers. However, what strategies will be most effective, and when and where to implement these strategies is unclear. We applied the global water quality model MARINA-Plastics, covering 10,226 sub-basins worldwide, to assess the effects of different emission reduction strategies on microplastic inputs to rivers worldwide over the period 2010-2100, taking time steps of 10 years. We applied four scenarios: three focused on wastewater treatment technologies, ranging from high to low technology improvement levels, and one combining high technology in wastewater treatment with source-oriented measures. The results show that the combined strategy of high wastewater treatment and source-oriented measures is expected to be the most effective for reducing future microplastics in rivers on a global scale. By 2100, this combined strategy is expected to result in a 68% microplastic reduction in global rivers compared to 2010. African rivers will be the main hotspots, receiving more than five times more microplastics in 2100 than in 2010. In 2100, wear from car tires is expected to be the dominant source of microplastics globally. Our insights support the implementation of the European Green Deal and the realization of Sustainable Development Goal 6 (clean water).

Direct loss-based seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete frames

AbstractIn earthquake-prone areas, structures not compliant with modern design codes significantly contribute to seismic risk. Therefore, risk mitigation strategies (e.g., seismic retrofit) should be employed to reduce the expected economic and human losses. This paper introduces a procedure for the design of retrofit solutions for reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings to achieve - rather than be bounded by - a desired target level of earthquake-induced loss for a given site-specific seismic hazard profile. The presented methodology is “direct” because the designer and/or client can set a loss target in the first step of the procedure and no design iterations are virtually required. Direct loss-based seismic retrofit (DLBR) relies on a simplified loss assessment methodology enabled by a surrogate probabilistic seismic demand model. This defines the probability distribution of seismic deformation demand of single degree of freedom (SDoF) systems conditioned on different shaking intensity levels. The proposed design methodology enables designers to account for risk/loss-based considerations from the conceptual/preliminary design phase, thus facilitating the choice among different retrofit solutions. Starting from two under-designed case-study buildings, four illustrative applications of the procedure are provided. They involve considering different economic expected annual loss targets and different retrofit solutions involving the addition of RC walls and RC column jacketing. Benchmark loss estimates are calculated using non-linear time-history analyses of refined, multi-degree-of-freedom models showing satisfactory results: the simplified loss estimate introduces an overestimation maximum equal to 15.4% among the four illustrative applications.

A new modeling approach for microplastic drag and settling velocity

Understanding microplastics' (MPs') transport and settling behaviors in aquatic environments is crucial for devising effective management strategies. This study contributes a novel modeling framework to develop accurate and interpretable drag and velocity models for MPs using machine learning techniques. It achieves faster model creation and improved accuracy than traditional methods like theoretical analysis and data fitting. The framework demonstrates high predictive accuracy across different MP types (1D, 2D, 3D, and mixed), with a coefficient of determination CD = 0.86–0.95 for the drag models and CD = 0.92–0.95 for the velocity models. Compared with best-performing empirical approaches, the new drag models exhibit an average reduction in root mean square error (RMSE) by 59% and mean absolute error (MAE) by 62%. Similarly, the velocity models show a mean decrease in RMSE and MAE by 27% and 25%, respectively. Moreover, the framework outperforms commonly used symbolic regression methods, reducing errors by 18%–27%. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the relative density difference and the dimensionless diameter are essential for predicting the settling of all MP types, while the effective shape parameters vary across different MP categories. By providing accurate predictions of MPs' settling dynamics, this study offers insights for developing targeted mitigation strategies to reduce MPs' environmental impacts.

Quantifying the predation impact of an expanding mesocarnivore on declining small‐game species

AbstractHuman‐wildlife conflicts have increased and are particularly acute when predators are involved. A frequent source of conflict is some people's misbeliefs related to the alleged impact of predators on game species and livestock. In this context, quantifying the impact of expanding predators on their prey can be useful in designing conflict mitigation strategies. We estimated the predation impact of the Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon), an expanding mesocarnivore in southwestern Europe, on European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and red‐legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) populations, two declining prey species highly valued by hunters. We estimated mongoose densities in three areas of central Spain through live capture, GPS/VHF tagging, camera‐trapping and spatial mark‐resight models. Rabbit and partridge densities were estimated through transect counts and distance sampling. We quantified the mongoose diet by scat analysis. Finally, we compared the number of individuals consumed by the predator population with the estimated total prey populations. European rabbits were the most important mongoose food in two of the study areas, whereas red‐legged partridges were rarely consumed in all the areas. Rabbit density varied widely among study areas (14.0–881.4 rabbits/km2), while partridge density was low in all the areas (2.3–6.9 partridges/km2). The predation impact on rabbits was low in the area with the highest rabbit density (1.9–3.8% of estimated population) and higher (5.6–29%) in the other areas. In contrast, the predation impact on partridge populations was low (<9%) in all the study areas. This is the first study that estimates the Egyptian mongoose impact on small‐game species, a necessary step to deal with the conflicts over the management of this expanding species. The study of predation impact may contribute to the effective management of human‐wildlife conflicts involving predators, by improving the understanding of where additional management may take place to protect prey species or deter predator populations.

Antimicrobial resistance a continued global threat to public health – A perspective and mitigation strategies

Antimicrobial resistance a continued global threat to public health – A perspective and mitigation strategies

Satellite-informed smart sensor placement framework for near-optimal PM2.5 monitoring in urban areas.

Air pollution is a global public health concern, particularly due to PM2.5, which can cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Accurate placement of monitoring sensors is essential to effectively monitor and mitigate PM2.5 effects. However, the complex nature of air pollution, including factors like traffic density, population density, and weather conditions, poses challenges for sensor placement. Additionally, cost and resource constraints further complicate the process. In this study, we propose a novel algorithm that utilizes a multi-criteria optimization approach to identify optimal locations and distribution of PM2.5 monitoring sensors. The algorithm integrates various geographical covariates, such as roads, population density, terrain elevation, and satellite observations of surface PM2.5. By applying the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), we optimize sensor placement. Our algorithm is validated through a case study in a metropolitan area, demonstrating its ability to identify optimal sensor locations while reducing their number and maintaining high accuracy. Furthermore, we highlight the value of satellite observations for initial PM2.5 estimates and aiding sensor placement. Our comprehensive algorithm optimizes air quality monitoring, enabling the identification of pollution hotspots, assessment of health risks, and informing policy and mitigation strategies.

Study of the Role of Digital Literacy in Mitigating the Spread of Online Gambling as a Popular Cyber Crime in Indonesia

The spread of online gambling as a cyber crime has become a major problem in Indonesia. This type of cyber crime has a huge influence on various levels of society, both from a social and economic perspective. This research aims to examine the role of digital literacy in mitigating the spread of online gambling using a literature study approach. This study examines the definition and components of digital literacy and their impact in dealing with the risks associated with online gambling, which is now one of the most popular types of cyber crime in Indonesia. Through a literature review, this article explores existing theory and data on digital literacy and its effectiveness in increasing public awareness and protecting individuals from the risks associated with online gambling. The findings from this research indicate that digital literacy plays a key role in equipping society with the knowledge and skills necessary to recognize the dangers and impacts of online gambling, while also identifying several gaps in the literature that require further attention. The conclusion of this article emphasizes the importance of integrating digital literacy in mitigation strategies and offers recommendations for improving digital literacy programs to combat the spread of online gambling in Indonesia.

Association between burnout and workplace climate in transplant clinical pharmacists.

In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. An assessment of workplace culture is needed to further elucidate the factors that contribute to solid organ transplant (SOT) pharmacist burnout and attrition. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to describe the association between workplace climate and burnout of SOT pharmacists within the United States. A 79-question survey was distributed to transplant pharmacy organization listservers from May 30 through July 25, 2023. Burnout was assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel (MBI-HSS-MP) in 3 subscales: depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and personal accomplishment. Scores on the Organizational Constraints Scale (OCS), Quantitative Workload Inventory Scale (QWIS), Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale (ICAWS; repeated 3 times-once each for interactions with clinical pharmacists, pharmacy management/administration, and nonpharmacist members of the transplant team), and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9) were compared between those with and without burnout to assess the impact of workplace climate. The likelihood of respondents' leaving their current job was also measured. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression modeling was conducted to identify risk factors for burnout. A total of 135 responses were received from 664 survey recipients (response rate, 20.3%). The mean age of survey participants was 36.2 years (SD, 7.2 years), and participants were predominantly Caucasian (86.7%), female (84.4%), and/or married/partnered (68.9%), with a median (IQR) of 7 (3-12) years posttraining practice experience. A total of 65.9% of responders met MBI-HSS-MP criteria for burnout. In univariate analysis, burnout was strongly associated with the intent to leave their current position (odds ratio [OR], 8.05, P = 0.001). The univariate analysis revealed that higher ICAWS scores were associated with higher risk of burnout in all 3 domain categories: pharmacy team (OR, 1.39; P = 0.001), pharmacy management (OR, 1.45; P = 0.002), and nonpharmacy SOT team members (OR, 1.24; P = 0.017). In multivariate analysis, higher OCS scores (OR, 1.21; P < 0.001) and higher QWIS scores (OR, 1.22; P = 0.003) were associated with a higher incidence of burnout, whereas higher UWES-9 scores (OR, 0.85; P < 0.001) were associated with a lower likelihood of burnout. Burnout was observed in a majority of survey respondents, with different workplace climate factors serving as significant risk factors for its development. Burnout mitigation and prevention strategies within the workplace should be researched, trialed, and implemented to reduce the impact on individuals, to improve quality of life, and to prevent attrition of the SOT pharmacist workforce.

Analysis of the Effects of Differently Shaped Embankments on the Density Current

Density currents, fluid flows driven by differences in density, play a crucial role in disaster prevention for water pollution and tsunami mitigation, particularly due to thermal releases from power plants. Understanding their dynamics is pivotal for effective mitigation strategies. While the influence of seabed and lake bottom topography on density currents is well-studied, research on how embankment shapes affect these currents has been limited. This study aimed to fill this gap by experimentally and numerically analyzing the flow dynamics of density currents using various embankment shapes in a controlled water tank environment. The findings revealed distinct variations in density perturbation across different embankment shapes. Specifically, density currents exhibited reduced head velocities in embankments shaped as right-angled triangles, rectangles, and L-shapes, in that sequential order. This research underscores the significance of embankment design in modifying density currents, offering valuable insights for optimizing disaster management strategies related to water pollution and tsunami hazards induced by thermal effluents from industrial sources.

Enhancing Public Education and Addressing Policy Gaps for Radon Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk Mitigation in Sri Lanka

Radon, a naturally occurring radioactive gas, is a significant health risk attributable to its strong association with lung cancer. In Sri Lanka, public awareness of radon exposure and its health implications remains low, and there are minimal policies addressing this risk. This systematic review aimed to analyse public awareness, policy gaps, and mitigation strategies related to radon exposure and cancer risk, particularly in Sri Lanka. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched three electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect for studies published since 2001, yielding 1,025 records. After screening, we included 51 articles, focussing on public awareness and policy frameworks in both developed and South Asian countries. The findings disclose significant gaps in both public knowledge and policy measures, highlighting the urgent necessity for targeted public education campaigns and development of comprehensive regulations for radon testing and mitigation. By addressing these issues, Sri Lanka can reduce the health risks associated with radon exposure and enhance its cancer prevention strategies.

Harmony of Nature: Building the Image of Wellness Tourism through Green Product Development

This study aims to analyze Subaya Village, Bangli, Kintamani's condition and potential through a mixed approach that combines field observation and SWOT analysis. This method involves in-depth observation of the Village's strengths and weaknesses and interviews with village officials and the community to identify opportunities and threats. The study results show that Subaya Village has significant strengths, including abundant natural resources and a rich local culture, which can be utilized for tourism development. However, infrastructure weaknesses and limited human resources must be overcome. The study also identifies opportunities for developing eco-tourism and community empowerment programs, while threats such as climate change and competition from other regions must be addressed with appropriate mitigation strategies. This finding is expected to provide a basis for the sustainable development of Subaya Village and improve community welfare through optimal utilization of local potential.

Impact of glyphosate on soil bacterial communities and degradation mechanisms in large-leaf tea plantations

This study investigated the impact of glyphosate on bacterial communities and their degradation mechanisms in large-leaf tea soil, through exposure microcosm and enrichment culture experiments. Soils from three tea gardens in Yunnan, China, were used: two glyphosate-free (JM and KL) for microcosm study and one long-term exposed (G2) for enrichment culture experiment. The results revealed a two-phase degradation process with half-lives of 12.7 to 268 days, while the metabolite AMPA was notably persistent. The acidic conditions and high organic content of tea soils may retard glyphosate microbial availability and degradation. Glyphosate initially stimulated bacterial growth but led to abundance declines with prolonged exposure. It tended to enhance bacterial diversity at lower doses. Network complexity increased in JM soil where strong adsorption moderated glyphosate exposure, yet decreased in KL soil where weak adsorption enabled greater microbial-glyphosate interactions. Community structure analysis revealed soil-specific responses, with decreased Proteobacteria in JM soil and Actinobacteria in KL soil, while several phyla including Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Myxococcota, and Verrucomicrobiota showed increased abundance. PICRUSt2 analysis indicated enhanced biosynthesis and cell growth pathways, while carbohydrate metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and xenobiotics biodegradation pathways were reduced. LEfSe analysis identified potential degrading biomarkers primarily from Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, Myxococcota, Chloroflexi, and Actinobacteriota, suggesting their putative role in degradation. The enriched consortium G2 efficiently degraded 400mg/L glyphosate within 7 days, with notable increases in Afipia, Dokdonella, and Cohnella abundance. This study provides insights into bacterial interactions with glyphosate in tea soils, suggesting strategies for contamination mitigation and environmental restoration.

Strategic adaptation and labor compliance: challenges and opportunities for american companies in Brazil

This article analyzes the challenges faced by American companies operating in Brazil, with a specific focus on compliance with Brazilian labor legislation. Brazilian labor law has distinct characteristics compared to its U.S. counterpart, requiring strategic adaptation to avoid legal and financial risks. Thus, this study provides a concise overview of the main labor laws and regulations in Brazil, comparing them to American practices, as well as discussing strategies to mitigate challenges and explore opportunities for competitive advantage and benefits for American companies to establish themselves in the country. The article also presents a success story of an American company that has thrived in the Brazilian market. The methodology used is qualitative, involving bibliographic, legislative analysis, and concrete case studies. The expected results revolve around risk mitigation strategies and compliance with Brazilian labor legislation, indicating that American companies can not only avoid obstacles but also find new opportunities for growth and strengthening their presence in Brazil.

Effect of heat stress during the early lactation period on milk quality traits and reproductive performance of Holstein cows in the western region of Algeria

This study aimed to determine the influence of heat stress during the during early lactation period on milk quality traits and reproductive performance of Holstein cows. Reproduction and milk production records of cows, as well as meteorological data between October 2022 and November 2023, from a 10 commercial dairy herd (n = 228 cows), were used to determine the relationship between heat stress during the early lactation period and reproductive efficiency and milk quality traits. THI was divided into &lt; 70 (no heat stress, n=85), 70–80 (moderate heat stress, n=78), and &gt; 80 (severe heat stress, n= 65). The reproductive result was poor with an average of CFSI (105 ± 35.3 days), CCI (123 ± 38.8 days), NSPC (1.7) and conception rate at first service 53.8%. All CFSI and CCI was highest (P &lt; 0.05) for cows experiencing moderate or severe heat stress during the early lactation period and lowest for cows not undergoing heat stress during the early lactation period. Conception rate at first service of cows decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing hyperthermia during the dry period (63.3%, 50.8%, and 43.5% for THI &lt; 70, 70–80, and &gt; 80, respectively). Cows not experiencing heat stress during the early lactation period required a mean ± SD of 1, 4 ± 0, 7 services per conception compared with 2, 1 ± 0,8 (P &lt; 0.05) for cows subjected to THI &gt; 80 during the early lactation period. Overall, heat stress conditions lowered significantly (P &lt; 0.05) the quality of milk, with fat, protein and lactose content being greatly reduced. In conclusion, Heat stress had a negative impact on the performance of Prim Holsteins dairy cows in the western region of Algeria. The results indicated a need for more research on the relationship between the effect of heat stress and animal characteristics. This study calls for the implementation of mitigation strategies in heat-stressed herds due to the substantial decrease in productivity. This genotype x environment interaction studies deserve to be continued.

Shifting Social Representations of Orcas: Content and Prototypical Analysis

ABSTRACT Conservation advocates researching the mediatization of human-wildlife relations suggest that negatively charged discourses may jeopardize conservation efforts. Following recent reports of orcas harassing and even ramming yachts in the Portuguese and Spanish coastlines, the present research examines how orcas are described in online media, how the general public perceives them, and how the current situation is shaping their social representations. Across two studies, we scrutinize online reporting and stereotypical representations of orcas held by people aware (vs. naïve) of the situation. Study 1 indicates that following the onset of this new behavioral pattern, online information about wild orcas increased significantly and became more negative and abstract. Study 2 shows that conflict-related evocations are absent from the core of orcas’ social representations but appear in peripheric dimensions, with aware participants describing orcas with conflict-related words (e.g., attack) to convey their perception of these animals as perpetrators. The current situation antagonizing humans to orcas is far from being understood, let alone solved. Since social representations shape social behavior, influencing how humans act, interpret, and anticipate interactions with other species, understanding how orcas are portrayed supports interspecies relations and human-wildlife conflict research, while informing future conflict mitigation strategies.

ABRASION INVESTIGATION USING SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY AND POISSON’S RATIO APPROACHES IN URAI VILLAGE NORTH BENGKULU REGENCY

The coastal areas of North Bengkulu Regency, particularly Urai Village, have been severely impacted by widespread abrasion, posing a high risk of coastal erosion within Bengkulu Province. This study aims to assess the extent of coastal degradation and support disaster mitigation efforts by investigating the properties and structure of rocks using geophysical methods, specifically the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW). The research focuses on determining shear wave velocity (Vs) to model the rock layers and produce a stratigraphic profile with a minimal misfit value. The obtained Vs30 values, ranging from 146 m/s to 603 m/s, indicate that the coastal region primarily comprises soft soils, which are highly susceptible to deformation, including abrasion. These findings provide essential data for understanding the underlying causes of coastal erosion and contribute to future disaster mitigation strategies.

Morphometric Characterization and Dual Analysis for Flash Flood Hazard Assessment of Wadi Al-Lith Watershed, Saudi Arabia

Flash floods are one of the most hazardous natural events globally, characterized by their rapid onset and unpredictability, often overwhelming emergency preparedness and response systems. In the arid environment of Saudi Arabia, Wadi Al-Lith watershed is particularly prone to flash floods, exacerbated by sudden storms and the region’s distinct topographical features. This study focuses on the morphometric characterization and comparative analysis of flash flood risk within the Wadi Al-Lith basin. To assess flood susceptibility, two widely adopted methodologies were employed: the morphometric ranking approach and El-Shamy’s method. A 12.5-m resolution ALOS PALSAR digital elevation model (DEM) was used to delineate the watershed and generate a detailed drainage network via Arc-Hydro tools in the ArcGIS 10.4 software. Fifteen morphometric parameters were analyzed to determine their influence on flood potential and hazard prioritization. The findings of this study provide crucial insights for regional flood risk management, offering an improved understanding of flash flood dynamics and assisting in developing effective mitigation strategies for Wadi Al-Lith and similar environments. The findings reveal that Wadi Al-Lith comprises multiple sub-catchments with varying degrees of vulnerability to flash flooding. According to the morphometric hazard analysis (MHA), certain sub-catchments, including sc-2, sc-4, sc-5, sc-6, sc-10, sc-12, sc-13, and sc-15, emerge as highly susceptible to flood hazards, while others (sc-1 and sc-9) fall into moderate risk categories. In contrast, the application of El-Shamy’s method provides a different ranking of flood risks across the watershed’s sub-catchments, offering a comparative view of flood susceptibility. The insights gained from this dual-analysis approach are expected to support the development of targeted flood prevention and mitigation strategies, which are essential for minimizing the future impacts of flash flooding in the Wadi Al-Lith watershed and ensuring better preparedness for local communities.

Predictive Insights for a Climate -Resilient Africa: A Data-Driven Approach to Mitigation and Adaptation

Climate change presents profound challenges for the African continent, necessitating effective adaptation and mitigation strategies to enhance resilience. This paper explores the role of predictive analytics in developing climate-resilient approaches for Africa, emphasizing its significance in understanding, quantifying, and addressing climate-related risks. The study examined the impact of predictive insights across various sectors, including agriculture, climate finance, and supply chain management, highlighting how data- driven decision-making can inform policy frameworks and drive sustainable investment. Furthermore, it analysed existing adaptation strategies, such as the use of climate-resilient crop varieties and early warning systems, underscoring the importance of integrating these approaches into national policies. Despite the potential of predictive analytics, the paper also addresses inherent challenges, including data quality issues and model uncertainty, which can hinder effective implementation. The study offers recommendations for fostering a collaborative and integrated approach to building a climate-resilient Africa through robust data- driven mitigation and adaptation strategies, advocating for enhanced policy support, funding, and cross-sector collaboration.

Increases of Compound Hot Extremes Will Significantly Amplify the Population Exposure Risk Over the Mid–High Latitudes of Asia

ABSTRACTBased on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) simulations, we found that the frequency and intensity of daytime–nighttime compound hot extremes (HEs) in the mid‐high latitudes of Asia (MHA) are expected to increase. The most significant increase is anticipated under the shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) 5‐8.5, while the smallest increase is expected under SSP1‐2.6. Notably, unlike the decreasing trends of independent HEs since 2050 under the high emission scenarios, the compound HEs, which comprise the largest proportion, are expected to continuously increase and intensify. To better understand the impact of these changes on human society, we also focused on changes in population exposed to HEs. The findings reveal that population exposure to compound and nighttime HEs is projected to increase most rapidly under SSP3‐7.0, with estimates indicating increases of 10.06 and 3.80 times, respectively, by the end of the century. The most significant increases are expected in the mid‐latitudes, where changes in HEs are most pronounced. Climate change is the primary driver behind the rising population exposure to compound and nighttime HEs, with its impact expected to grow over time. Conversely, exposure to daytime HEs is primarily influenced by population changes, particularly in urban areas. Therefore, effective climate change mitigation and adaptive strategies are crucial to reducing future population exposure to HEs in MHA.