Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies Research Articles

Japan’s Culture of Prevention: How Bosai Culture Combines Cultural Heritage with State-of-the-Art Disaster Risk Management Systems

Due to its geographical location, Japan is exposed to typhoons, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes. Since time immemorial, the survival of the Japanese people has depended on their ability to prepare for disasters, learn from those painful experiences, and transmit that knowledge from generation to generation as part of their cultural heritage. These elements combined have resulted in a unique Culture of Prevention, known in Japanese as “bosai culture”, encompassing technical measures and requirements, laws, and a strong civic culture that enables the country to face and learn from disasters. Exploring the roots of the Japanese Culture of Prevention by conducting a critical literature review, this article aims to improve our understanding of the Japanese perspective on Disaster Risk Reduction strategies and actions, by focusing on the cultural and religious influences, as well as on the solid national sense of belonging, embedded in the Japanese Disaster Risk Management system.

Hydrological and Geological Analysis of Cohesive Soil and its Potential Risk in Middle Mountain Region: A Case Study of Naunuko Pahiro along Madi River, Kaski, Nepal

Middle Mountain region of Nepal is most often vulnerable in hydrological and geological aspect. Rainfall pattern, runoff, infiltration rate, different losses and soil parameters of cohesive soil (Silty clay) along with slope of slide (i) and depth of slide (H), factor of safety (F.O.S) along with probabilistic approach (correlation) are decisive factors pertaining to re-occurrence of landslide. Rainfall intensity, catchment area (A), runoff coefficient plays vital role in the estimation of flood frequency over a various period of time (25 years, 50 years and 100 years) respectively. The civil engineering structures along with middle mountain river are always vulnerable. Hence, its risk identification is prerequisite which is encompasses in the study. This study include hydrological and geological analysis of Taprang landslide (Naunuko Pahiro) which prevail at middle mountain region at an elevation ranging from 937m to 1047m of Kaski district, Gandaki Provenance, Nepal. Soil test data, rainfall data, probability and statistical approach along with different empirical formulas are used to analyse hydrological and geological hazard. Factor of safety (F.O.S) is calculated on the basis of altering value of slope of slide (i) and depth of slide (H) from slope ranging 50° to 70°. With increase depth of slide greater than 10m, F.O.S. is less than one which is unstable. The slope stability found to be critical at depth of slide10m with 50° slopes.Higher ground water table, higher rate of run-off with an average rainfall 446.50cm and higher shear stress contribute to risk of landslide along with increase discharge at down- stream of landslide with possibility of flood hazard at Madi river bank. The result would give insight on nature of landslide and flood discharge which could support Madi Village Municipality, as well as other rural Municipality of middle mountain region of almost same elevation consisting of cohesive (Silty Clay) soil for shaping disaster risk reduction policies and strategies such that death and injuries as well as impact on civil engineering structures can be minimized.

Cascading effects of disaster-related CO exposures during pregnancy

Disaster-related carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning can occur in the event of extended power loss and subsequent use of makeshift heating and cooking elements in poorly ventilated spaces. The maternal-fetal dyad represents populations highly vulnerable to disasters and the subsequent compounding effects of CO poisoning. This study synthesizes evidence related to disaster-associated global CO exposures, reports of CO exposures in pregnancy, and associated individual outcomes in the maternal-fetal dyad. Implications related to UNDRR include Sendai Priorities I and IV: understanding associated risks and disaster risk reduction strategies to reduce the incidence of CO poisoning in vulnerable populations.

Social networks for older people's resilient aging-in-place: Lessons from the post-landslide Ksunu tribe in Taiwan

The global population is aging rapidly, and this presents both opportunities and challenges. Although healthy aging is a critical disaster risk reduction strategy, most studies focus on older people's vulnerability in their physical, mental, and social preparation, as well as their disaster response. This study aims to explore how social networks boost older people's resilience to living with disaster risk for “aging in place” safely. We used a Tayal indigenous tribe, which was struck by two landslides in 2015, as a case study. We analyzed field data from participant observations and semi-structured interviews conducted from 2018 to 2020. The findings revealed that networks comprising government units and non-governmental organizations both accelerated the aging tribe's recovery from the landslides. A local church played a critical role in the network, as it strove to gain external resources for the tribe and united it via residents' common religious beliefs and the Tayal culture. The church also bridged government resources for the tribe, interweaving them into local lives to enable older people to age in place. This has transformed a solid bonding network into a mutual help network for older people in the tribe, reducing their vulnerability to disaster risk caused by being isolated from urban areas. We argued that the local context is the foundation of social capital-based networks to reinforce older people's resilience and to allow them to age in place safely.

Promoting Coherence Among Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change Adaptation, and Sustainable Development for Disaster Resilience

Post-2015 global agendas; namely the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, the Paris Agreement, and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (including Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)), pose a challenge to the coherence among Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), Climate Change Adaptation, and Sustainable Development to achieve the common goal; disaster resilience. These agendas are more outcome-oriented with monitoring mechanisms than previous ones and require a coherent multi-stakeholder, cross-sectoral approach across government levels. Above all, the global indicators for monitoring the Sendai Framework have been adopted as SDG indicators in Goals 1, 11, and 13. Interlinkages between DRR, climate change, and sustainable development are observed from the integrated monitoring of agendas, which enhances coordination and coherence. Disaggregated data have revealed that major disaster mortality and economic losses in recent years have been triggered by weather-, climate-, and water-related disasters. More detailed data support evidence-based policymaking and promote coherence. To achieve Target E of the Sendai Framework, countries are developing DRR strategies to promote policy coherence with sustainable development and climate change. Both the number of national DRR strategies and alignment scores have increased over the years. DRR strategies and national adaptation plans (NAPs) should adopt a risk-informed, integrated approach to sustainable development through comprehensive planning and implementation. To achieve disaster resilience, national plans in these domains should be better integrated to maximize the effectiveness of actions toward disaster resilience and passed on to the sub-national level for implementation as place-based policies. Japanese experiences toward disaster resilience highlight interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary approaches by various stakeholders with technological innovation, which presents promising progress.

The Impact of Poverty in Parents and Caregivers’ Participation towards Community Child Wellbeing Activities among the Pastoral Communities of Baringo, Marsabit, Turkana and West Pokot in Kenya

Participation and involvement of parents and caregivers in community child wellbeing activities influences the achievement and cognitive development of children, youth, and even young adults (Melhuish et al., 2008; Sylva et al., 1999) [1]. The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of poverty in parents and caregivers’ participation towards community child well-being activities among the pastoral communities of Baringo, Marsabit, Turkana and West Pokot Counties in Kenya. It uses the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and Poverty Probability Index (PPI) for classification of households as either rich or poor. Households with MPI score ≥ 0.33 or PPI ≥0.5 were classified as poor, otherwise rich. The data for this study were taken from both primary and secondary sources.
 The study results showed that overall, nine in ten of the sampled households were poor while one in ten were rich. Among the households classified as rich, six in ten (62.7%) compared to five in ten (53.8%) of those classified as poor participated in child wellbeing activities.
 Based on the study findings and Pearson Chi-Square test results, the study concluded that there was a significant relationship between poverty and participation of caregivers in community child wellbeing activities. The relationship reflected that caregivers from poor households had a higher risk of not participating in child wellbeing activities than those from rich households. The study recommended the need for accelerating interventions aimed at poverty alleviation. Such interventions may include but not limited to: increasing access to education, supporting poor households through cash transfer programmes, adoption of disaster risk reduction strategies in pastoral economies and women economic empowerment.

Assessment of Drought vulnerability through an integrated approach using AHP and Geoinformatics in the Kangsabati River Basin

This study focuses on the application of multi-sensor satellite archived data products and ancillary data for the evaluation of drought vulnerability. The use of a subjective model, namely Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) integrated with Geographical Information System (GIS) and various influencing parameters, emerged as a powerful tool for the gauged and ungauged watershed. The Kangsabati river basin, located in the southern part of West Bengal (India), is facing issues of overexploitation of groundwater, climate variation, and unsystematic agricultural practices that are inducing the water crisis and vulnerability of the basin to drought conditions. In this study, 11 parameters, namely elevation, slope, aspect, LULC, population density, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference drought index (NDDI), land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference water index (NDWI), vegetation condition index (VCI), and soil moisture index (SMI) were used to delineate the drought in the catchment of Kangsabati River. Findings of this study using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) integrated with a GIS platform, show that, nearly 28.5% of the area falls under the medium drought category, followed by the high (21.1%), no drought (20%), low (19.5%), and very high (10.6%) drought categories in the study area. The study also suggests Nature Based Solution (NBS) in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) strategies such as ecosystem-based approaches (EBA) and blue infrastructure for Drought Risk Reduction for drought mitigation in the study area.

Landslide Hazard Assessment and Distribution Mapping: A Case from Triveni Rural Municipality, Nepal

An application of GIS for landslide hazard assessment using multivariate statistical analysis, mapping, and the evaluation of the hazard maps is crucial for disaster risk reduction. Landslides are the rapid downward movement of a mass of rock, earth or artificial fill to the slope. The study was conducted the Khara of Triveni Rural municipality of Rukum West district and it covers three wards (3, 4 & 5) of rural municipality covering the total area of about 33.52 square kilometres located in the Karnali province of Nepal which is under the pressure of high road construction activities. Data used to construct the landslide distribution map and hazard assessments were obtained from the direct field, and mapping using GIS. More data sources and verifications were made from the rural municipality, published articles and journals, topographical and geological maps, google images and aerial photographs and other digital sources. To determine the factors and classes influencing land sliding, the layers of topographic factors derived from a digital elevation model, geology, and land use/land covers were analyzed and the results were used for landslide distribution mapping and hazard analyses. From the landslide inventory of more than 200 landslides that were occurred during the last five years since 2015, the landslide distribution map, landslide-size distribution map and hazard level of sliding graphics were presented. Hazard map of the study area shows 4.34% area lies in the high hazard level, 53.64% on moderate hazard level and 42.02% in low hazard level in the study area. The results would give insights to the landslide distribution in the area that could support rural municipality for shaping disaster risk reduction policies and strategies.

Resilient Urban Heritage: Vulnerability Assessment and Evaluation of Conservation Strategies for Disaster Risk Reduction of Srinagar City

Srinagar, an ancient city, is well known for its heritage wealth with more than 1,200 years of urban history established in the region by passing through the greatest kingdoms in the past. Globally, due to many challenges, such as extreme urbanization, rapid population growth and climate change crisis, the urban heritage buildings, monuments and sites are subject to degradation and extinction over time. The present study intends to identify and evaluate the heritage sites located in the Srinagar city and assess their spatial and structural vulnerabilities. An extensive field survey was conducted by which 20 structural heritage sites dating back to the 1800s and before has been identified for evaluation. Vulnerability analysis of sites was done based on seven selected parameters fabricated within the 300-metre buffer zones in the geographic information system (GIS) environment. An insight into conservation strategies and planning measures and challenges in the disaster risk reduction of heritage resources have been portrayed in the study. The results show that the Srinagar city has significant heritage structures with beautiful architecture that is now in a dilapidated and deserted condition with limited implication of the conservation strategies and less involvement of the stakeholders. The results indicate a dire need for sustainable conservation measures incorporated for disaster risk reduction of the urban heritage. The study holds great significance for the decision-makers in policy development and planning, especially for the management of the sites.

Development and application of a model for assessing climate-related disaster risk

About USD 3542 million was caused by climate-related disasters during 2011–2020 in Republic of Korea. Risk area determination and cause analysis through risk assessment are essential for disaster risk reduction. Previous studies in Republic of Korea has assessed risk according to administrative district due to limitations in analysis of spatially extensive disaster impact and constructing geospatial data. This study developed and applied a model to assess gridded risk integrating various climate-related disasters in Daegu, Ulsan, Gyeongbook, and Gangwon of Republic of Korea. The developing process consists of design, implementation, and verification stage. The method of assessing risk using proxy variables was applied to the model. Gridded hazards constructed through numerical analysis, exposure, and vulnerability in high-resolution were utilized as input data. The model was verified by analyzing whether the observed damage was located within the upper and lower outliers of the gridded risk. The observed damage in 43 out of 54 (80%) administrative districts was located within the outlier range of gridded risk. Climate-related disaster risk was highest in the central region of Gangwon, which was highly affected by flood and snow risk. In Daegu and Ulsan, the flood risk was high in the low-lying area near the Nakdong and Taehwa rivers due to the concentration of population, building, and infrastructure. The model will be useful for central government, which requires integrated disaster risk information. Gridded risk can be used to determine hot spots in high-resolution for establishing strategies for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation of local government.

Harmonizing Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Frameworks for Risk Informed Development Planning in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Uganda and Malawi

Increasing impacts of disasters and climate hazards have prompted Africa countries to develop national disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies with the aim of reducing mortality and other losses. However, disasters still have a significant impact on their populations, their livelihoods, and the infrastructure on which they depend. Furthermore, an increasing understanding of the need to address the root causes of risk has led to calls for greater coherence between strategies that focus on DRR, Climate Change Adaptation and Sustainable Development. There is acknowledgement of the existing implementation gap dividing the policy domains of Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) at the national as well as international levels. This paper analyses the gaps and opportunities in design and implementation of policies and practices within the two domains and suggest measures to enhance their collaboration in Malawi and Uganda. Document analysis and interviews with 8 respondents over a period of one month were undertaken to gather the needed information. Fostering conceptual understanding of resilience, joint planning and implementation of similar activities through a common coordination mechanism were found to be essential for achieving coherence across the five thematic areas.

Spatio-temporal variations of geo-climatic environment in a high-altitude landscape of Central Himalaya: An assessment from the perspective of vulnerability of glacial lakes

Impacts of climate change on snow cover, permafrost and glaciers at varied elevations are wide-ranging and well-known. Melting water from glaciers forms glacial lakes; where, under the changing climate and accelerating glacial retreats have been a prime cause of glacial lake growth and outbursts. Indian Himalayan Region has also witnessed those impacts on glacial lakes with several evidences of glacial lake outbursts in recent years affecting people and ecosystems. Thus, to provide an understanding of geoclimatic environment and glacial lakes of the region, this article has attempted to look into the spatio-temporal changes of climatic conditions and physical landscape in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand in Indian Himalayan Region. In this study, mapping of glacial lakes in the district has been done to look into the aspects of associated hazards. The assessment has been done using historical trend analysis of climatic parameters, land surface temperature (LST) and physical landscape change in the study area. Seismic activities of the region have also been taken into account to understand the vulnerability of glacial lakes. The results indicate dynamic environmental conditions with visible physical landscape change; where, an increase in built-up area by 541.57 ​km2, a decrease in dense forest and fallow land by 76.96 ​km2 and 364.09 ​km2 respectively over a period of two decades (2000–2020) have been observed. Minimum temperature has been gradually increasing by 0.68 ​°C per decade. The geospatial analysis provides identification of ∼500 glacial lakes, where 40.92% are situated at 5000–6000 ​m elevation. It is understood that glacial lakes of the study area are prone to produce disasters in the region because of changing climate and active seismicity, and lakes at higher elevation are highly susceptible to GLOF (Glacial Lakes Outburst Flood). Moreover, prevalence of large number of supraglacial lakes in the study region which are dynamic in nature, makes the area more vulnerable to hazards. The very old supraglacial lakes in high altitude region need attention and detailed study in terms of their changing characteristics and stability. Anthropogenic interventions in the area are contributing towards higher intensity of impacts on human and resources. It is suggestive that further development activities should consider the potential hazards and vulnerable zones in Himalaya. The disaster risk reduction strategies should prioritize development of early warning systems in the region.

Evaluating the cumulative costs of small-scale flash floods in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

The cumulative costs associated with frequent small-scale flash floods have been calculated for Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to get an insight on damages and losses. There is limited information on the impact of frequently occurring small-scale events compared to large-scale or catastrophic disasters, particularly with respect to its overall implications on the economy at the city level. Such information would support the formulation of effective disaster risk reduction strategies. The study evaluated the direct and indirect damage cost of 204 flash floods in Kuala Lumpur between 2010 and 2016 using a heuristic approach to compensate for data scarcity, and drawing on the market price and restoration cost method. The assessment relied primarily on secondary data from various government departments and relevant authorities. The results revealed that the total flash flood damage was as high as RM48.7 million, which represented 0.04% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of Kuala Lumpur in 2016. Direct costs were associated with damage to roads as well as commercial and residential areas to a lesser extent, while loss of productive time was the leading factor for indirect costs. Indirect damage costs are up to four times higher than direct damages, with disrupted road networks being the highest contributor to both costs. Moving forward, risk reduction strategies should focus the transportation sector. The findings of this study is useful baseline information for future projection of damages and losses due to small-scale flash floods in Kuala Lumpur.

Designing teaching materials with disaster maps and evaluating its effectiveness for primary students

Abstract One of the most important parts of disaster management and disaster risk reduction strategies is the special vulnerability of children and the need to increase disaster awareness among them. It is very effective to design and develop awareness-raising tools suitable for children’s learning needs in this process. The main purpose of this study is to contribute to raising awareness of disasters among children in Turkey. With the study, risk maps for forest fire, landslide, flood, earthquake, and avalanche in Turkey were designed, and materials were developed by equipping them with disaster-themed texts. A questionnaire was applied to 165 students in the 10–11 age group with these interesting and entertaining materials. The results indicate that the study increased students’ ability to learn about disasters with maps by an average of 39%.

Towards a Resilient Ecotourism Destination: Assessment of the Ella Urban Development Plan 2021-2030

Ella, with its environmental and ecological attributes and highest room occupancy rate (75.24%), attracted 120,000 (6%) of the total tourist arrivals to Sri Lanka in 2019, also projects 2 million visits by 2030. Due to topographical features and climate change implications, Ella is prone to natural disasters, especially the main access road of Ella-Wellawaya and surrounding areas of Ella town. 99% of occupants in Ella are self-employed in the tourism industry. The Ella urban development plan 2021-2030 (the plan) was formulated with the goal of developing the area as the most attractive and safest tourism destination in the hills. Tourism resilience improves capacities to recover the tourism sector from disasters and reduces tourism-induced stress on the society and environment through integration of disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies. In this context, the objective of the study was to assess the extent to which the Plan considered DRR strategies towards a disaster resilient tourism industry. A qualitative methodology was adopted where hazard identification and vulnerability reduction, being key elements in DRR, were chosen to assess components of the Plan-Scope (1), Background Study (2), Need of the Plan (3), Goal and Objectives (4), SWOT Analysis (5), and the Plan (6). Relevant secondary data were obtained from official sources and reviewed journal articles. Despite Ella being identified as a multi-hazard area by the Disaster Management Centre, hazard identification of the plan was limited to landslides; not considering high winds, cyclones, and lightning in 2, 5 components. Being the main objective, consideration towards reducing ecological vulnerability was visible in all components. The unauthorized constructions in protected areas, which may have an underlying relationship with economical vulnerability, were neither identified nor, vulnerability reduction measures proposed. Social vulnerability reduction measures were also absent despite 18% of female-headed households and 17% of female involvement in the tourism industry in various capacities. The tourism infrastructure and beautification projects were prioritized over projects aimed at physical vulnerability reduction of existing tourism infrastructure and stakeholders. It was found that the resilience of the tourism industry to natural disasters was compromised as DRR in the aspect of hazard identification, and reduction of social, physical, and economical vulnerability were inadequate. Therefore, the study recommends amending the Plan, or to pass a separate by-law by the local government authority to integrate comprehensive hazard identification, and integrate intervention for reduction of social, economic, and physical vulnerabilities for a resilient tourism destination, while conserving the natural environment in Ella.
 Keywords: Resilient ecotourism, Ella tourism destination, Urban development plan, Conservation of nature

The true global burden of trauma: a call for a comprehensive trauma research platform

The true global burden of trauma: a call for a comprehensive trauma research platform

Enhancing disaster risk resilience using greenspace in urbanising Quito, Ecuador

Abstract. Greenspaces within broader ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) strategies provide multiple benefits to society, biodiversity, and addressing climate breakdown. In this study, we investigated urban growth, its intersection with hazards, and the availability of greenspace for disaster risk reduction (DRR) in the city of Quito, Ecuador, which experiences multiple hazards including landslides, floods, volcanoes, and earthquakes. We used satellite data to quantify urban sprawl and developed a workflow incorporating high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) to identify potential greenspaces for emergency refuge accommodation (DRR greenspace), for example, following an earthquake. Quito's historical urban growth totalled ∼ 192 km2 for 1986–2020 and was primarily on flatter land, in some cases crossed by steep ravines. By contrast, future projections indicate an increasing intersection between easterly urbanisation and steep areas of high landslide susceptibility. Therefore, a timely opportunity exists for future risk-informed planning. Our workflow identified 18.6 km2 of DRR greenspaces, of which 16.3 km2 intersected with potential sources of landslide and flood hazards, indicating that hazard events could impact potential “safe spaces”. These spaces could mitigate future risk if designated as greenspaces and left undeveloped. DRR greenspace overlapped 7 % (2.5 km2) with municipality-designated greenspace. Similarly, 10 % (1.7 km2) of municipality-designated “safe space” for use following an earthquake was classified as potentially DRR suitable in our analysis. For emergency refuge, currently designated greenspaces could accommodate ∼ 2 %–14 % (depending on space requirements) of Quito's population within 800 m. This increases to 8 %–40 % considering all the potential DRR greenspace mapped in this study. Therefore, a gap exists between the provision of DRR and designated greenspace. Within Quito, we found a disparity between access to greenspaces across socio-economic groups, with lower income groups having less access and further to travel to designated greenspaces. Notably, the accessibility of greenspaces was high overall with 98 % (2.3 million) of Quito's population within 800 m of a designated greenspace, of which 88 % (2.1 million) had access to potential DRR greenspaces. Our workflow demonstrates a citywide evaluation of DRR greenspace potential and provides the foundation upon which to evaluate these spaces with local stakeholders. Promoting equitable access to greenspaces, communicating their multiple benefits, and considering their use to restrict propagating development into hazardous areas are key themes that emerge for further investigation.

About TREPSEA 2021

In the last half century, Asia has experienced the fastest economic growth and rapid increase of human prosperity, compared to other continents. However, ecological risks due to significant land use changes, global environmental change and climate change-related disasters have also occurred rapidly in Asia. The global deterioration of soils and landscape poses a significant threat to poverty reduction, sustainable food production, and climate change adaptation and mitigation. A recent study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) has estimated that the annual cost of land degradation due to “land use and cover change” (LUCC) and the use of land-degrading management practices on static crop and grazing land is about $300 billion. This does not include the costs related to deterioration of ecosystem services, which may increase the estimates significantly. However, global hunger also increases, reaching 815 million people in 2017, where about 2 billion people suffer from micronutrient-deficiencies.In Indonesia, agriculture grows at 3.87 percent per year, which is not very low, although it does not contribute much to poverty reduction and job creation in the country. The poverty level in September 2019 was 24.79 (9.22 percent of total population), where the majority (14.93 million or 12.60 percent) of them are living in rural area, and the rest 9.86 million (6.56 percent) are living in urban area. Income inequality in Indonesia is considered high, where the Gini coefficient generally has increased in the past decade or so, from 0.32 in 1998 to 0.38 in 2007, increasing to 0.41 in 2012 and started to decrease in recent years to 0.382 in September of 2019 (BPS, 15 January 2020). The hunger level in Indonesia has also decreased significantly from 44.1 million in 2004-2006 to 22.0 million in 2016-2018. Interestingly, the hunger level in urban area is 8.2 percent of total population, whereas that in rural area is 7.57 percent. The level of stunting among children has also decreased from 32.9 percent in 2013 to 29.9 percent in 2018, whereas the level of anemia among pregnant women has increased from 37.1 percent in 2013 to 48.9 percent in 2018.Higher ecological risks and more severe climate change-related disasters have more serious consequences on food and nutritional security in Indonesia and other parts of Asia. Hunger and malnutrition have multiple causes, and in facts many of these challenges transcend national borders. Thus, sustainable, integrated and trans-disciplinary innovative solutions to such problems require a more holistic approach in formulating the development strategies to diversify agricultural and food production, increase productivity, hence generating income and employment. Tran-disciplinary approach in mitigating and adapting the climate change related disaster are also required for more sustainable development strategies, coupled with better strategies for disaster risk reduction and management, workable and effective programs to sustainable development and environmental conservation, and better access to food and improved nutritional security.List of Objectives, Topics of TREPSEA 2021, TREPSEA 2021 Organizers, Supporting Organization / Institution, General Committee, Scientific Committee, Local Committee, Conference Secretariat are available in this pdf.

Strategi Pemerintah Kabupaten Solok Selatan dalam Melakukan Pengurangan Risiko Bencana Banjir

South Solok Regency is prone to flooding and the impact is felt by the community. Therefore, the government needs to take measures in the form of disaster risk reduction. But nature does disaster risk reduction, problems often occur which result in efforts to reduce disaster risk not maximally. So the purpose of this study is to describe the disaster risk reduction strategies implemented by the government and the factors that influence the government in reducing disaster risk. The research method used is a qualitative approach with descriptive techniques and analysis techniques using SWOT analysis. The results found are firstly that the district government has not optimally implemented disaster risk reduction due to insufficient budget and lack of facilities and infrastructure. Second, community participation is lacking in disaster risk reduction activities. The three communities do not protect the surrounding environment. So the government should use a strategy, first asking for financial assistance from the central and provincial governments. In addition, the business world should also provide grants to district governments to optimize disaster risk reduction activities and complete inadequate facilities and infrastructure. Second, approaching the community by visiting their homes so that the community can actively participate in disaster risk reduction. The three governments make regulations on protecting the environment.
 Keywords: strategy, disaster, disaster risk reduction

Factors Influencing the Policy Formulations and Strategies for Disaster Risk Reduction

Disasters are evolving and creating impacts in new shapes and sizes with each passing year. Identification and clear understanding of the various significant factors is required for the development of appropriate policies and strategies for disaster risk reduction. There were few empirical investigations that established causative variables in the desired field. The literature was reviewed in the research area with due consideration to multidisciplinary nature of disaster management and after analyses and synthesis recurring factors were identified and summarized in the paper. Understanding underlying factors having influence on formulations of various strategies and policies can add new dimensions and values to the multidisciplinary nature of disaster management.