Cognitive Regulation Strategies Research Articles

Difference in cognitive emotional regulation strategies used by mothers with conflict and barrier personal meaning of child's illness

IntroductionA number of studies have noted a high level of symptoms of depression and anxiety in mothers bringing up children with burn injury. The emergence of such symptoms show high importance of child's disease situation to mother and suggests the formation of a special personal meaning of child's illness for mother (conflict or barrier). The aim of this study is to describe specific patterns of mothers responding on the situation of the child burn injuries : special cognitive emotion regulation strategies and personal meaning of illness.MethodsClinical interview to assess personal meaning of illness, State Trait Anxiety Inventor, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire.ParticipantsTwenty-eight mothers (aged between 22 to 43 years), children received burn 5-7 days ago ; 2 mothers (aged between 24 to 37 years), children had burns over a year ago.ResultsWe found a strong correlation between using certain strategies of cognitive emotion regulation and different personal meaning of child's illness : mothers with a conflict meaning characterized by using of « Rumination » and « Self-Blame » strategies ; mothers with barrier meaning – « Refocus on planning ». This connection is maintained throughout the child's illness and does not depend on medical specialties. A number of strategies of cognitive emotion regulation are used by all mothers at different stages of the child's illness, regardless of the mother's personal meaning of illness : immediately after injury the most popular strategies are “Catastrophizing” and « Self-Blame » ; in the long-term rehabilitation – « Putting into perspective » is the most common one.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Predictors of sleep difficulties in college students

IntroductionCollege students are known for their variable sleep schedules. Such schedules, along with other common student practices are associated with poor sleep hygiene. The persistence of the precipitating stressor is one of the factors involved in the persistence of insomnia.AimsTo examine the role of the perceived stress, perseverative thinking, strategies of cognitive emotion regulation and negative affect as predictors of sleep difficulties.MethodsThe sample comprises 549 college students.MeasuresPSS-10, PTQ, CERQ and POMS-58. Three questions were used to access difficulties in initiating sleep (DIS), maintaining sleep (DMS) and early morning wakening (EMA). A Sleep Difficulties Index (SDI) was calculated by summing DIS, DMS and EMA scores.ResultsIn total sample, the multiple linear regression explained 27.7% of the SDI total variance (R2 = .277, F(9, 375) = 15,942, P < .0001). The significant predictors of the total variance of SDI were perceived distress (B = .246, P = .0001), repetitive thought (B = .189, P = .005), cognitive interference and unproductiveness (B = −.188, P = .006), rumination (B = .130, P = .044) and negative affect (B = .156, P = .018).ConclusionsPreventive interventions focused on predictor factors (perceived stress, perseverative thinking, rumination and negative affect) should be considered in order to promote better mental health in college students.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The characteristics of affective intensity and cognitive emotion regulation in borderline personality disorder

Objective To examine the characteristics of affective intensity and cognitive emotion regulation in subjects with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Methods The BPD subscale of personality disorder questionnaire(PDQ-4+ )was used to assess the BPD symptoms, the short affective intensity scale (SAIS) and cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) were used to measure affect intensity and cognitive emotion regulation strategy, respectively. 765 subjects with BPD and 776 healthy controls were selected. The independent-samples t test was used to analyze the differences between BPD group and controls and logistic regression analysis was used to examine the related factors affecting the BPD. Results Compared with the control group(negative intensity: (3.08±0.66), negative coping dimension: (37.20±5.94), BPD group got higher scores in negative intensity((3.88±0.74), t=22.29, P 0.8)and negative coping dimension((44.77±6.36), t=24.16, P 0.8). The logistic regression analysis showed that negative intensity(B=1.38, Exp(B)=3.97, 95% CI for EXP(B): 3.15~5.00, P<0.01) and negative cognitive regulations strategy(B=0.19, Exp(B)=1.21, 95% CI: 1.18-1.25, P<0.01) could affect the prevalence of BPD. Conclusion Subjects with BPD traits have more significant negative affective intensity and tend to use negative cognitive regulations strategy. Key words: Borderline personality disorder; Emotional intensity; Cognitive emotional regulation

The Role of Cognitive Regulation Strategies of Emotion, Psychological Hardiness and Optimism in the Prediction of Death Anxiety of Women in their Third Trimester of Pregnancy

The Role of Cognitive Regulation Strategies of Emotion, Psychological Hardiness and Optimism in the Prediction of Death Anxiety of Women in their Third Trimester of Pregnancy

An Investigation into Writing Strategies and Writing Proficiency of University Students

This paper reports on an investigation into the relationship between writing strategy use and L2 writing proficiency. Although research into language learning strategies is extensive, only a few studies have addressed L2 writing strategies of university students. 312 undergraduate students learning English as a second language took a writing proficiency test and completed a writing strategy questionnaire. The results of the study showed that the participants generally had a relatively high level of ESL writing strategy use. It was also found that Effort regulation strategy and metacognitive strategy were reported as the first and second most frequently used writing strategies respectively, while social strategy was reported as the least frequently used category. The results also showed that students with high writing abilities reported a significantly higher level of writing strategy use compared with those who had intermediate or low writing proficiency. It was found that students with higher writing ability reported using significantly more metacognitive, cognitive, affective and effort regulation strategies than those with lower writing proficiency. The discussion of the results, implications for language classroom and writing instruction are articulated. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are also presented.

Regulation of cocaine craving by cognitive strategies in an online sample of cocaine users.

Emphasis on the negative consequences of drug use is a critical component of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) skills to regulate craving. Despite the relative success of CBT for treating substance use disorders, effective human laboratory models of CBT are lacking. Recent reports have indicated that the regulation of craving (ROC) task provides a valid model of craving regulation for nicotine, alcohol, and methamphetamine use. The present study examined ROC in an online sample of regular cocaine users (n = 44) recruited from Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk. In the ROC task, cognitive regulation strategies were manipulated by instructing participants to think about either the positive or negative consequences of consuming cocaine. Participants were then presented with cocaine images while engaging in each cognitive regulation strategy and asked to report current craving that was then compared to neutral look conditions. Food images served as a control. A cocaine purchase task was also completed to assess economic demand for cocaine and its relationship with cocaine craving. The use of negative appraisal strategies that model those used in CBT significantly attenuated craving for cocaine. Cocaine craving was also stimulus-specific, with greater smoked cocaine craving reported by individuals with a history of smoked cocaine use. This online extension of the ROC task provides converging evidence for its use as a model of CBT cocaine-craving regulation. Futures studies can use this model to examine the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of CBT for cocaine use and the relationship between craving regulation and drug-use behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record

Investigating Learning Strategies for Vocabulary Development: A Comparative Study of Two Universities of Quetta, Pakistan

The primary purpose of this research is to investigate the vocabulary learning strategies employed by the undergraduate students of Sardar Bahadur Khan Women’s University (SBKWU) and University of Balochistan (UOB), Quetta, Pakistan. A quantitative design was employed in this study to answer the two research questions of the present study. The quantitative data was obtained from the responses of 180 undergraduates in a questionnaire adapted from the study by Noor and Amir (2009) on vocabulary learning strategies proposed by Gu and Johnson (1996). The questionnaire comprised of 45 close-ended items on four broad vocabulary learning strategies, metacognitive regulation strategy, cognitive strategy, memory strategy, and activation strategy. Descriptive statistics was run in SPSS to obtain the results. The independent-samples t-test was run to test for statistically significant differences if any in the use of vocabulary learning strategies across the undergraduates of two universities. However, cognitive regulation strategy, and activation strategy emerged as the most influential source of learning new English words. The findings also revealed that there were no statistically significant differences found in practicing vocabulary learning strategies between undergraduates of SBKWU and UOB. The findings of the study have implications on enhancing teaching and learning by acquainting students with vocabulary learning strategies that can enhance their vocabulary in English language and can result to boost up their proficiency in this language. Keywords: Vocabulary development, learning strategies, gender difference

The Effectiveness of Group Intervention on Enhancing Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in Breast Cancer Patients: A 2-Year Follow-up.

Purpose To evaluate the long-term effect of group intervention on enhancing cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategies in female patients with early-stage breast cancer. Methods The sample included 174 patients who were diagnosed with early-to-mid stage breast cancer, completed adjuvant therapy, and agreed to fill out demographic and cognitive emotion regulation questionnaires (CERQ). About half of the patients (86, 49.4%) chose to participate in an 8-session group intervention (intervention group) while the others (88, 50.6%) did not (comparison group). The structured intervention for enhancing coping strategies with special emphasis on emotion regulation was conducted at the oncology unit at Rabin Medical Center by 2 experienced therapists. Preliminary effects on CER evaluated 6, 12, and 24 months postintervention were compared to the CER of a group of patients that opted not to participate in the group intervention. Results In the intervention group, the long-term effect (from baseline to 24 months) was assessed using the mix models module. Significant interaction effects were found for both the Negative CER scales (F(3, 268 ,404) = 3.66, P = .01) and for the Positive CER scales (F(3, 271 ,660) = 5.12, P = .002). No statistically significant differences in socio-demographic characteristics and medical variables were observed between the intervention and comparison groups. Conclusion Our findings indicate that a group intervention aimed at empowerment of coping strategies had positive long-term outcomes that reinforce adaptive coping strategies and improve less effective strategies of cognitive emotion regulation.

Metacognitive and Meta-Emotional Styles in Patients With Alcohol and the Other Substance Dependence.

Background:Both alcohol and other substances are utilized for emotional and cognitive regulation.Objectives:The purpose of the present study was to compare metacognitive styles and distress intolerance in patients with alcohol and other substance dependence.Patients and Methods:According to DSM-IV TR criteria, 45 patients with alcohol dependence (AD), 44 patients with substance dependence (SD), and 43 volunteers without AD or SD (control group) were enrolled. Socio-demographic information form, Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS), and metacognitive questionaire-30 (MCQ-30) were used to evaluate the participants.Results:Patients with AD had significantly lower “tolerance” subscale and total DTS scores than those with SD and control group (P = 0.008 for SD sample and P = 0.004 for control group). Patients with SD had significantly higher scores in “appraisal” subscale DTS than control group (P = 0.005). Patients of both AD and SD groups had significantly higher scores in “positive beliefs” subscale of MCQ-30 than control group (P = 0.012 for AD group and P = 0. 001 for SD group). There was no significant difference between AD and SD groups in any MCQ-30 subscale and total scores (P = 0.440).Conclusions:Metacognitive regulation strategies are more considerable prediction than emotional regulation strategies in SD group than in AD group. Individuals with AD use alcohol as a means of both cognitive and emotional regulation strategy.

Effects of two cognitive regulation strategies on the processing of food cues in high restrained eaters. An event-related potential study

This study tested the effects of cognitive regulation (CR) on the attentional processing of food cues in restrained eaters (RE) by means of event-related potentials (ERPs). In a within-subject-design, RE (n = 23) were presented pictures of highly palatable food and office items while ERPs were recorded. Prior to the presentation of the food stimuli, participants were either instructed to engage in reappraisal or to attempt to suppress cravings – both cognitive regulation (CR) strategies – or to simply watch the pictures. Prior to the presentation of the neutral stimuli, participants were instructed to simply watch them. Following each picture presentation, momentary craving was assessed. Main results showed that engaging in CR significantly reduced ERP amplitudes compared to the food watch condition. Passively attending to food pictures yielded significantly higher craving scores compared to engaging in CR. In addition, craving was significantly lower in the reappraisal than in the suppression condition. Therefore, reappraisal could potentially increase the ability to inhibit the appetitive motivation to eat.

Distracted by the Unthought - Suppression and Reappraisal of Mind Wandering under Stereotype Threat.

Previous research has found that subtle reminders of negative stereotypes about one’s group can lead individuals to underperform on stereotype-relevant tests (e.g., women in math, ethnic minorities on intelligence tests). This so called stereotype threat effect can contribute to systematic group differences in performance that can obscure the true abilities of certain social groups and thereby sustain social inequalities. In the present study, we examined processes underlying stereotype threat effects on women’s math performance, specifically focusing on the role of suppression of mind wandering (i.e., task-irrelevant thinking) in stereotype threat (ST) and no threat (NT) situations. Based on a process model of stereotype threat effects on performance, we hypothesized that women under stereotype threat spontaneously suppress mind wandering, and that this suppression impairs performance. An alternative regulation strategy that prevents suppression (i.e., reappraising task-irrelevant thoughts as normal) was predicted to prevent stereotype threat effects on performance. We manipulated stereotype threat (ST vs. NT) and cognitive regulation strategy (suppression, reappraisal, or no strategy) and measured women’s performance on a math and a concentration task (N = 113). We expected three groups to perform relatively more poorly: Those in ST with either no strategy or suppression and those in NT with a suppression strategy. We tested the performance of these groups against the remaining three groups hypothesized to perform relatively better: those in NT with no strategy or reappraisal and those in ST with reappraisal. The results showed the expected pattern for participants’ math performance, but not for concentration achievement. This pattern suggests that ineffective self-regulation by suppressing mind wandering can at least partly explain stereotype threat effects on performance, whereas a reappraisal strategy can prevent this impairment. We discuss implications for the understanding of processes underlying stereotype threat effects and the benefits of reappraising subjective experience under threat.

Акты самоповреждения у пациентов с пограничными психическими расстройствами

Results of the empirical study on the relation between emotion regulation factors and the peculiarity of self-injurious behavior in clinical and nonclinical groups are reported. Participants of the research (N=68) comprised two groups: inpatients with borderline personality disorders (N=33; М=44,9, SD=10,8) and control group (N=35; M=39,3, SD=11,2). Methods: the scale of reasons for self-injurious behavior (Polskaya, 2014), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski et al., 2002, Rasskazova et al., 2011), the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (Lazarus, Folkman, 1988, Kryukova, Kuftyak, 2004) and Emotional Intelligence questionnaire (Lyusin, 2009). Conclusion: 1) self-injuries are observed both in clinical and nonclinical group; in patients with borderline personality disorders they are related to a certain mental state and/or a wish to change it, whereas in control group self-injuries possess a reactive character; 2) such strategies of cognitive emotion regulation as decreased ability to plan, rumination and catastrophizing, can be regarded as markers of self-injurious behavior; 3) self-injury in patients with borderline personality disorders is related to decreased understanding of emotion, whereas in control group it is related to emotion management and expression; 4) self-injury can execute antisuicidal function and be reinforced by constructive strategies of emotion regulation in the structure of coping behavior or defense mechanisms.

Boundary conditions of methamphetamine craving.

Methamphetamine use has increased significantly and become a global health concern. Craving is known to predict methamphetamine use and relapse following abstinence. Some have suggested that cravings are automatic, generalized, and uncontrollable, but experimental work addressing these claims is lacking. In 2 exploratory studies, we tested the boundary conditions of methamphetamine craving by asking: (a) is craving specific to users' preferred route of administration?, and (b) can craving be regulated by cognitive strategies? Two groups of methamphetamine users were recruited. In Study 1, participants were grouped by their preferred route of administration (intranasal vs. smoking), and rated their craving in response to photographs and movies depicting methamphetamine use (via the intranasal vs. smoking route). In Study 2, methamphetamine smokers implemented cognitive regulation strategies while viewing photographs depicting methamphetamine smoking. Strategies involved either focusing on the positive aspects of smoking methamphetamine or the negative consequences of doing so-the latter strategy based on treatment protocols for addiction. In Study 1, we found a significant interaction between group and route of administration, such that participants who preferred to smoke methamphetamine reported significantly stronger craving for smoking stimuli, whereas those who preferred the intranasal route reported stronger craving for intranasal stimuli. In Study 2, participants reported significantly lower craving when focusing on the negative consequences associated with methamphetamine use. Taken together, these findings suggest that strength of craving for methamphetamine is moderated by users' route of administration and can be reduced by cognitive strategies. This has important theoretical, methodological, and clinical implications.

Sex differences in cognitive regulation of psychosocial achievement stress: brain and behavior.

Although cognitive regulation of emotion has been extensively examined, there is a lack of studies assessing cognitive regulation in stressful achievement situations. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging in 23 females and 20 males to investigate cognitive downregulation of negative, stressful sensations during a frequently used psychosocial stress task. Additionally, subjective responses, cognitive regulation strategies, salivary cortisol, and skin conductance response were assessed. Subjective response supported the experimental manipulation by showing higher anger and negative affect ratings after stress regulation than after the mere exposure to stress. On a neural level, right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and right superior temporal gyrus (STG) were more strongly activated during regulation than nonregulation, whereas the hippocampus was less activated during regulation. Sex differences were evident: after regulation females expressed higher subjective stress ratings than males, and these ratings were associated with right hippocampal activation. In the nonregulation block, females showed greater activation of the left amygdala and the right STG during stress than males while males recruited the putamen more robustly in this condition. Thus, cognitive regulation of stressful achievement situations seems to induce additional stress, to recruit regions implicated in attention integration and working memory and to deactivate memory retrieval. Stress itself is associated with greater activation of limbic as well as attention areas in females than males. Additionally, activation of the memory system during cognitive regulation of stress is associated with greater perceived stress in females. Sex differences in cognitive regulation strategies merit further investigation that can guide sex sensitive interventions for stress-associated disorders.

Explaining generalized anxiety disorder based on cognitive regulation strategies of emotion, poor understanding of emotions and thought-action combination

Generalized anxiety disorder is influenced by different emotional and cognitive components. The purpose of this study was to simultaneously investigate the role of cognitive regulation strategies of emotion, poor understanding of emotions, and thought-action combination in patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. The correlational method of the study was used in this study and the sample included 120 patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder selected among the patients of four psychiatric centers in the city of Shiraz through available Sampling. The Cognitive Regulation Strategies Of Emotion questionnaires (Garnefsky et al, 2001), Beck’s Anxiety (1988), Thoughts Combination Instrument (Wells et al, 2001) and Toronto’s 20 Alexithymia Scale (Begbi et al, 1994) were used to collect data. The results showed that there was a significant and positive relationship between the difficulty in identifying and describing emotions, non-adaptive/maladaptive emotions regulation strategies and thought-action combination with generalized anxiety disorder. Stepwise Regression Analysis indicated that the difficulty in identifying emotions, non-adaptive emotions regulation strategies and the difficulty in describing emotions are appropriate predictors for this disorder, respectively. In overall, with regard to the role of emotional deficits and thought-action combination in generalized anxiety disorder, the above variables should be considered in prevention and treatment programs of this disorder.

社会排斥后的认知反应

社会排斥会阻碍归属需要，使被排斥者通过改变认知进行应对。社会排斥后的认知反应主要包括：为了满足归属需要而产生的趋近性认知反应，例如，社会信息关注、积极情绪信息偏好、温暖事物偏爱，以及传统家庭角色观念增强、宗教依附性增加、金钱意识激发等社会认知偏移；为了避免归属需要受到更多损害而产生的逃避性认知反应，表现为痛觉麻木、敌意激活与认知解体；对其他竞争性认知过程的抑制，其解释涉及情绪抑制和契约打破两种观点。未来，该领域的研究应该提高实验范式的生态效度、重视个体差异的研究、加强认知调节策略的探索，推进多水平研究。 Social exclusion thwarts the basic human need to belong, triggering a variety of cognitive coping reactions. The cognitive reactions after social exclusion include: First, the cognition that helps to meet the belonging need is approached, such as concerning social information, tuning to positivity, preferring warm stuff as well as fortifying traditional family roles, increasing religious affiliation and enhancing money consciousness. Second, excluded people may avoid the cognition that threatens the need to belong, in the form of pain-numbing, hostile cognitive bias and the cognitive deconstruction state. Last, other competitive cognition processes will be suppressed which can be explained by the hypothesis of emotion suppression or bargain break. More ecological paradigms need to be developed; individual differences should be emphasized in future studies. Research on cognitive regulation strategy and multilevel studies is also the possible direction.

Reappraisal and expected value modulate risk taking

Decision making is informed by appraisals of appetitive cues and their associated opportunities for rewards. Such appraisals can be modulated by cognitive regulation strategies in order to promote goal-directed choices. Little is known about how cognitive regulation strategies, especially reappraisal, alter risk taking during decision making. To characterise the effect of reappraisal on risk taking, we systematically varied both the goal of regulation and the value of the decision options. Participants engaged in two reappraisal strategies with opposite goals, to increase (“emphasise”) or decrease (“de-emphasise”) the importance of an upcoming decision, during the presentation of cues signalling monetary decisions. The expected value of taking a risk was systematically varied across decisions such that a risky choice could be beneficial or disadvantageous. Reappraisal strategies increased or decreased risk taking in accordance both with regulation goals and expected value information. These results suggest that reappraisal can be used to flexibly alter behaviour associated with appetitive cues while maintaining value information.

Emotion regulation choice: selecting between cognitive regulation strategies to control emotion

Consider the anger that arises in a heated argument with your romantic partner, or the dreadful anxious anticipation in the dentist's waiting room prior to a root canal procedure. Our daily lives are densely populated with events that make us emotional. Luckily, however, we developed numerous ways to control or regulate our emotions in order to adapt (Gross, 2007; Koole, 2009 for reviews). A central remaining challenge to explain adaptation, involves understanding how individuals choose between the different emotion regulation strategies in order to fit with differing situational demands. Specifically, when is the aforementioned romantic partner or dental patient more likely to “put aside” or disengage from the emotional situation, and when are they more likely to “make sense” or engage with their emotional reactions? In this opinion article we concentrate on the intersection between affective science and decision making as manifested in emotion regulation choice, defined as the act of making an autonomous choice between different regulation strategies that are available in a particular context.

Expectation decreases brain susceptibility to fearful stimuli: ERP evidence from a modified emotion evaluation task

Expectation decreased the susceptibility to fearful stimuli in prior studies using distracting tasks. The present study tests whether expectation remains effective in decreasing this susceptibility, when subjects focus attention on emotional properties. Event-related potentials were recorded for fearful and neutral faces, while subjects performed a modified emotion evaluation task during unpredictable and predictable conditions. Behavioral data showed faster response latencies during predictable versus unpredictable conditions. ERP data showed prolonged peak latencies in N1 (80–130ms) and larger amplitudes in P2 (130–180ms) and N200-300 components, for unpredictable fearful versus neutral faces. Conversely, all these components showed similar responses to predictable fearful and neutral faces. Source analysis suggested that medial temporal lobe mediated ERPs elicited by unpredictable fearful faces, while ventromedial prefrontal cortex mediated those elicited by predictable fearful faces, in the 130–180ms interval. Thus, we propose emotional expectation as a cognitive regulation strategy that reliably dampens human susceptibility to fearful stimuli.

Regulation of Emotion in Major Depressive Disorder

The ability to regulate emotion is central to everyday functioning and has been studied extensively in healthy adults in the last two decades. One conclusion supported by this research is that various cognitive strategies can be used to effectively regulate both positive and negative emotion (which is consistent with a wealth of clinical work on the efficacy of cognitive therapy). More recently, basic neuroimaging work using now-well-established experimental paradigms has increased our understanding of the neural systems involved in the cognitive regulation of emotion. The majority of this research has focused on a specific cognitive regulation strategy known as reappraisal, which involves reinterpreting the meaning of stimuli in ways that alter one's affective responses to them. Taken together, more than 35 neuroimaging studies of reappraisal in healthy adults published in the past 9 years have highlighted the interaction between subcortical systems thought to generate emotion and prefrontal systems thought to implement various kinds of cognitive control processes (for reviews see [ 1 Kalisch R. The functional neuroanatomy of reappraisal: time matters. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2009; 33: 1215-1226 Crossref PubMed Scopus (272) Google Scholar , 2 Ochsner K.N. Gross J.J. Cognitive emotion regulation: insights from social cognitive and affective neuroscience. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2008; 17: 153-158 Crossref Scopus (656) Google Scholar ]). Reduced Right Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activity While Inhibiting Positive Affect Is Associated with Improvement in Hedonic Capacity After 8 Weeks of Antidepressant Treatment in Major Depressive DisorderBiological PsychiatryVol. 70Issue 10PreviewAnhedonia, a reduced ability to experience pleasure, is a chief symptom of major depressive disorder and is related to reduced frontostriatal connectivity when attempting to upregulate positive emotion. The present study examined another facet of positive emotion regulation associated with anhedonia—namely, the downregulation of positive affect—and its relation to prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity. Full-Text PDF