Development Of Strategies Research Articles

The innovation and challenge of artificial intelligence in the whole process management of fundus disease

Artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated revolutionary potential and wide-ranging applications in the comprehensive management of fundus diseases, yet it faces challenges in clinical translation, data quality, algorithm interpretability, and cross-cultural adaptability. AI has proven effective in the efficient screening, accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment recommendations, and prognosis prediction for conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and other fundus diseases. However, there is a significant gap between the need for large-scale, high-quality, and diverse datasets and the limitations of current research data. Additionally, the black-box nature of AI algorithms, the acceptance by clinicians and patients, and the generalizability of these algorithms pose barriers to their widespread clinical adoption. Researchers are addressing these challenges through approaches such as federated learning, standardized data collection, and prospective trials to enhance the robustness, interpretability, and practicality of AI systems. Despite these obstacles, the benefits of AI in fundus disease management are substantial. These include improved screening efficiency, support for personalized treatment, the discovery of novel disease characteristics, and the development of precise treatment strategies. Moreover, AI facilitates the advancement of telemedicine through 5G and the Internet of Things. Future research should continue to tackle existing issues, fully leverage the potential of AI in the prevention and treatment of fundus diseases, and advance intelligent, precise, and remote ophthalmic services to meet global eye health needs.

Associations between acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is one of the major complications after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). While various risk factors for chronic GVHD have been reported, limited data is available regarding the impact of acute GVHD on chronic GVHD. We examined the association between acute and chronic GVHD using a Japanese registry dataset. The landmark point was set at day 100 after allo-HCT and patients who died or relapsed before the landmark point were excluded. In total, 14618 and 6135 patients who underwent allo-HCT with bone marrow or peripheral blood (BM/PB) and umbilical cord blood (UCB) were analyzed. In the BM/PB cohort, the risk of chronic GVHD requiring systemic steroids increased with each increase within grade 0-II acute GVHD (Grade 0 vs. I: HR, 1.32, 95% CI, 1.19-1.46, P < 0.001; Grade I vs. II: HR, 1.41, 95% CI, 1.28-1.56, P < 0.001), but the risk was similar between grade II and III-IV acute GVHD (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.91-1.15; P = 1.0). These findings were confirmed in the UCB cohort. We further observed that the risk of severe chronic GVHD increased with each increment in the grade of acute GVHD, even between Grades II and III-IV acute GVHD (Grade II vs. III-IV: HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.12-2.58; P = 0.025). In conclusion, the preceding profiles of acute GVHD should help to stratify the risk of chronic GVHD and its severity, which might be useful for the development of risk-adopted pre-emptive strategies for chronic GVHD.

SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and long COVID occurrence in blood donors.

Long COVID is a common condition lacking consensus definition; determinants remain incompletely understood. Characterizing immune profiles associated with long COVID could support the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies. We used a survey to investigate blood donors' infection/vaccination history and acute/persistent symptoms following COVID-19. The prevalence of long COVID was evaluated using self-report and an adapted definition from the RECOVER study. We evaluated factors associated with long COVID, focusing on anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Lastly, we investigated long COVID clinical subphenotypes using hierarchical clustering. Of 33,610 participants, 16,003 (48%) reported having had COVID-19; 1853 (12%) had self-reported long COVID, 685 (4%) met an adapted RECOVER definition, and 2050 (13%) met at least one definition. Higher anti-nucleocapsid levels measured 12-24 weeks post-infection were associated with higher risk of self-reported and RECOVER long COVID. Higher anti-spike IgG levels measured 12-24 weeks post-infection were associated with lower risk of self-reported long COVID. Higher total anti-spike measured 24-48 weeks post-infection was associated with lower risk of RECOVER long COVID. Cluster analysis identified four clinical subphenotypes; patterns included neurological and psychiatric for cluster 1; neurological and respiratory for cluster 2; multi-systemic for cluster 3; and neurological for cluster 4. Long COVID prevalence in blood donors varies depending on the adopted definition. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were time-dependently associated with long COVID; higher anti-nucleocapsid levels were associated with higher risk; and higher anti-spike levels were associated with lower risk of long COVID. Different underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms may be associated with distinct clinical subphenotypes.

A 4D printed nanoengineered super bioactive hydrogel scaffold with programmable deformation for potential bifurcated vascular channel construction.

Four-dimensional (4D) printing of hydrogels enabled the fabrication of complex scaffold geometries out of static parts. Although current 4D fabrication strategies are promising for creating vascular parts such as tubes, developing branched networks or tubular junctions is still challenging. Here, for the first time, a 4D printing approach is employed to fabricate T-shaped perfusable bifurcation using an extrusion-based multi-material 3D printing process. An alginate/methylcellulose-based dual-component hydrogel system (with defined swelling behavior) is nanoengineered with carbonized alginate (∼100 nm) to introduce anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-thrombotic properties and shape-shifting properties. A computational model to predict shape deformations in the printed hydrogels with defined infill angles was designed and further validated experimentally. Shape deformations of the 3D-printed flat sheets were achieved by ionic cross-linking. An undisrupted perfusion of a dye solution through a T-junction with minimal leakage mimicking blood flow through vessels is also demonstrated. Moreover, human umbilical vein endothelial and fibroblast cells seeded with printed constructs show intact morphology and excellent cell viability. Overall, the developed strategy paves the way for manufacturing self-actuated vascular bifurcations with remarkable anti-thrombotic properties to potentially treat coronary artery diseases.

Au nanoparticles decorated β-Bi2O3 as highly-sensitive SERS substrate for detection of methylene blue and methyl orange.

In this work, Au/Bi2O3 was synthesized by loading Au nanoparticles (NPs) onto β-Bi2O3 by a simple solution reduction method. β-Bi2O3 was synthesized by a precipitation-thermal decomposition procedure, which results in significantly improved SERS detection limits down to 10-9 M for methylene blue (MB) and 10-7 M for methyl orange (MO) as probe molecules, comparable to those reported for the best semiconductor SERS substrates. In particular, further deposition of Au NPs (5.20% wt%) onto β-Bi2O3 results in a two-order-of-magnitude enhancement in detection sensitivity, achieving a detection limit of 10-11 M for MB and 10-9 M for MO. Under ultraviolet/visible irradiation, the Au/Bi2O3 hybrids substrate exhibits superior self-cleaning ability due to its photocatalytic degradation ability which can be applied repeatedly to the detection of pollutants. The advanced composite substrate simultaneously achieved ultra-low mass loading of Au NPs, outstanding detection performance, good reproducibility, high stability and self-cleaning ability. The development strategy of low load noble metal coupled high performance semiconductor β-Bi2O3 to obtain nano-hybrid materials provides a method to balance SERS sensitivity, cost effectiveness and operational stability, and can be synthesized in large quantities, which is a key step towards commercialization and has good reliability prospects.

Unveiling the nonlinear dynamics of player performance in China’s super league as a function of age

To explore the dynamics in physical and technical performance of professional football players and changes across age groups. Match statistics were collected from 1900 games across ten seasons (2012–2021) in the Chinese Super League. Generalized additive models visualized age-related trends in 12 key performance indicators including technical and physical variables. Revealed nonlinear trajectories characterized by rapid early declines, stable peak periods and accelerated late decreases. Physical indicators decreased progressively from the early 20 s before stabilizing briefly then declining further after 30. Conversely, technical metrics gradually improved into the late 20 s and early 30 s prior to decreasing again. This study provides novel evidence that football performance changes nonlinearly across age. Targeted training and development strategies should be tailored to the specific needs of different career stages.

Developing Cogent Strategies for the Lexical Development of Non-Dominant Languages: Empowering Linguistic have-Nots and Maximizing Linguistic Performance

Developing Cogent Strategies for the Lexical Development of Non-Dominant Languages: Empowering Linguistic have-Nots and Maximizing Linguistic Performance

Early identification of pressure injuries in people with dark skin tones: Qualitative perspectives from community-based patients and their carers.

To examine the personal experiences and perceptions of people with dark skin tones and their carers, in relation to pressure injury. Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. Twenty-two interviews with people with dark skin tone and/or their family carers, who were known to and visited by community nurses for pressure area management or who had been identified as being at high risk for developing a pressure injury were carried out. Thematic analysis of the interview transcripts revealed that skin discolouration towards a darker hue than usual was the commonest symptom identified by participants as a sign of altered skin integrity and potential pressure damage. Four main overarching themes were revealed through comprehensive analysis of the transcripts: (1) indicators of pressure injury; (2) experienced symptoms of pressure damage; (3) trust in healthcare workers; and (4) improving care for populations with dark skin tones. The findings from this study clearly present how early-stage pressure damage is identified among people with dark skin tones. These findings have the potential to reduce health inequality by influencing and informing clinical policies and strategies in practice. Findings could also lead to the development of patient-informed educational strategies for nurses and health workers which will enable the early identification of pressure ulcers among people with dark skin tones. Further research is needed to better understand health disparities in relation to preventable patient safety harm. The findings demonstrate the importance of engaging with and listening to the stories and experiences of people living with pressure damage to help in the early recognition of pressure injuries. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines for qualitative research were followed. A project steering group reviewed information sheets for participants and checked the interview questions were relevant and suitable.

Expression and Functional Characterization of Oryzacystatin II Protein from Oryza sativa L. Indica Rice and Its Potential Role as a Bioinsecticide Against Major Insects of Rice.

Rice (Oryza sativaL.) is a crucial staple food crop globally, facing significant challenges from various pests that affect crop productivity and quality. Conventional pesticide usage has limitations, necessitating the development of sustainable pest management strategies. This study focuses on the expression, purification, and functional characterization of Oryzacystatin II (OC-II), a protein derived from O. sativaL. Indica rice, with the intent to evaluate its potential as a bioinsecticide against rice pests. The OC-II gene was expressed and purified, and purification confirmed its molecular weight (∼12 kDa) and protein sequence through LC-MS/MS analysis and Western blotting. The IC50 value of OC-II was calculated as 0.06 μM, and the inhibition was identified as a competitive inhibition. The protein exhibited efficient control of both pests at the nymph and adult stages, with lower probing marks observed on treated plants. The inhibition of cathepsin B enzyme activity in insects further confirmed the bioactivity of the OC-II protein. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into the interaction between the OC-II protein and cathepsin enzymes reported in BPH and WBPH. Further investigations can focus on optimizing production methods and exploring the specificity and efficacy of the OC-II protein against other crop pests to enhance its practical applications.

Transcriptomic analysis of the antibacterial mechanism of ε-polylysine-functionalized magnetic composites against Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris and its application in apple juice.

Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris is a common microorganism in fruit juice. It can produce off-odor metabolites and has been considered to be an important factor in juice contamination. Thus, the development of new strategy for the control of A. acidoterrestris has important practical significance. The primary objective of this work was to assess the antibacterial performance of ε-polylysine-functionalized magnetic composites (Fe3O4@MoS2@PAA-EPL) in apple juice and its effect on juice quality. Moreover, the molecular mechanism of Fe3O4@MoS2@PAA-EPL against A. acidoterrestris was explored by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Experimental results indicated that the synthesized composites possessed the ability to inhibit the viability of A. acidoterrestris vegetative cells and spores. Besides, investigation on the quality of apple juice incubated with Fe3O4@MoS2@PAA-EPL implied that the fabricated composites displayed negligible adverse effects on juice quality. In addition, the results of RNA-Seq demonstrated that 833 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in Fe3O4@MoS2@PAA-EPL-treated A. acidoterrestris, which were associated with translation, energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, membrane transport and cell integrity. These results suggested that the treatment of Fe3O4@MoS2@PAA-EPL disrupted energy metabolism, repressed cell wall synthesis and caused membrane transport disorder of bacterial cells. This work provides novel insights into the molecular antibacterial mechanism for ε-polylysine-functionalized magnetic composites against A. acidoterrestris. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Immunity in digestive diseases: new drugs for inflammatory bowel disease treatment-insights from Phase II and III trials.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), continues to challenge treatment paradigms. Advancements in therapeutic options have been have been driven by Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials of new drug classes, particularly sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) modulators and interleukin-23 (IL-23) inhibitors. This review synthesizes findings from Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials conducted up to early 2024, focusing on the impact of S1P modulators and IL-23 inhibitors on IBD management. Drugs such as ozanimod, etrasimod, risankizumab, mirikizumab, guselkumab, and brasikumab were evaluated for their efficacy and safety profiles. S1P modulators, such as ozanimod and etrasimod, effectively regulate immune cell trafficking to reduce inflammation and several trials highlight their clinical effectiveness in both inducing and maintaining remission in IBD, highlighting its long-term safety and sustained therapeutic effects. Additionally, IL-23 inhibitors including risankizumab, mirikizumab, and guselkumab, which disrupt key inflammatory cytokine pathways, have already shown significant effectiveness in inducing and maintaining remission in both CD and UC, with favorable safety profiles across multiple studies, suggesting their potential as critical components in managing IBD. The clinical trials indicate that both S1P modulators and IL-23 inhibitors offer promising therapeutic benefits and maintain strong safety profiles, positioning them as potential cornerstone treatments for IBD. Despite these advancements, further exploration into long-term safety and the development of personalized treatment strategies is essential for maximizing clinical outcomes.

Derivation of two iPSC lines (KAIMRCi004-A, KAIMRCi004-B) from a Saudi patient with Biotin-Thiamine-responsive Basal Ganglia Disease (BTBGD) carrying homozygous pathogenic missense variant in theSCL19A3gene.

The neurometabolic disorder known as biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease (BTBGD) is a rare autosomal recessive condition linked to bi-allelic pathogenic mutations in the SLC19A3 gene. BTBGD is characterized by progressive encephalopathy, confusion, seizures, dysarthria, dystonia, and severe disabilities. Diagnosis is difficult due to the disease's rare nature and diverse clinical characteristics. The primary treatment for BTBGD at this time is thiamine and biotin supplementation, while its long-term effectiveness is still being investigated. In this study, we have generated two clones of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a 10-year-old female BTBGD patient carrying a homozygous mutation for the pathogenic variant in exon 5 of the SLC19A3 gene, c.1264A > G (p.Thr422Ala). We have confirmed the pluripotency of the generated iPS lines and successfully differentiated them to neural progenitors. Because our understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations in BTBGD is limited, the establishment of BTBGD-iPSC lines with a homozygous SLC19A3 mutation provides a valuable cellular model to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying SLC19A3-associated cellular dysfunction. This model holds potential for advancing the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

A Facile Approach to Construct NovelPolyesters as Soft Midblock for Thermoplastic Elastomers.

The development of innovative synthetic strategies to create functional polycaprolactones is highly demanded for advanced material applications. In this contribution, we reported a facile synthetic strategy to prepare a class of CL-based monomers (R-TO) derived from epoxides. They readily polymerize via well-controlled ring-opening polymerization (ROP) to afford a series of polyesters P(R-TO) with high molecular weight (Mn up to 350 kDa). Sequential addition copolymerization of MTO and L-lactide (L-LA) allowed to access of a series of ABA triblock copolymers with composition-dependent mechanical properties. Notably, P(L-LA)100-b-P(MTO)500-b-P(L-LA)100 containing the amorphous P(MTO) segment as a soft midblock and crystalline P(L-LA) domain as hard end block behaved as an excellent thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) with high elongation at break (1438 ± 204%), tensile strength (23.5 ± 1.7 MPa), and outstanding elastic recovery (>88%).

The emergent community of esports fans in Japan: an analysis of motivations and preferences

ABSTRACT Purpose/Rationale This study examines esports players’ and viewers’ motivations in Japan to inform market segmentation and strategy for industry stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach Employing purposive sampling, data from 500 Japanese esports participants were collected through an online survey including behavioural, motivational, and demographic factors. Cluster analysis was applied to identify distinct groups. Findings Results revealed three unique clusters each for players (all-rounder players, immersive fun seekers, and skill-based players) and viewers (casual viewers, entertainment-excitement seekers and skill appreciation seekers), with each exhibiting distinct motivations and preferences. Socio-economic factors did not significantly differentiate clusters, but fan behavioural patterns were useful in characterising them. Practical Implications Our study provides insights into Japan’s market preferences for console gaming and skill development and guides stakeholders in targeted strategy development for market engagement and growth. Research Contribution By applying the Uses and Gratifications theory within the Japanese context, this study enhances esports online community research by revealing distinct segment characteristics in a culturally unique setting and enriches esports interaction understanding. Originality/value This study sheds light on the motivations and preferences of esports players and viewers in Japan’s emerging market, offering valuable insights for stakeholders to better understand and engage their audience.

Ethical underpinnings and social work: a case study on the role of Buddhist compassion in Cambodian sustainable development

ABSTRACT This preliminary study explores the role of Buddhist compassion-based practices within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework focusing on a Theravada Buddhist Pagoda in Siem Reap Cambodia. Employing a grounded theory approach within a triangulated methodology, data was analyzed from over 30 participant observations and 12 in-depth interviews with local religious leaders, non-governmental organization (NGO) leaders and, community members. Findings suggest that Buddhist ethical principles significantly impact Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to Good Health and Well-being (SDG 3), Quality Education (SDG 4), Reduced Inequalities (SDG 10), and Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions (SDG 16), notably improving community health and educational outcomes. The study examines the complex interactions between Buddhist practices, sustainable development, geopolitical challenges, and educational and social welfare in monasteries illustrating their integration into Cambodia’s socio-political context. The Cambodian political system, characterized by its constitutional monarchy and single-party dominance, directly influences the integration of religious practices into public policy highlighting the intersection of politics and religion in shaping development outcomes. Additionally, this study highlights the challenges of aligning donor expectations with authentic compassionate actions and stresses the need for integrity and authenticity in humanitarian efforts. The integration of Buddhist compassion into development strategies fosters inclusive community development and enriches the global dialogue on sustainable development suggesting a culturally coherent and geopolitically informed approach. This preliminary research highlights the influence of religious ethics in shaping development strategies in the “Global South” and recommends further investigation into their applicability across other regions facing similar challenges.

A long-term stable cold-chain-friendly HIV mRNA vaccine encoding multi-epitope viral protease cleavage site immunogens inducing immunogen-specific protective T cell immunity.

The lack of success in clinical trials for HIV vaccines highlights the need to explore novel strategies for vaccine development. Research on highly exposed seronegative (HESN) HIV-resistant Kenyan female sex workers revealed naturally protective immunity is correlated with a focused immune response mediated by virus-specific CD8 T cells. Further studies indicated that the immune response is unconventionally focused on highly conserved sequences around HIV viral protease cleavage sites (VPCS). Thus, taking an unconventional approach to HIV vaccine development, we designed lipid nanoparticles loaded with mRNA that encodes multi-epitopes of VPCS (MEVPCS-mRNA LNP), a strategic design to boost antigen presentation by dendritic cells, promoting effective cellular immunity. Furthermore, we developed a novel cold-chain compatible mRNA LNP formulation, ensuring long-term stability and compatibility with cold-chain storage/transport, widening accessibility of mRNA LNP vaccine in low-income countries. The in-vivo mouse study demonstrated that the vaccinated group generated VPCS-specific CD8 memory T cells, both systemically and at mucosal sites of viral entry. The MEVPCS-mRNA LNP vaccine-induced CD8 T cell immunity closely resembled that of the HESN group and displayed a polyfunctional profile. Notably, it induced minimal to no activation of CD4 T cells. This proof-of-concept study underscores the potential of the MEVPCS-mRNA LNP vaccine in eliciting CD8 T cell memory specific to the highly conserved multiple VPCS, consequently having a broad coverage in human populations and limiting viral escape mutation. The MEVPCS-mRNA LNP vaccine holds promise as a candidate for an effective prophylactic HIV vaccine.

The Holocene to Modern Fraser River Delta, Canada: Geological History, Processes, Deposits, Natural Hazards, and Coastal Management

The Fraser River Delta (FRD) is a large sedimentary system and home to Metro Vancouver, situated within the unceded territories of several First Nations. This review provides an overview of the geological evolution of the FRD, connecting hydrodynamic processes with sedimentary deposits across its diverse environments, from the river to the delta slope. The study emphasizes the implications of sedimentation and delta evolution for natural hazards and coastal/delta management, pinpointing knowledge gaps. Comprising four main zones – river, delta plain, tidal flats, and delta slope – the FRD is subject to several natural hazards including subsidence, flooding, earthquakes, liquefaction, and tsunamis. The delta plain, bordering the Fraser River’s distributary channels, hosts tidal marshes and flats, including both active and abandoned areas. Active tidal flats like Roberts Bank and Sturgeon Bank receive sediment directly from the Fraser River, while abandoned tidal flats, like those at Boundary Bay and Mud Bay, no longer receive sediment. The tidal flats transition into the delta slope, characterized by sand in the south and mud in the north of the Main Channel. The FRD's susceptibility to hazards necessitates protective measures, with approximately 250 km of dykes shielding the delta plain from river floods and storm surges. Subsidence amplifies the impact of rising sea levels. Earthquakes in the region can induce tsunamis, submarine slope failures, and liquefaction of delta sediments, emphasizing the importance of incorporating sedimentation patterns and delta evolution into management strategies for sustainable urban development, habitat restoration, and coastal defence initiatives.

The causal relationship between human brain morphometry and knee osteoarthritis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundKnee Osteoarthritis (KOA) is a prevalent and debilitating condition affecting millions worldwide, yet its underlying etiology remains poorly understood. Recent advances in neuroimaging and genetic methodologies offer new avenues to explore the potential neuropsychological contributions to KOA. This study aims to investigate the causal relationships between brain-wide morphometric variations and KOA using a genetic epidemiology approach.MethodLeveraging data from 36,778 UK Biobank participants for human brain morphometry and 487,411 UK Biobank participants for KOA, this research employed a two-sample Mendelian Randomization (TSMR) approach to explore the causal effects of 83 brain-wide volumes on KOA. The primary method of analysis was the Inverse Variance Weighted (IVW) and Wald Ratio (WR) method, complemented by MR Egger and IVW methods for heterogeneity and pleiotropy assessments. A significance threshold of p &amp;lt; 0.05 was set to determine causality. The analysis results were assessed for heterogeneity using the MR Egger and IVW methods. Brain-wide volumes with Q_pval &amp;lt; 0.05 were considered indicative of heterogeneity. The MR Egger method was employed to evaluate the pleiotropy of the analysis results, with brain-wide volumes having a p-value &amp;lt; 0.05 considered suggestive of pleiotropy.ResultsOur findings revealed significant causal associations between KOA and eight brain-wide volumes: Left parahippocampal volume, Right posterior cingulate volume, Left transverse temporal volume, Left caudal anterior cingulate volume, Right paracentral volume, Left paracentral volume, Right lateral orbitofrontal volume, and Left superior temporal volume. These associations remained robust after tests for heterogeneity and pleiotropy, underscoring their potential role in the pathogenesis of KOA.ConclusionThis study provides novel evidence of the causal relationships between specific brain morphometries and KOA, suggesting that neuroanatomical variations might contribute to the risk and development of KOA. These findings pave the way for further research into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying KOA and may eventually lead to the development of new intervention strategies targeting these neuropsychological pathways.

Development of a novel 3D perfusable vascular graft model to elucidate the mechanisms for congenital heart disorders.

Pediatric heart transplantation is hampered by a chronic shortage of donor organs. This problem is further confounded by graft rejection. Identification of earlier indicators of pediatric graft rejection and development of subsequent strategies to counteract these effects will increase the longevity of transplanted pediatric hearts. Heart transplant reject is due to a complex series of events, resulting in CAV, which is thought to be mediated through a host immune response. However, the earlier events leading to CAV are not very well known. We hypothesize that early events related to ischemia reperfusion injury during pediatric heart transplantation are responsible for CAV and subsequent graft rejection. Identification of the molecular markers of ischemia reperfusion injury and development of subsequent therapies to block these pathways can potentially lead to a therapeutic strategy to reduce CAV and increase the longevity of the transplanted heart. To accomplish this goal, we have developed a perfusable vascular graft model populated with endothelial cells and demonstrated the feasibility of this model to understand the early events of ischemia reperfusion injury.

Methodological Aspects of Elaborating Marketing Strategy of Innovation Bank Products and Services

Today the key factor of influencing banking sector is the development of information systems and overall strategy of economy digitalization as its consequence. On today’s competitive banking market we can observe the necessity to elaborate and promote approaches to banking product and service marketing that are meant to provide finance stability of banking business and orientation of marketing innovation bank functioning not only to their opportunities but also to market needs. In spite of a big number of publications dealing with this issue, academic research should be developed further. In research by Russian scientists there are actually no developments dealing with the problem of finding structural components for elaborating marketing strategy of banking products and services. Insufficient attention was paid to approaches of defining the essence of banking product and service marketing. The problem of assessing the level of the impact of banking innovation marketing on competitive positions and finance stability of banks has not been settled yet. The article showed components necessary to elaborate strategy of banking product and service marketing, among which the author underlined their characteristics depending on the model of commercialization, sub-system of their implementation process and interconnection between the chosen marketing strategy and classification features of banking innovation. The author designed a structural and logical scheme of elaborating strategy of baking product and servicer marketing and formulated its definition.