Conflict Strategies Research Articles

The Effect of Cognitive Conflict Strategy on Improving Understanding of Students' Physics Concepts Reviewing from Cognitive Style

This study aims to determine the extent of the influence of cognitive conflict strategies on students' conceptual understanding in terms of cognitive style. This research is a quasi-experimental with one group pretest-posttest design. The sample used in the research consisted of 28 students who were studying at one of the universities in the city of Mataram. There are two main instruments used in this study, (1) the concept understanding test and (2) the Group Embedded Figure Test (GEFT). Concept understanding tests are given before and after treatment, while GEFT is only before treatment. The test result data was then analyzed using the N-Gain calculation. The results of data analysis showed that the average creativity of physics teacher candidates increased in the moderate category (N-Gain = 0.52). Students who have FD (filed dependence) cognitive style get a higher average N-gain score (N-Gain = 0.57) when compared to students who have FI (filed independence) learning style (N-Gain = 0.48). Based on the results of the effect size calculation, it shows that the effect of differences in cognitive style on increasing students' conceptual understanding is in the medium category.

Wargames Resurgent: The Hyperrealities of Military Gaming from Recruitment to Rehabilitation

Abstract While games are commonly viewed as frivolous fun, their rapid proliferation across the US defense establishment compels us to think again. Spanning spheres as diverse as total immersion training, near-peer/cyber conflict, and future force strategies, a gaming renaissance is currently underway across the US military. Surprisingly, given international relations’ (IR) interest in the production and projection of military power, the discipline has neglected to engage with this revival. This article argues that hyperreal games—that is, games that produce realities—play an increasingly important role in the attraction, production, management, and recovery of warfighters. Drawing upon one hundred hours of interviews undertaken with US military games designers, trainers, trainees, and veterans between 2017 and 2019, the article documents first-hand experiences of hyperreal gaming in warfighter recruitment, training, deployment, and rehabilitation. The core argument developed is that unlike simulations, which model scenarios, games are productive of people, values, and identity. If it is to understand games’ use as a tool of warfighter subjectification, the article argues, IR must renew its focus on military gaming disaggregated from the broader hyperrealities of modeling, simulation, and exercises with which it has hitherto been conflated.

Study on the Cross-cultural Conflict Phenomenon and Coping strategies in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake

In recent years, with the in-depth development of globalization, the cross-cultural communication between the East 
 and the West is increasing. However, the differences in cultural background and historical tradition between the East and the West 
 lead to the great differences in social values, thinking patterns and behavior norms between the East and the West, which leads to 
 the emergence of cultural conflicts in cross-cultural communication and brings adverse effects on cross-cultural communication 
 activities. Therefore, in this study, the author analyzes the cultural works of The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri, and analyzes the 
 cross-cultural conflicts. Finally, by analyzing the phenomenon of cross-cultural conflict and coping strategies, the paper concludes 
 that only by strengthening communication and cooperation on the basis of seeking common ground while reserving differences can 
 the East and the West effectively avoid the phenomenon of cultural conflict in cross-cultural communication.

Religious Conflict and Islamic Strategies of Peacebuilding in Indonesia

<p align="left">Religious conflict is not only a matter of religion, but also a matter of human life who wants peace in life. By understanding the Islamic strategy in building peace in Indonesia, we can find conflict resolution that must be developed in life. This study argues that conflict and Islam’s strategy in building peace is a study of conflict resolution in overcoming violence and truth claims in religion. Thus, this study formulates the question of how religious conflict and Islamic strategies of peace building in Indonesia are? This study uses the library research to find sources of conflict and Islamic strategies in building peace in Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that conflict and Islamic strategies in building peace provide an overview: (1) the conflict has become a public debate about truth claims and religious violence; (2) religious culture and moderation are the strategy of Islam in building peace in Indonesia. The findings of this study indicate that conflict and Islamic strategies in building peace as conflict resolution exist in Indonesia.</p>

The three–way interactions of gender, supervisor’s gender, and country on the strategies for managing conflict of millennials: an exploratory study in 10 countries

PurposeThis field study aims to investigate the interactive relationships of millennial employee’s gender, supervisor’s gender and country culture on the conflict-management strategies (CMS) in ten countries (USA, China, Turkey, Germany, Bangladesh, Portugal, Pakistan, Italy, Thailand and Hong Kong).Design/methodology/approachThis exploratory study extends past research by examining the interactive effects of gender × supervisor’s gender × country on the CMS within a single generation of workers, millennials. The Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory–II, Form A was used to assess the use of the five CMS (integrating, obliging, dominating, avoiding and compromising). Data analysis found CMS used in the workplace are associated with the interaction of worker and supervisor genders and the national context of their work.FindingsData analysis (N = 2,801) was performed using the multivariate analysis of covariance with work experience as a covariate. The analysis provided support for the three-way interaction. This interaction suggests how one uses the CMS depends on self-gender, supervisor’s gender and the country where the parties live. Also, the covariate – work experience – was significantly associated with CMS.Research limitations/implicationsOne of the limitations of this study is that the authors collected data from a collegiate sample of employed management students in ten countries. There are significant implications for leading global teams and training programs for mid-level millennials.Practical implicationsThere are various conflict situations where one conflict strategy may be more appropriate than others. Organizations may have to change their policies for recruiting employees who are more effective in conflict management.Social implicationsConflict management is not only important for managers but it is also important for all human beings. Individuals handle conflict every day and it would be really good if they could handle it effectively and improve their gains.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study has tested a three-way interaction of variables on CMS. This study has a wealth of information on CMS for global managers.

Concealment, coexistence, and citizenship: (Post-)conflict strategies of survival and inclusion in Sacsamarca, Peru

What happens when the memory duty—the idea that remembrance leads to prevention, redemption, and recognition—intersects with a contentious past of violence between “intimate enemies”? This article turns to the microhistory of a small highland town that became a scenery of both collaboration and resistance during the insurgency of the Maoist rebels of Shining Path in Peru (1980–2000) to answer this question. An analysis of the (post-)conflict strategies deployed by the villagers reveals processes of both appropriation and contestation of the memory duty. On the one hand, the heroic narrative of resistance against Shining Path that dominates public remembrance in Sacsamarca serves to demand recognition by the Peruvian state for the community’s role in opposing the Maoist revolutionaries. On the other, putting emphasis on resistance enables the villagers to downplay their initial support for Shining Path, a necessary precondition for claiming reparations and citizenship as well as for maintaining a tense coexistence between community members.

Spatio–temporal pattern of human leopard conflict and mitigation strategy in Baitadi district, mid–hills of Nepal

Human–wildlife conflict is increasing globally, particularly in the areas, where wildlife and humans coexist and share resources. Large mammalian predators such as common leopards not only kill livestock but they are also killing humans. Baitadi is among the top ranked districts in Nepal in terms of number of human common leopard conflict events in last 10 years. The fieldwork for this study was carried out between January and June 2020 in the villages of Bishalpur, Udayadev, Pancheshor and Aamchaura of Baitadi district. Field observation, questionnaire survey, key informant interview and literature review were used for the data collection. Our study found that common leopards killed 23 and injured eight people between 2011 and 2019 in the district. In retaliation, people killed 26 common leopards in the same period, which must have spelt disaster for these rare cats. Despite the increasing number of conflict events, the local people, in general, were found to have positive attitude towards wildlife conservation. Therefore, improved prey species management, awareness raising among the local people and detailed study on habitat assessment, population status of leopards and their prey species are the urgent needs for the mitigation of human common leopard conflict in the district.

Analysis of the Categories and Strategies of Cross-cultural Conflicts in the operating process of Chinese Multinational Enterprises in the United States

This paper with its focus on Chinese Multinational enterprises operating in the United States has a threefold contribution to the existing literature. First, it summarizes the salient features of the ‘Double Circulation"strategy. Part of it means Chinese enterprises “Going-out” by buying into firms and businesses abroad and by encouraging foreign investment (“Bringing-in”). Second, attention is drawn to importance of understanding the nature and scope of the cultural conflicts that can arise in the trans-cultural organizations that now have to operate in a new and different work culture and work place culture. Third, a typology of cultural dimensions to management are discussed to give the reader a better appreciation of the complexity faced by both Chinese multinational enterprises and the workers who are the subject of a ‘take-over’. By analyzing the cultural differences between China and the United States and the cultural conflicts caused by the trans-cultural organizations, this paper proposes a solution to the cross-cultural communication and management of Chinese multinational companies investing in the United States.

How civilian attitudes respond to the state’s violence: Lessons from the Israel–Gaza conflict

States, in their conflicts with militant groups embedded in civilian populations, often resort to policies of collective punishment to erode civilian support for the militants. We attempt to evaluate the efficacy of such policies in the context of the Gaza Strip, where Israel's blockade and military interventions, purportedly intended to erode support for Hamas, have inflicted hardship on the civilian population. We combine Palestinian public opinion data, Palestinian labor force surveys, and Palestinian fatalities data, to understand the relationship between exposure to Israeli policies and Palestinian support for militant factions. Our baseline strategy is a difference-in-differences specification that compares the gap in public opinion between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank during periods of intense punishment with the gap during periods when punishment is eased. Consistent with previous research, we find that Palestinian fatalities are associated with Palestinian support for more militant political factions. The effect is short-lived, however, dissipating after merely one quarter. Moreover, the blockade of Gaza itself appears to be only weakly associated with support for militant factions. Overall, we find little evidence to suggest that Israeli security policies toward the Gaza Strip have any substantial lasting effect on Gazan support for militant factions, neither deterring nor provoking them relative to their West Bank counterparts. Our findings therefore call into question the logic of Israel's continued security policies toward Gaza, while prompting a wider re-examination of the efficacy of deterrence strategies in other asymmetric conflicts.

Collision Avoidance Strategy for Multivehicle Conflict on Common Rail

With the rapid expansion and application of bright logistics technology in the field of metallurgical production, in recent years, a type of intermediate granary storage and transportation system, signified by multiple child-parent rail car system, has gradually looked in steel plants, which effectively solves the drawbacks of crane craning in the intermediate warehouse area and improves the transportation competence of shop-level logistics. However, there are not many studies on conflict avoidance strategies for such multivehicle cooperative common rail transportation system in order to improve the ability of conflict detection and active avoidance in operation of such multivehicle transportation system. This paper draws on and improves the banker antideadlock conflict detection algorithm widely used in computer process management to detect conflicts in multivehicle on common rail system and effectively evades collision conflicts detected in the system by combining dynamic priority transfer with multiobjective time window offset. Finally, the validity of the improved banker algorithm conflict detection and priority transfer time window adjustment collision avoidance strategy is confirmed through an example analysis and comparison, providing a security guarantee for the efficient and intelligent operation of such common rail multivehicle logistics system, particularly for the exploration of the logistics common rail multivehicle collision avoidance strategy in metallurgical heavy-duty workshop.

The Intergenerational Conflict in Lisa See’s Shanghai Girls: Second Generation Experiences

This study explores the intergeneration conflict and acculturation strategies of the second-generation Chinese American in Lisa See’s Shanghai Girls. The novel depicts Pearl and May’s experiences moving to America due to the Sino-Japanese war in China and facing the cultural conflict of choosing the Chinese or American culture. Therefore, the study uses the sociological approach by employing Hofstede’s cultural dimension and Sam and Berry’s acculturation model to examine the sociocultural experiences of Pearl and May. The result is that the conflict between the first and second generations is based on power distance, masculinity and femininity; individualism and collectivism; and the short and long term. As the result of the conflict, Pearl integrates two cultures on the dimension of power distance and short and long term, while May assimilates more into American culture. Those different strategies also imply the different reception experienced by Pearl and May while socializing within both the Chinese and American cultures.

Городские конфликты: стратегии борьбы акторов конфликта

The present research featured the concept of conflict. The authors defined and classified urban conflicts, as well as the strategies chosen by their main actors, i.e. state and municipal authorities, business structures, and urban communities. The article introduces three cases of urban conflicts that happened in the Yaroslavl region in 2020–2021 and were triggered by such events as the transport reform, the "We Decide Together!" public vote, and the new master plan for the historical town of Pereslavl-Zalessky. The analysis focused on the main actors, i.e. their interaction, interests, strategies, patterns of action, key methods, and tools. The authors particularly stressed the importance of protests and digital tools. The analysis revealed two main strategies of urban conflicts: administrative-legal and informational-organizational. The dialogue between the conflict parties proved to be the most effective strategy. The article also contains some recommendations, e.g. collective appeals, information campaigns, etc.

Factor Analysis Affecting the Implementation of the Generative Learning Model with a Cognitive Conflict Strategy in the Computational Physics Course during the COVID-19 Pandemic Era

This study aimed to analyze the factor model affecting the implementation of the Generative Learning Model with a Cognitive Conflict Strategy in the Computational Physics Course during the COVID-19 pandemic era. This study used quantitative descriptive data. The research respondents were 105 Physics study program students who took the Computational Physics course for the 2020/2021 academic year. A questionnaire with the Likert Scale used for the survey has been tested for validity by experts and limited tryout. The questionnaire used has high validity and reliability. Data were used for modeling structural equations through Exploration Factor Analysis (EFA). EFA results were used to determine the level of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to obtain a complete Structural Equation Modeling. The results show that dynamic interactions and interdependent correlations are formed between variables that affect the implementation of Computational Physics learning. After analyzing the 20 (twenty) variables, it was formed 5 (five) factors affecting the implementation of the Generative Learning Model with a Cognitive Conflict Strategy in the Computational Physics Course. The five influencing factors are 1) the learning syntax and teaching materials used (x1); 2) the activity of expressing ideas (disclosure) and model practice (x2); 3) learning styles and creative thinking (x3); 4) Attitudes and final target score of learning (x4); 5) attitude towards learning materials and learning methods (x5). The five factors produce a model F = 0.366 x1 + 0.161 x2 + 0. 959 x3 + 0.682 x4 + 0. 549 x5.

The role of intimate partner violence and relationship satisfaction in couples' interpersonal emotional arousal.

To inform interpersonal models of intimate partner violence (IPV), the present study examines patterns of vocally encoded emotional arousal during the conversations of mixed-gender couples who reported on the extent of physical and psychological IPV and degree of relationship satisfaction (N = 149). All couples completed two problem-solving discussions. Emotional arousal was measured continuously during each conversation using vocal fundamental frequency. Contrary to expectations, results demonstrated that trajectories of arousal differed based on gender, IPV, and relationship satisfaction. Within conversations, men demonstrated linear increases in arousal at higher levels of IPV, suggesting that men may either struggle to contain their emotions or use heightened emotional expression as a conflict strategy in relationships with more extensive IPV. Conversely, women exhibited different trajectories of arousal depending on the combinations of relationship satisfaction and couple IPV, except at higher levels of their own satisfaction. Specifically, when women reported being highly satisfied in their relationships, they demonstrated similarly shaped trajectories across all levels of IPV and men's satisfaction. Together, this suggests that women's higher relationship satisfaction may buffer their emotional expression, although this may not always be adaptive within the context of relationships with extensive IPV. Overall, this study offers insight into the dynamic interpersonal processes linked with relationship distress and IPV and implies the need for a more nuanced, interpersonal research agenda for IPV research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

THE COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES OF MANIPULATING AND LANGUAGE AGGRESSION IN NEDA NEZHDANA’S PLAYS

Abstract
 Background. The study of communicative strategies involves their classification. We acknowledge that today there is no universally accepted typology of strategies, which is motivated by the dynamics and flexibility of strategies, as well as by their dependence on the discursive context and the communicative actions of the speakers. The most recognizable is the classification of strategies according to the method of interaction into non-conflict and confrontational ones. The confrontational dramatic dialogue represents the communication between the characters, which are negatively attuned to each other, which causes negative communicative reactions in the conversation. In such dialogues, communicative strategies demonstrate the mood of the speaker against the listener and are focused on the active pursuit of the own purposes without taking into account the interests of the partner.
 Purpose. This scientific article aims to analyze the conflict strategies of manipulation and communicative aggression of the characters of modern Ukrainian plays, and also the determination of the specific tactics, which are used in the strategies of manipulation and communicative aggression based on the dramatic Neda Nezhdana’s compositions. 
 Methods. The following linguistic methods are used in this scientific article: descriptive method, which helped to identify linguistic features of conflict communication in dramatic texts; contextual-interpretation method, which helped to identify communicative strategies as well as imaginative deviations of the communicative code in the character interaction; the method of quantitative calculations – to test the productivity of these or those strategies of communicative actors’ parts.
 Results. The organizational structure of confrontational communication is characterized by unbalanced communicative intents of the communicants, the presence of negative communicants’ tone of the speech, verbalization of negative intents concerning the subject of the communication or personal features of the communicative partner, the absence of an effective result of the communication. The strategy of manipulation is realized in the tactics of shame, threatening, rejection, irritation, pressure, demands, which are aimed at capturing the communicative space to impose their interests on the partners. The manipulative strategy often combines tactics of obedience and persuasion. The strategy of communicative aggression involves the use of tactics of imagery, irony, criticism, abuse, provocation to realize a negative assessment of the addressee and to lower the level of his or her self-esteem. Among the nuclear tactics, we can identify shame, disgrace, threat, and abuse. The implementation of strategies of manipulation and verbal aggression violates the principle of consideration, which is the basis of the code of communicative behavior. More often confrontational tactics violate the maxim of sympathy, embracing, consideration, modesty, which leads to the destruction of positive and negative appearance of the communicant. The strategy of verbal aggression threatens the positive image; the strategy of manipulation negatively influences the negative image.
 Discussion. In the analyzed Neda Nezhdanova’s articles the strategies of manipulation and communicative aggression, expressed by various tactics, are aimed at violating the code of communicative behavior, which, in its turn, causes confrontations and hinders the successful communication. The prospect of further investigations is seen in the comparative analysis of the confrontational strategies used by men and women in dramatic dialogues of the modern Ukrainian plays.

Effect of Cognitive Conflict Strategies on Students' Cognitive Learning Outcomes

An important aspect of learning outcomes at all levels of education is cognitive learning outcomes, and to achieve optimal cognitive learning outcomes, multi-method intervention is needed. This study aims to determine the effect of using cognitive conflict strategies on students' cognitive learning outcomes. Experimental research with one group pretest-posttest design was conducted in this study. A total of thirty-five students as the research sample, sample came from one of the high schools in West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. Cognitive conflict strategies are conducted in the material of continuous straight motion and uniformly changing straight motion. Measurement of cognitive learning outcomes using a test instrument (essay test) as many as six test items that accommodate cognitive level 1 (C1) to 6 (C6) and these are given to students as pretest and posttest. Descriptively, the results showed that cognitive learning outcomes increased after learning using cognitive conflict strategies (mean: 3. 4803) significantly (p: 0.000) with an n-gain of 0.74 in the high category. These results imply that cognitive conflict strategies are effective for improving students' cognitive learning outcomes

Legal, but Lethal: The Law of Armed Conflict and US Nuclear Strategy

Legal, but Lethal: The Law of Armed Conflict and US Nuclear Strategy

Conflict and Integration Strategies in the "Connected History” of Eurasia: The Problem of Correlation

Conflict and Integration Strategies in the "Connected History” of Eurasia: The Problem of Correlation

Identifying the Major Causes of Interpersonal Conflicts of Teachers and Managing Strategies of Conflicts at Secondary Schools in Rawalpindi

Identifying the Major Causes of Interpersonal Conflicts of Teachers and Managing Strategies of Conflicts at Secondary Schools in Rawalpindi

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE WARSAW TREATY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL DEFENSE INDUSTRY

The historical moments of the end of the Second World War have generated a very complex European security environment on the international geopolitical scene. The Cold War had begun, the Iron Curtain Restrictions System had been established, and in 1949 the Washington Treaty was signed, forming the North Atlantic Alliance (NATO), a military system with the mission of ensuring security on the European continent. In 1955, at the initiative of the USSR, the European communist states concluded the Warsaw Pact, officially called the Warsaw Pact or the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance. It was, in fact, also a military alliance formed in response to the North Atlantic Alliance, out of a desire to defend against possible threats or attacks from the NATO system. This article is a study of this period, in which we will give an important place to the analysis of the implications of the Warsaw Pact in the development of the national economic environment, especially of the national defense industry. Despite the unprecedented achievements in the production and export of weapons and ammunition systems, the stability of the Eastern European security environment has been severely affected by the pursuit of undemocratic strategies by Russian state actors, expressed through threats and actions of energy blackmail, intensification of cross-border tensions, attempts to strain relations between states, maintain border conflicts (even between treaty states), as well as annexation of territories using armed force and the strategy of persistent conflict. Such aspects have intensified after the events of the early 1990s, following the abolition of the Warsaw Pact and the dissolution of the Soviet Empire.