Strategic Process Research Articles

Experiences and Expectations: Drivers of Urban Tourist Destination Competitiveness

Research Question: This paper investigates into how the relationship between the perceived quality of tourists’ experiences and their expectations of the well-reputed urban tourist destinations affect its competitiveness. Motivation: Most of the published research in this field focuses on a general approach to the competitiveness, while the effect of the individual dimensions of tourist destination attractiveness, especially in case of urban tourist destinations, is still insufficiently explored. This study provides insights and recommendations for destination management that would result in a more effective management of urban tourist destinations and, consequently, increase competitiveness of the destination. Idea: The main idea of this study is to empirically evaluate the relationship between the perceived quality of tourists’ experiences and their expectations from urban tourist destinations, and to identify the most important dimensions of tourist destination attractiveness, taking into consideration different motivational factors. Based on the obtained results, it is possible to give recommendations that can contribute to increasing tourists’ satisfaction and competitiveness of the urban tourist destination. Data: The study was conducted on a sample of 312 respondents from Belgrade, a large outbound tourist centre, who met the pre-established set of criteria. Computer-aided web interviewing (CAWI) was used for data collection. Tools: The study was conducted using the Pearson correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between the perceived quality of experiences and expectations, and the SERVQUAL model for measuring quality of dimensions of tourist destination attractiveness by evaluating the differences between perceived quality and expectations, and descriptive statistics. Findings: Traditional understanding of tourists’ satisfaction that leads to tourist destination competitiveness is that the tourists’ expectations must be either met or exceeded. This study showed that tourists’ expectations from certain dimensions of tourist destination attractiveness may be higher than the quality of the experience with them, but tourists would still be satisfied if the perceived quality of their experiences was positive. Moreover, the study has identified three social and one physical dimension of tourist destination attractiveness as the most significant, regardless of tourists’ travel motivation. Contribution: The study contributes to the existing body of literature by introduction of the new data-driven approach to the strategic processes of managing urban tourist destination and its dimensions of tourist destination attractiveness.

An Appreciative Journey to the Formulation of a Business School Credo

This paper narrates how a community outreach initiative to interview local leaders on organizational adaptation to COVID morphed into a systematic reflection on Emirati-expatriate leadership relations in the UAE with an eclectic mix of thinkers serving as guides along the journey. Influenced by Cooperrider’s call for an appreciative inquiry into the tragic as well as the ordinary and extraordinary, a deep dive is undertaken into the following questions:
 
 Why and for whom do Emiratis and expatriates sustain their pursuit of excellence?
 Why and how do Emiratis seek to engage expatriates in this pursuit?
 Why are expatriates initially charmed but often prematurely ‘exit’ as this engagement runs its course?
 Where in some of the stories told about Sheikh Zayed can be found a more life-giving purpose?
 
 The journey eventually returns home by discussing how it influenced the formulation of a philosophy to guide the strategic process in my business school and could be relevant to other academic ‘place shapers’ seeking cross-cultural enrichment.

Research on the Teslas Strengths and Weakness

Today, when new energy is becoming more and more important, environmental protection is the most important issue for people around the world. As we all know, Tesla is a well-known electric vehicle company, ranking first among new energy vehicles in the world. Therefore, this paper will study Musk's Tesla company and use professional methods to analyze Tesla's current real situation. Due to Tesla's huge contribution to global environmental protection, Tesla has a strong representation in the global environmental protection field. This paper will use SWOT method to study the development status of different aspects of Tesla Company. Tesla will be analyzed from the following four aspects, strengths, weakness, Opportunities and Threats. SWOT analysis offers many advantages, it's crucial to remember that it's only a single component of the strategic planning process. For optimal effectiveness, organizations should combine SWOT analysis with other analytical tools and techniques and integrate the results into their overall strategic planning approach." Tesla enjoys a global leadership position in electric vehicles and sustainable energy, which is a significant advantage. However, in order to remain successful, it is critical to improve its semiconductor supply chain management. As the industry evolves, Tesla's innovation and foresight will play a key role in achieving its mission of advancing sustainable energy.

The role of budgeting in the strategic planning process in an enterprise

Purpose of the study: The main purpose of this article is to present the definition, function and course of the budgeting process in an enterprise based on the available literature on the subject. The article also aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of the budgeting process based on available empirical results.
 Methodology: The article was prepared using the method of critical review of the literature in the field of management accounting with a particular focus on items on the budgeting process. In the conducted literature review, academic literature was analyzed, as well as articles and other publications related to the subject matter.
 Main findings: The presentation in the text of the functions and phases of the budgeting process makes it possible to conclude that it is a time-consuming process, heavily involving managers and employees, and that it is necessary to look for an alternative to it.
 Application of the study: The study makes it possible to systematize knowledge in the area of theory related to the budgeting process, its meaning, function and phases. The theoretical content is expanded with the results of empirical studies known in the literature showing the advantages and disadvantages of the process. The research can help in the decision to implement an appropriate planning system in the enterprise.
 Originality/Novelty of the study: The study undertaken shows the space for further analysis of the financial planning system in the enterprise with particular consideration of proposals for new tools that may have practical application.

Russian industry intellectualization development: Strategic approach

The current stage of industrial production digital transformation consists in developing and integrating artificial intelligence technologies. Strategic importance of Russian industry intellectualization requires synchronous involvement of all industries in this process in order to ensure effective and proportional development of the country’s economy. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to develop proposals for coordinated and balanced strategizing in the field of intellectual development of the country’s industry. The subject of the study is the relationship of digitalization processes and the use of intelligent technologies with strategies implementation for developing all industries and the Digital Economy National Program. The hypothesis of the study is based on the problem of low efficiency of implementing existing strategies of sectoral development and production digitalization processes, the causal result of which is inconsistency and imbalance of their development in time due to the lack of common views, common standards, and common space of information and communication interaction. Research objectives are to study statistical materials and practical developments in the field of industry digitalization; to analyze the current strategies for developing industrial sectors up to 2035; to analyze the processes of industry digitalization on the basis of reports on implementing the Industry 4.0 concept, various digital platforms for production dispatching, predictive analytics, etc.; to develop the concept of intelligent industrial development and the mechanism of integrating all participants in the processes of digital transformation, including the state. The authors propose the CBS concept for the development of the strategy of industry intellectualization and the mechanism of integrating subjects of the strategic process in a single space of information and communication interaction for the purposes of systematic linkage of industry development strategies on the basis of end-to-end technologies and artificial intelligence.

Suvremena menadžerska analiza perspektive višestrukih dionika u upravljanju ljudskim resursima

The aim of the paper is to enhance the understanding of strategic human resource management (SHRM) as a concept by identifying the factors that impact its adoption in organizations and the potential outcomes, thus creating a comprehensive framework. This paper has been designed as an integrative literature review that attempts to answer the following research questions: What are the predictors of the adoption of a multi-stakeholder perspective in human resource management and what are the expected outcomes of implementing strategic human resource management in terms of value creation? In addition, the paper aims to answer the following questions: How do strategic changes influence the adoption of the multi-stakeholder perspective in human resource management (or the strategic human resource management processes) and is there a causality between them? To explain the interconnectedness between strategic changes and human resource management, the authors propose a conceptual framework for the multi-stakeholder perspective in human resource management or a new model for strategic human resource management. The proposed conceptual model provides a more comprehensive view of strategic human resource management. The key elements of the proposed strategic human resource management model are the CEO leadership characteristics, including CEO career diversity and CEO willingness to adopt the authentic leadership approach, and the possible consequences of SHRM in achieving higher organizational effectiveness (improved organizational performance). This model also assumes that employee engagement plays a mediating role between strategic human resource management practices and organizational effectiveness. This paper provides an integrative literature review on the adoption of the multi-stakeholder perspective in human resource management and creates a new conceptual framework for strategic human resource management.

Formation of a strategic management system for a shipping company

Proposals for the formation of a strategic management system in a shipping company are outlined. It is presented in the form of a certain organizational structure, between which internal and external connections are established, carried out thanks to appropriate information support. A scheme for the interaction of elements of the system of strategic management of fleet operations is proposed.Strategic management processes are carried out at the center for the adoption and implementation of strategies in accordance with the developed algorithm. At the same time, a set of tasks is considered to justify individual strategies in the modern conditions of shipping companies operating on inland waterways. The most pressing tasks of the strategic management process of a shipping company are the development, adoption and development of strategies for using the fleet for transportation. At the same time, risk factors caused by the probabilistic nature of changes in the level of the depths of the shipping channel are taken into account. The problem was solved using an economic-mathematical model in a parametric formulation.The specific operational conditions of the fleet in the Yenisei basin are considered. The result of its implementation are proposals for the introduction of a rational strategy for using the fleet in given directions of cargo transportation.

The role of organizational culture dimension in business recovery: a post Covid-19 perspective in the hotel industry in Kenya

The study investigated the role played by the dimensions of organizational culture in a strategic management process to help organizations in the hotel industry realize business recovery in a post-COVID-19 period. The conceptualization of the study relied on the strategic thinking lens preceding strategic management processes to situate the role of organizational culture in the strategic management processes undertaken at the strategy formulation phase. The element of organization's mission was argued to be the relevant practice for anchoring culture into the strategy formulation process. Four types of organizational culture were studied in business recovery. Three objectives guided the study focusing on the extent of the adoption of culture types, levels of business recovery attained and the effect of the level of adoption on the level of business recovery attained. A sample of 57 hotels was selected and 189 respondents were drawn from functional units in each of the hotels. The study reports that the level of adoption of the culture is at a high level while the extent of business recovery is at a moderate level of between 20-40% growth. Innovation culture does not have a significant statistical effect while market, customer orientation and adhocracy cultures have a significant statistical effect on the level of business recovery. The study concludes that the relevant cultures were responsible for aligning culture with the strategy formulation phase through the component of the mission of an organization and that the process needs to embrace combined attributes of the underpinning theories of RBV and the organizational culture theory. The study calls on future research to integrate more aspects of strategic thinking and consider using more objective sources of research data.

The Future of Education: Exploring AI Avatars in Higher Learning

This article explores the integration of AI avatars in higher learning, analyzing their potential to revolutionize education. AI avatars, virtual entities equipped with advanced algorithms, personalize learning experiences, enhance student engagement, and address diverse needs. Despite benefits, challenges such as ethical considerations and data privacy exist. Case studies illustrate successful implementations, showcasing the transformative impact. The integration process is outlined systematically, providing a roadmap for institutions. Overall, this exploration reveals the potential of AI avatars to redefine education, creating an adaptive, engaging, and inclusive learning environment. Embracing benefits, addressing challenges, and following a strategic process are key for this transformative future.

Analysis of Strategic Planning Practices and School Performance: Evidence from Public Secondary Schools in Tanzania

Aims: This study sought to analyse the nature of strategic planning practices adopted by public secondary schools in enhancing school performance in Tanzania. Specifically, it determined the extent to which the adopted strategic options in the school management reflect strategic analysis practices; examined the extent to which the adopted strategic options in the school management reflect strategic choice practices; and evaluated the extent to which the adopted strategic options in the school management reflect strategic implementation practices.
 Study Design: The study employed a concurrent triangulation design within the framework of a mixed methods approach.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in two Districts of Mwanza Region namely: Nyamagana and Magu in which data were collected from public secondary schools between August 2022 and January 2023.
 Methodology: The sample size involved a total of 354 respondents including 266 members of the School Management Teams (SMTs), 76 members of the School Governing Boards (SGBs), 10 Ward Education Officers (WEOs) and 2 District Education Officers (DEOs). Research data were collected through questionnaire, interview and documentary review. The quantitative data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics in terms of mean and skewness, while the qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis.
 Results: The results revealed that, the strategic options adopted by public secondary schools in enhancing school performance reflect strategic analysis practices by (22.2%, M=1.27); strategic choice practices by (25.7%, M=1.24); and strategic implementation practices by (55.5%, M=1.94).
 Conclusion: The study concluded that, the nature of strategic planning practices adopted by public secondary schools in enhancing school performance is compatible with the strategic planning process advocated by the Johnson and Scholes model.

Profitability enhancement by digital transformation and canvas digital model on strategic processes in post-Covid-19 in logistics SMEs

The main objective of every Small and Medium Enterprise is to develop the ability to generate profits permanently over time; However, the Covid-19 pandemic significantly affected the global economy, generating an average reduction of 27% in global production and consumption, as well as a reduction in the use of labor, either due to reduced wages or reduction in working hours, which has had an impact on the increase in poverty. It is in this context that SMEs, with the aim of continuing to operate, implemented a strategy to reinvent themselves, which has been based on the greater use of the Internet and digital platforms with the aim of energizing their market or changing their line of business. , will thus develop activities in other areas or new services that did not exist before the moment of this reinvention. In this context, electronic commerce increased in a first stage, promoting the need to develop the so-called ‘last mile’ processes, which is provided most of the time by light logistics companies; However, the lack of agile and rapid implementation methodologies that facilitate the identification and selection of digital technologies appropriate to the processes of SMEs has caused the growth rate of e-commerce sales to decrease, which affects consumption and poverty reduction. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to provide a methodology that allows improving the strategic planning of the organization, adapting the strategy to changes in the environment in an agile and rapid manner, and identifying the resources and actions required that contribute to increasing the productivity through the Digital Canvas Model and Digital Transformation in logistics SMEs in the short term.

Episodic memory during middle childhood: What is developing?

Whereas previous research has concentrated on the emergence of episodic memory during the early years, fewer investigations have explored the details of this development through middle and late childhood. Considerable variation in task demands and testing methodologies have rendered the trajectory of episodic memory during this period unclear, particularly with regard to which elements are in a state of change at which time. This study separately assessed memory for item, location, and temporal order, as well as integrated what–where–when (WWW) information using a WWW memory test (the Treasure Hunt task), with 84 children aged 6 to 12 years. Two versions of the task were used, varying in the degree of retrieval support while keeping encoding constant. Results show that episodic memory continued to develop across this period, with individual item, spatial, temporal, and WWW memory all improving relatively linearly with age. These improvements were underpinned by both the associative binding and strategic control processes. These findings suggest that it is not any one element of episodic memory that is driving development during this period but that all aspects are continuing to mature in parallel.

Interrelation of practices and strategic routines in the performance of university research

Purpose: This study sheds light on the relationship between two perspectives, the strategy-as-practice (SAP) approach and the dynamic aspect of routines. We seek to understand how the interrelationship between practices and routines reflect on university corporate results. Methodology: We conducted a case study in a postgraduate program in management at a not-for-profit university focusing on university research activities. 42 interviews were carried out, 19 observations were made in formal and informal social events and institutional documents were collected from the program and from the governmental body that regulates stricto sensu postgraduate studies in Brazil. Originality: The existing research suggests the approximation of these perspectives – SAP and dynamic routines – and the need to integrate them to deepen the understanding of the strategic phenomenon. Main Results: Our results indicate that program strategies are aligned with regulatory and funding bodies and multiple practices and routines relate to and complement the range of research performance outcomes. Academic training, previous experiences and specific skills influence the behavior of actors, while tools and interactions play crucial roles in conducting research, shaping approaches and results, essential in academic research. Theoretical contributions: The article contributes through understandings about the existence of different interdependent and complementary relationships in the strategic process of a postgraduate program that condition the behavior of the actors involved and the research performance achieved.

Influence of selected management factors on strategic planning process in secondary schools in Lagos state

For quality education delivery, quality assessment and suitable policy environment to achieve the goal of secondary schools’ education, principals should transform their schools through development and appropriate implementation of strategic plans. This study investigated influence of selected management factors on strategic planning process in secondary schools in Education District VI Area of Lagos State. Three research questions and one hypothesis were generated for the study. The study employed descriptive survey design. A sample of one hundred and twenty (120) respondents was used. Instrument tagged “Management factors and strategic planning Questionnaire” (MFSPQ) was used to elicit information from respondents. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) of 0.81 was obtained as the reliability coefficient. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, standard deviation t-test statistical methods). The findings showed that constraint of financial practices, personnel, inability to establish school implementation team, among others affect implementing their schools’ strategic plans by 59.2%. Analyses revealed that there is a significant difference between urban and rural schools in terms of the problems they encounter in the implementation of strategic plan (t= -.689, df = 118, p<0.05).The study recommended among others that schools’ management and educational stakeholders should carry out a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis and identify strategic issues affecting the schools; All stakeholders such as SBMC, Principals and staff should be trained in the art of preparation, implementation and continuous evaluation of strategic plans. Government should also assist the rural schools with necessary facilities to enhance the procedure for strategic plans.

An artificial neural network for predicting air traffic demand based on socio-economic parameters

Over the past five years, emerging economies have consistently progressed toward achieving greater economic independence. The aviation industry has played a significant role in driving this progress. Accurately forecasting the future demand for air travel is crucial for making long-term commitments to these economies. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the provision of low-cost passenger carrier demand. They can assist low-cost carriers, airports, airport consultants, and government agencies in their strategic planning and development processes. The primary objective of this study is to identify and evaluate artificial intelligence-based solutions, specifically, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), to determine the most effective model for projecting domestic demand for low-cost carriers. The study analyzes nine variables that impact the accuracy of predicting domestic air passenger demand in emerging countries using a Multilayer Feed-Forward Backpropagation Neural (MFFBPN) network. The performance of the developed ANN model for predicting air passenger demand is assessed through training, validation, and testing using 240 data sets. The evaluation metrics employed, including mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity, indicate the effectiveness of the developed ANN model, with results of 0.0019 for MSE, 0.0440 for RMSE, 0.92 for accuracy, 0.92 for precision, 0.93 for sensitivity, and 0.95 for specificity. We show that modeling based on artificial intelligence approaches and ANN is more effective than conventional linear regression models.

Insights into Strategic Decision-making: Views of Filipino Education Deans

Background and Objectives: Strategic decision-making is a complex process, especially in the context of higher education institutions. Understanding how education college deans approach strategic decisions is crucial for effective management and decision support. This qualitative single case study aimed to explore the strategic decision-making processes (SDMP) of college deans in state universities in Eastern Visayas, Philippines. The study sought to identify the characteristics of SDMPs, approaches to SDM and propose a new model that captures the spectrum of decision-making modes. Methodology: A single case study that rests on the interpretive research paradigm was adopted to delve into the individual experiences of education college deans in making strategic decisions. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and reflective essays from eight deans, selected through purposive sampling based on specific criteria. The study adhered to strict ethical guidelines, ensuring confidentiality and obtaining informed consent from participants. Data analysis followed Attride-Stirling's thematic network analysis method, allowing for in-depth exploration and interpretation of the decision-making processes. Main Results: The analysis revealed several characteristics of SDMPs, including their highly unstructured, non-routinary, nonrepetitive, high-stakes, risky, complex, and irreversible nature, aligning with findings from prior research. College deans employed three main types of SDMPs: rational, intuitive, and improvisational. Rational SDMP involved systematic, logical, and fact-based decision-making, while intuitive SDMP relied on judgment and past experiences in time-sensitive and uncertain situations. Improvisational SDMP emerged as a novel approach, characterized by spontaneity, novelty, and action-orientation. Discussions: The study contributes to the understanding that SDMPs are not fixed processes but rather dynamic and context-dependent. It highlights the importance of considering the specific circumstances and timing of decision-making when determining the most suitable approach. The proposed model presents a spectrum of SDMPs, recognizing the interconnectedness of the decision-making modes. The study also brings attention to the improvisational decision-making approach, which has received limited focus in the literature but is increasingly relevant in today's rapidly changing management context. Conclusions: Education college deans adopt diverse approaches to strategic decision-making, with rational, intuitive, and improvisational SDMPs being prevalent. The study underscores the need for flexibility and adaptation in decision-making to address the complexities and uncertainties faced by educational administrators. The new model of SDMPs captures the continuum of decision-making modes, allowing administrators to tailor decision support to the specific needs of deans based on the context and timing of decision-making. By recognizing the different decision-making approaches, administrators can foster more effective decision-making processes and improve the overall management of higher education institutions. Further research on the improvisational decision-making approach is warranted to explore its potential benefits and limitations in strategic decision-making contexts.

Strategic planning process at Byju’s

Learning outcomes This case study is designed to enable students to formulate the strategic planning process in relation to an organization’s resources; assess the critical tasks required for the company’s business planning for growth and market expansion; and examine the importance of the value delivery process for the company, its customer and its employees. At the end of the case discussion, students will learn how to plan their business in an emerging market by using their existing resources, where the business stands at present and where it may go in the coming future. Case overview/synopsis The case study discusses how Byju’s, an Indian multinational educational technology company, revolutionized student learning programs through its innovative strategic implementation. It explores the company’s growth and expansion strategy by considering a strength, weakness, opportunity and threats analysis. It elaborates on how Byju’s acquired various companies in India and other countries to become an international technology-based educational brand with 150 million users in 2022. The case study also highlights the marketing and promotional strategy used by the company on online and offline platforms. The case study elaborates on the value delivery process and its importance for customer and employee satisfaction. Despite its success in the Indian market, Byju’s faced tough challenges in the US and European markets, such as lower-than-expected growth rates and lower subscription numbers, even though it followed the same strategy as in the Indian market. The acquisition and celebrity strategy works in emerging economies such as India but not in developed countries. The company’s return on investment was down owing to the high costs it had incurred over the years on market acquisitions and marketing promotions. The growing competition was also expected to bring more challenges for Byju’s. New players such as Tata Studi and YouTube planned to enter the market. Byju Raveendran and his management group had to decide whether to maintain or change the current market offering to reflect market developments to satisfy their customers and employees. They also had to determine whether the main components of the marketing strategy, such as the company’s ongoing value delivery process and ongoing strategy toward the target audience, partners and rivals, are advantageous to the firm or not. The team was in dilemma whether the marketing planning process was going in the right direction and how to make all elements of its businesses more efficient in dealing with the issues. Raveendran kept asking questions about to what extent it is still possible to alter the marketing plan. Complexity academic level The case study is appropriate for discussion in courses such as marketing management, service marketing and strategic marketing management, whether they are part of an undergraduate program (Bachelor of Business Administration [BBA]), a postgraduate program in business management (Master of Business Administration [MBA]) or an executive-level program (executive MBA). The breadth of business topics addressed and the intricacy of the scenario make this case study best suited to be used after the semester as either a culminating project or as a seminar discussion for undergraduates (BBA). The case study can also be discussed in the marketing management course (graduation level) under the marketing and service strategy chapters. Subject code CSS8: Marketing Supplementary material Teaching notes are available for educators only.

Attentional bias in psoriasis: The role of processing time and emotional valence.

The present study explored whether people with psoriasis display an attentional bias towards disease-related threat words and whether this bias occurs relatively early during the phase of stimulus disengagement, or during a later maintained attention phase dominated by controlled strategic processes. We also explored the degree to which attentional bias is dependent on the emotional valence of control words. Individuals with psoriasis and matched controls took part in 4 online experiments. Participants completed a spatial cueing paradigm using disease-related threat words and control words as cues, in order to obtain reaction time estimates of attentional bias. We did not observe evidence for attentional bias when control words were matched with threat words for emotional valence, regardless of whether processing time for the cues was limited (Experiment 1: SOA = 250 ms) or extended (Experiment 2: SOA = 1050 ms). We also did not observe evidence for attentional bias when control words of positive valence were used, but processing time was limited (Experiment 3). An attentional bias was only observed (p = .012, Cohen's d = .37) when sufficient processing time was available and positively-valanced control words were used (Experiment 4). Rather than showing large and generalized AB effects as predicted by previous accounts, our results tentatively suggest that AB in psoriasis is restricted to situations where participants have ample processing time and threat words are easily distinguishable from control words on the basis of emotional valence. The pattern of results suggests that attentional bias in psoriasis is best characterized as a relatively slow strategic process.

The Future of Education: Exploring AI Avatars in Higher Learning

This article explores the integration of AI avatars in higher learning, analyzing their potential to revolutionize education. AI avatars, virtual entities equipped with advanced algorithms, personalize learning experiences, enhance student engagement, and address diverse needs. Despite benefits, challenges such as ethical considerations and data privacy exist. Case studies illustrate successful implementations, showcasing the transformative impact. The integration process is outlined systematically, providing a roadmap for institutions. Overall, this exploration reveals the potential of AI avatars to redefine education, creating an adaptive, engaging, and inclusive learning environment. Embracing benefits, addressing challenges, and following a strategic process are key for this transformative future.

The Impact of Authorization on Strategic Decision Execution: The Mediating Role of Trust Variables Sample Survey of National Security Advisor Staff

This study typically aims to determine the role and impact of decentralization on the strategic decision-making execution process in national security advisors, and to diagnose and determine the relationship between these two variables, as it represents the variables of decentralization and trust (intermediate variables). Independent variables, while the execution of strategic decisions represents a dependent variable and draws a series of conclusions, the most prominent of which is that decentralization has the greatest impact on the execution of strategic decisions, indicating that leadership National security advisors trust their employees and empower them to make and execute strategic decisions, confirming that trust has a moral and positive impact on all aspects of strategic decision-making.