Strategic Planning Management Research Articles

Seasonal variation in the phenology of Atlantic tarpon in the Florida Keys: migration, occupancy, repeatability, and management implications

Atlantic tarponMegalops atlanticusare important mesopredators in the western Atlantic Ocean, and the focus of a popular recreational fishery that targets them throughout their annual migration in the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern USA. Using 4 years of acoustic telemetry data, we quantified the seasonal variation in phenology of arrival and departure, and occupancy for subadult and adultM. atlanticusin the Florida Keys, USA. While detection profiles of subadultM. atlanticus(n = 11) varied in residency and dispersal patterns, all adultM. atlanticusdetection profiles (n = 47) exhibited seasonal residency. The median spring-summer residence period of adultM. atlanticusranged from 40 to 60 d, with a mean of 51 d across years. At the individual level, repeatability in the timing of arrival and duration were high across years, suggesting that photoperiod may be an important migratory cue. Further, the repeatability in the timing of arrival to the Florida Keys for individuals was not associated with sea surface temperature (SST). At the population level, residency corresponded with the spawning season, with the majority of adultM. atlanticusarriving in April once SST reached 26°C, and then departing in June (27-29°C). Highest occupancy probabilities for adultM. atlanticusoccurred in May (26-28°C) and lowest between August and October. Large aggregations ofM. atlanticusthat occur during the spawning season (April-June) are potentially vulnerable to the effects of habitat degradation and angling-related mortality and behavioral changes. These data onM. atlanticusphenology provide insights for implementing science-based strategic management plans.

ISLAM DAN PEMBASMIAN KEMISKINAN BANDAR

Urbanisation has created a disparity between the standard of living in urban and rural areas. Subsequently, more and more people are migrating from the rural areas to the urban areas due to the lure of wider economic opportunities and greater access to infrastructure and facilities. Unfortunately, massive urban migration gradually limited economic opportunities for migrants, and this has led to wide-spread urban poverty. This article will explain the phenomenon of urban poverty and discuss urban poverty eradication from an Islamic perspective. This study employs the qualitative approach by applying the inductive, deductive and comparative content analysis method where the primary data are derived from library research, as well as from previous studies. The study found that the authority and community both play an important role in addressing urban poverty. This can be addressed through several measures of poverty eradication implemented in Islam, which include correcting belief about the economy, ensuring a balance wealth distribution from the rich to the poor, and changing attitudes and motivation at the ground level. In this regard, the authority should focus on creating a balanced distribution of wealth, facilitating a strategic economic management plan, adopting priority-based economies, effective implementation of poverty eradication policies, adoption of growth strategies, improving basic facilities and focusing on institutional roles.

STRATEGIC ASPECTS OF ANTI-CRISIS MANAGEMENT OF ENTERPRISES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The article considers the strategic aspects of anti-crisis management of enterprises during the crisis. The paper clarifies the concept of crisis management, analyses the stages of crisis management, and identifies possible threats that arise for enterprises in the current coronavirus pandemic. The use of the the author’s approach, based on the methods of scientific generalization, comparative analysis, system and situational approach, has allowed us to establish that actions taken to manage the crisis should be based on a carefully developed plan, should be effective, and should be applied as soon as possible. The scientific novelty of the study is that, based on the research, the author has identified the advantages of creating a strategic crisis management plan; proposed a sequence of actions for developing an anti-crisis plan; gave an example of implementing an anti-crisis plan for the COVID-19 pandemic; proposed, in order to ensure the sustainability of enterprises in the post-crisis period, strategic recommendations. The practical significance of this scientific paper is that it can serve as a basis for further research in the field of strategic management based on anti-crisis technologies.

Issues, Perceptions, and Challenges of Amalgamation in Higher Education Institutions in Calabarzon: Quality School Management Strategic Plan

This quantitative survey described the occurring scenario among higher educational institutions having amalgamation as one of the strategies in rationalizing the Philippine higher education. The study dealt with the perceptions, issues, and perceived challenges of 90 administrators and 260 instructors/professors concerning amalgamation in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) among the selected state universities and colleges in Region IV-A (CALABARZON) during the Academic Year 2017-2018. A researcher-constructed questionnaire served to gather the data. Weighted mean and ttest for independent means were employed to determine the differences on the perceptions of the respondents at 0.05 level of significance. Results indicated that the administrator-respondents were more aware of the idea of amalgamation than the instructor/professor-respondents. The respondents agreed in most of the items about amalgamation of HEI along access and equity, efficiency and effectiveness, relevance and responsiveness, utilization of resources, and quality and excellence. As to the issues on amalgamation, the administrators comparably perceived serious issues on amalgamation practices that needed urgent action such as delivery of projected student number, plans to meet financial and strategic goals, blueprint for the merged entity, governance and organization structure during the pre-merger phase, governance and organization structure during the transitional phase, quality assurance, and employees’ rights. A significant difference was found between the perception of the administrator- and instructor/professor-respondents towards the issues on amalgamation practices in terms of access and equity, efficiency and effectiveness, utilization of resources, quality and excellence, and blueprint of the merged entity.

How a Public Relations Crisis Led to the Development of a Partnership Between Academics and Student Affairs to Enhance Student Success.

In 2013, a public relations crisis led a mid-size university to reconsider the concept of student success on campus. Collaborations between Academic and Student Affairs leaders have resulted in important changes at the university. The university developed increased ability to support student success by investing in staff positions, exploring best practices to increase student success and retention, and implementing several initiatives including a first-year seminar pilot. Relying on data from national surveys, areas for improvement were identified. Underscoring all of these activities was a focus on student development theory, an increased understanding of institutional data, and a commitment to a comprehensive pan-institutional approach. Because the university has a lower than desired graduation rate (55%), several action teams were created to oversee various goals related to communications, year-long orientation experiences, and an academic anchor. Ultimately, this work has now reached the stage where a strategic enrollment management plan is under creation.

Population status and habitat assessment of Cheer Pheasant (Catreus wallichii) in Western Nepal

Abstract The Cheer Pheasant (Catreus wallichii) is a protected species found abundantly to the west of Kaligandaki River. This study was conducted in the Myagdi district located in the western part of Kaligandaki River from October 2016 to June 2017. Our aim was to assess the habitat and population status of Cheer Pheasant, using acoustic survey and quadrate methods. A total of 38 breeding individuals were estimated in 7 bird/km2 density. The study also revealed that Cheer Pheasants showed a preference for exposure components of the habitat. They preferred moderately steep eastern slopes (10–35°) and steep southern slopes (35–67°) between 1800–2400 m elevations. Additionally low tree density and high herbs density showed a significant effect on the habitat choice of the species. Poaching and habitat destruction are the major threats in the study site, calling upon a strategic management plan for the long-term conservation of the Cheer Pheasant.

Spatiotemporal pattern of degradation in arid mangrove forests of the Northern Persian Gulf

Climate change is a major threat to mangrove ecosystems worldwide but particularly those in arid regions that exist near the limit of tolerance to extremes in temperature, precipitation, and salinity. Here we examine Persian Gulf arid mangrove ecosystems from the Nayband and Mond Protected Area in the south-west region of Iran to determine the ability of tidal mangrove forests to respond to rapid urban and industrial development, sea-level rise (SLR), and temperature and precipitation changes. Sea level has been rising by approximately 4 mm yr−1 in this region and might be intensified by subsidence on the order of 1–2 mm yr−1 due to natural phenomena as well as anthropogenic activities associated with fluid extraction. We use remote sensing along with statistical analysis to effectively monitor mangrove area changes over 60 years and infer responses to past environmental trends. Our spatiotemporal analysis demonstrates expansion in some areas and reduction in others. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) results indicate that Nayband mangroves are healthy and expanded between the years of 1990 and 2002 which could be in response to rising temperatures and above-average precipitation. However, NDVI changes after 2002 demonstrate the mangrove health and area have decreased which could be in response to industrial and urban development that occurred immediately after 1997. The natural stresses in this extreme system are been exacerbated by climate change and anthropogenic pressures as such it is essential to develop ways to reduce vulnerability through strategic management planning.

Моделі оптимізації завантаження мережі розподілених ситуаційних центрів

The article substantiates the relevance of the creation and formulates a mathematical statement of the problem of technical interoperability maintenance in a network of distributed situational centers based on convergent technological solutions. Technical interoperability is considered in the context of optimizing the distribution of situational management tasks between individual situation centers in a distributed network and minimizing information processing time. For this purpose the model and algorithms of optimization of performance of tasks by participants of process of situational management in a network of the distributed situational centers are offered. The model of technical interoperability optimization is presented in the form of a zero-one integer programming problem with the search for the local extremum of the objective function. The information-analytical process is formed as a request that determines the need for information resources, analytical and expert capabilities and service time in each local situation center. The task of optimizing the load of the network of distributed situational centers is to redistribute the load between network nodes by equalizing the use of organizational, human, technical and information resources for timely and quality decision-making in situational centers that serve participants in situational management at different levels. The problem of minimizing service time in a network of distributed situational centers is dual to the primal problem of load redistribution and is solved using a stochastic quasigradient projection method. Algorithms for solving the formulated problems are developed and a test example of application is given. The potential for further improvement of situational systems of strategic planning management based on capability management for target systems is shown

Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka: The need for effective targeting of island-specific issues through strategic implementation of global management plans for disease detection and control

Leishmaniasis, a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by Leishmania sp., has become a considerable global public health burden in recent decades, such that it is recognized by the World Health Organization as one of eight major neglected tropical parasitic diseases worldwide. The causative protozoan parasite is detected on every continent except Antarctica. There are three clinically distinct forms of leishmaniasis: cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral, the latter being the most serious manifestation. In Sri Lanka, at the turn of this century, leishmaniasis was limited initially to a few imported cases but it is now a growing healthcare concern that is endemic to almost all districts. In particular, Hambantota, Matara, Kurunegala and Anuradhapura are seriously affected. Socioeconomic conditions, population mobility, environmental and climate changes are each considered important influences on the prevalence of leishmaniasis throughout the island nation. However, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the precise epidemiology and severity of the disease, in large part due to the asymptomatic nature of the infection. Development of effective diagnostic tools, mapping disease distribution in unexplored locations and implementation of strategic management plans are all needed to meet the formidable challenge of eliminating leishmaniasis from Sri Lanka.

The distribution and density of Tapanuli orangutans (Pongo tapanuliensis) at potential corridor locations between forest fragments in Batang Toru, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Nasution A, Perwitasari-Farajallah D, Utami-Atmoko SS. 2020. The distribution and density of Tapanuli orangutans (Pongo tapanuliensis) at potential corridor locations between forest fragments in Batang Toru, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5382-5388. The newly discovered Tapanuli orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) is in danger of being lost in a few decades due to their small population number in fragmented forest of Batang Toru. The major threats faced by this critically endangered ape, including: hunting, habitat loss, and fragmentation due to large infrastructure development and other developments in the key corridor area. The establishment of corridor and buffer zone is one such effort to maintain their population and bring them from the brink of extinction. Data on the population and distribution are needed to assess and provide baseline information for investigating the habitat condition of potential corridors and buffer zones. This study aimed to analyze population and distribution of Tapanui orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) in buffer zone and potential corridor of Batang Toru. Our study provides an initial dataset prior to the development of the hydrodam, which is important to understand the future post-development impact. The study was carried out in disturbed (Hutaimbaru and Bulu Mario) and undisturbed forest (Sitandiang and Hopong) of Batang Toru from June 2015 until February 2016. Orangutan nest, fig (Ficus spp.), and trees bearing fruit were recorded using a line transect method. This research showed that population and distribution of orangutan were influenced by forest conditions, threat level, and fruit availability. There were fewer nests per km2 in disturbed forest than in undisturbed forest, resulting in an orangutan density estimation to be 0.24 ind/km2, 0.14 ind/ km2 (Hutaimbaru and Bulu Mario) and 0.74 ind/km2, 0.36 ind/km2 (Sitandiang and Hopong). Number of nest in transects was influenced by the availability of fig class I and class II, but not fruit tree. The APL forest of Sitandiang is key area to connect the three populations of Tapanuli orangutan: east Batang Toru, west Batang Toru, and Sibualbuali. Furthermore, orangutan’s nests were encountered both in protected and non-protected forest, thus protection of such areas, especially areas including primary forest that harbor orangutan is essential for their long term survival. The conservation measures and action Tapanuli orangutan is alarming, thus we recommend all remaining habitat should be officially and strictly protected and collaboration work with multi-stakeholder is essential to establish the corridor as well as the strategic management plan of Tapanuli orangutan.

COVID-19 pandemic, dengue epidemic, and climate change vulnerability in Bangladesh: Scenario assessment for strategic management and policy implications

Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change impacts also struck by the COVID-19 pandemic. The lockdown measures were ineffective with no sign of flattening the curve. Therefore, the high risk of transmission is evident with an increasing number of affected people. Under this circumstance, a multiple hazards scenario can be developed in this country due to climatic hazards such as cyclones, floods, landslides, heat waves, and the outbreak of infectious diseases such as dengue, cholera, and diarrhoea. The country experiences simultaneously the global pandemic, exceptionally prolonged flood along with the recovery stage from the damages due to the cyclone (Amphan). Therefore, these multiple factors have been putting pressure on losing millions of homes, livelihoods, and agricultural crops. This study aimed to assess the potential impact of a simultaneous strike of climatic hazards and infectious disease outbreaks and their possible strategic management in Bangladesh under different scenarios. A mixed methodological approach was followed in this study including a questionnaire survey, in-depth discussion with experts, and extensive literature review to assess the multi-hazard scenario in a resource-limited setting with high population density. A set of statistical techniques were used to analyze the responses (n = 1590) from different social groups (healthcare professionals, academicians, students, Government and NGO officials, and businessman) under three scenarios. The results revealed the high possibility of aggravating the impact of COVID-19 pandemic if there is a climatic hazard such as flood, cyclone have appeared. The majority of the respondents agreed that the situation will become more devastating if there is another outbreak of diseases such as dengue, cholera, and diarrhoea. The poor and fragile healthcare system of this country cannot bear such unprecedented pressure. The lack of risk assessment and communication, lack of sectoral coordination might restrict the contingency plan of the government. Therefore, considering the unprecedented worst cases a stringent strategic plan for emergency response, short term and long-term management should have to be formulated. Resilience building through proactive planning and implementation of integrated, inclusive and sustainable strategies will be effective to ensure the health and socio-economic security for multi-hazard threats in the country.

REGIONAL TALENT MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY COOPERATION: A MODEL PROPOSAL

Qualified human resources and management of the human resource stand out as critical values in terms of the country’s economy and future in the age digital transformation and they are also important within university-industry cooperation and social contribution responsibilities which are both on the agenda of Turkish Republic Presidential Human Resources Office and universities. The expression of “qualified human resources” frequently expressed by those working in fields such as labor and employment is the basis of a country’s struggle for existence rather than competition. This study holds the potential to improve its success by supporting the application of yetenekkapisi.org implemented by Turkish Republic Presidential Human Resources Office and bringing student and graduate candidates with employers and universities together. It also introduces the regional talent management application model developed in the context of university-industry cooperation within the framework of talent management literature in human resources. Therefore, the study aims to present a permanent, sustainable model proposal integrating the practice with the scientific theoretical infrastructure that focuses on developing the strategy of regional development and assessment of competencies. It is proposed to develop the strategic management plan for developing and assessing regional competencies, as well as to attract, identify, develop and retain the skills needed by the region through the developed model. In the first part of the study, talent management, talent management process, applications and tools are explained within the historical development process, and in the second part the developed regional talent management implementation model is presented. The last part of the study includes suggestions for future studies.

MARKETING CONCEPT OF THE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIC PLANNING ENTERPRISE ACTIVITY

In the article describes the main problems formation marketing concept of the management strategic planning enterprise activity. Determined that strategic planning for the enterprise is defined as an organized process of strategic decision-making, the main contents of which is to compare own capabilities with the opportunities and threats of the external environment on the basis of the analysis information and determine its marketing orientation. In addition, in this article formed structure marketing concept of the management strategic planning activity enterprise and the proposed conceptual scheme of the management strategic planning activity enterprise that allows us to make decisions most relevant to the requirements of the dynamic external environment. In the paper also substantiated a methodical approach to setting up a marketing information system basis of effective model building marketing information system of the enterprise.

Historic Urban Tree Canopy Cover of Great Britain

Research Highlights: Historic trend analysis of urban tree canopy cover change, while growing in popularity, remains uncommon and concentrated to just a handful of countries. Background and Objectives: Tree canopy cover is a relatively quick, easy to obtain and cost-effective urban forestry metric. It is used to provide insight into not only the coverage of a defined area but also an urban forest’s potential to provide benefits to those who live and work in the locality. On-going delivery of benefits is reliant on a sustained healthy canopy, and knowing how canopy coverage is changing over time can be informative for strategic urban forestry management planning. Materials and Methods: Changes in tree canopy cover is assessed for ten urban areas across Great Britain since the 1940s using a random point-based assessment of paired aerial imagery. Results: The study reveals a predominance of increasing trends over the long term, with just one town displaying a long-term decrease and two revealing “flat lined” trends. Over the past two decades, however, the trends are more variable, with six towns displaying no statistically significant change, one declining and just three increasing in canopy cover. Conclusions: The results indicate a need for ongoing research to broaden the geographic spread of trend analysis and investigation into the drivers of changes, but also to increase the number of time points considered.

Strategic adaptive management planning—Restoring a desert ecosystem by managing introduced species and native herbivores and reintroducing mammals

AbstractArid rangelands are degraded worldwide, suffering vegetation transformation, soil erosion, introductions, and extinctions. Wild deserts is restoring a desert ecosystem in Sturt National Park, New South Wales, Australia (35,000 ha), eradicating or controlling introduced animals, managing native herbivores, and reintroducing regionally extinct mammals. We describe a Strategic Adaptive Management Plan for restoration of this desert ecosystem, including a vision, model of ecosystem processes, stakeholder input, a hierarchy of objectives linked to triggers and their management actions, producing outcomes and outputs. Our management treatments included two “no restoration” areas and three “restoration” areas. The latter include two exclosures (each 2,000 ha), free of introduced animals (foxes, cats, rabbits), with previously abundant kangaroos removed and regionally extinct mammals to be reintroduced. The third management treatment is a Wild Training Zone (10,400 ha), with introduced animals and kangaroos managed at low levels, using innovative methods, improving survivorship and avoidance behavior of reintroduced mammals to introduced predators. These measures will allow populations of threatened animals to establish, initially in the exclosures, then the Wild Training Zone and potentially more widely. Our strategic adaptive management planning approach is generic and implementable for any natural resource management project, providing explicit steps and processes that track and report transparently on outcomes, fostering learning by doing.

Strategic Planning as an Important Factor in Business Management

This paper’s objective is to present the importance of the strategic planning in business management. Speaking of strategic planning is always speaking in general terms and how to fix paths of behavior will necessarily affect deeply and significantly in the future evolution of the company or organization that adopts it. Today we think of the organization as part of an environment and in terms of options or choices based on what you have, of its surroundings and the opportunities or pathways that can lead to achieving the objective, (Garrido, 2009). For this work the method used was a bibliographical review of relevant articles from a range of authors was conducted. The conclusions were that the be properly analyzed and adapted to the precise conditions and characteristics of the small business or, more generally, to any type of business for which the planning is intended. Strategic planning brings multiple benefits (which exceed its disadvantages) if applied in the right way, however, there are inherent risks, which can be overcome with proper monitoring and control.

The entrepreneur’s go-to-market innovation strategy: towards a decision-analytic framework and a road mapping process to create radically successful businesses driving spectacular growth and profitability

It is well known that 90 percent of all new ventures fail partly because they often lack vital resources, must compete against established companies but have little or no business acumen with which to compete and drive spectacular growth and profitability. Thus, just one-out-of-ten start-ups grow into successful, sustained enterprises. Although the academic literature attributes such sustained growth to innovative approaches for inducing transformative change, very few studies have attempted to address the five main components of strategic innovation management (strategic planning, business model innovation, marketing management, product innovation, and financial planning) within a single research framework. Building on insights from a systematic review of strategy and innovation management literature, this paper seeks to fill this important gap in the literature by introducing a decision-analytic framework for road mapping a go-to-market innovation strategy, comprising of well tightly integrated elements of strategy, business model innovation, marketing management, product innovation, and financial planning that mutually support each other as a system. The framework and its corresponding road mapping process create powerful alignment mechanisms to systematically map and analyse the underlying processes driving business performance and develop game-changing business plans to reshape industries, transform value chains, and drive spectacular growth and profitability.

Plant-Based Phytochemicals as Possible Alternative to Antibiotics in Combating Bacterial Drug Resistance.

The unprecedented use of antibiotics that led to development of resistance affect human health worldwide. Prescription of antibiotics imprudently and irrationally in different diseases progressed with the acquisition and as such development of antibiotic resistant microbes that led to the resurgence of pathogenic strains harboring enhanced armors against existing therapeutics. Compromised the treatment regime of a broad range of antibiotics, rise in resistance has threatened human health and increased the treatment cost of diseases. Diverse on metabolic, genetic and physiological fronts, rapid progression of resistant microbes and the lack of a strategic management plan have led researchers to consider plant-derived substances (PDS) as alternative or in complementing antibiotics against the diseases. Considering the quantitative characteristics of plant constituents that attribute health beneficial effects, analytical procedures for their isolation, characterization and phytochemical testing for elucidating ethnopharmacological effects has being worked out for employment in the treatment of different diseases. With an immense potential to combat bacterial infections, PDSs such as polyphenols, alkaloids and tannins, present a great potential for use, either as antimicrobials or as antibiotic resistance modifiers. The present study focuses on the mechanisms by which PDSs help overcome the surge in resistance, approaches for screening different phytochemicals, methods employed in the identification of bioactive components and their testing and strategies that could be adopted for counteracting the lethal consequences of multidrug resistance.

The role of surgeons during the COVID-19 pandemic: impact on training and lessons learned from a surgical resident's perspective.

BackgroundSurgeons are trained as “internists that also operate,” bringing an important skillset to patient management during the current COVID-19 pandemic. A review was performed to illustrate the response of surgical staff during the pandemic with regard to patient care and residency training.MethodsThe evaluation and assessment of the changes enacted at Stony Brook Medicine’s Department of Surgery is illustrated through the unique perspective of surgical residents. No IRB approval or written consent was obtained nor it was necessary for the purposes of this paper.ResultsHospital policy was enacted to hinder transmission of COVID-19 and included limited gatherings of people, restricted travel, quarantined symptomatic staff, and careful surveillance for disease incidence. Surgical residency transformed as residents were diverted from traditional surgical services to staff new COVID-19 ICUs. Education transitioned to an online-based platform for lectures and reviews. New skills sets were acquired such as PICC line placement and complex ventilator management.ConclusionsThe viral surge impacted surgical training while also providing unique lessons regarding preparedness and strategic planning for future pandemic and disaster management.

Current trends in corporate risk management in the system for ensuring the economic sustainability of industrial enterprises

The results of research of risk management trends in the system for ensuring the economic sustainability of industrial enterprises have been presented in the article. The purpose of the study was to identify and analyse trends in corporate risk management of industrial enterprises. The study solved the following tasks: clarified the concepts of risk management and the main risks of the enterprise; determined the composition of corporate risks; disclosed the sources of risks that affect the economic stability of an industrial enterprise; investigated modern methodology of strategic corporate risk management. The necessity of identifying, assessing and determining priorities among risks with the further application of methods for their minimization, monitoring and control of risk events has been substantiated. The trends in corporate risk management in the field of intangible risk management have been analysed. As a result of the study, the author proposed the main elements of the risk management planning process, including: managing operational risks of an industrial enterprise that cannot be planned in advance; management of financial risks arising from the impact of various markets on the assets of an industrial enterprise; strategic risk management or longterm planning of the industrial enterprise. Measures to reduce the risk in industrial enterprises have been developed: abandonment of business processes with the highest risks; optimization, minimization and / or reduction of risks; transfer of risks to outsourcing or insurance; taking risks and creating a backup plan of action in the event of a risk event at an industrial enterprise. The revealed current trends in corporate risk management in the system for ensuring the economic sustainability of industrial enterprises have been summarized and systematized, including: achieving a balance between the realization of opportunities for making profit and minimizing losses; implementation of risk management practices based on GOST R ISO 31000-2019; application of relevant risk management strategies; development ofbusiness processes with adequate means to control and contain risks; audit of risks and timely adjustment of measures to reduce them; risk outsourcing to an external agency; risk avoidance; accounting for risk management of intangible assets.