Strategic Alternatives Research Articles

한정식 레스토랑의 유형에 따른 고객의 선택속성에 대한 연구 : IPA 분석을 기반으로

This study is to figure out the customers’ choice attributes for the type of Korean restaurants using the importance-performance analysis (IPA) methodology. In this study, we classified the Korean restaurants into three groups by the type of food quality, employee service quality, physical environment, price and value; fine, modern, and casual restaurant. This study used the Likert 7-point scaled questionnaires measuring customers’ choice attributes such as sixteen restaurant attributes, and employed the IPA methodology to map out the importance that customers place on individual restaurant attributes and how they affect customer satisfaction by the type and gender of Korean restaurants. The results address strategic operational plans tailored to individual type of Korean food restaurant to reduce the customers’ perception gap on restaurant attributes between customer’s importance and their satisfaction. This study offers strategic alternatives for managing customers’ restaurant choice attributes that are suitable for multiple types of Korean food restaurants, including fine, modern, and casual restaurant types that are categorized by the food quality served, employee service procedures employed, physical internal and external environment, and price and value.

GAP-анализ как инструмент обоснования стратегических альтернатив развития рыбохозяйственного комплекса

The article focuses on the strategic alternatives of the fishery complex, which takes the leading position in the food security system of the Russian Federation as a producer and supplier of food products with a high content of easily digestible animal proteins, fat-soluble vitamins and minerals. The strategic development of the fisheries industry is defined by the regulatory and legislative documents made up by the different management bodies, which is reflected in an inconsistency of goals and quantitative indicators of their achievement. Using the principles of the state programs Development of Fishing Industry and Strategies of the Development of Fisheries until 2030 there have been formulated the possible scenarios of the fishing industry development: optimization, innovative and customer-oriented, distinguishing characteristic of which is the allocation of a priority for investment. There has been proposed to use a strategic planning tool, GAP analysis, to justify the choice of strategic alternatives for the development of the fisheries complex. It has been stated that the ratio of the manufactured fish products and the investments was used as an indicator for comparing the development scenarios. There have been illustrated the figures of the manufactured fish products by types of strategies for the period of 2018–2024; the investment performance indicators by segments of optimization strategy, innovation, customer-oriented strategy; given a comparative characteristic of the investment efficiency of strategic alternatives in 2024. A conclusion has been made on practicability of client-oriented development strategy for the fisheries industry based on the harmonization of industrial, trade and sales policy, which allows to increase the affordability of fish for the population by reducing commercial and logistics expenses.

CREATIVE APPROACHES TO THE MANAGEMENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURIST INDUSTRY IN THE CONDITIONS OF A PANDEMIC CRISIS

Introduction. The success of the creative development of the tourism industry in a pandemic lockdown and in the post-quarantine period is closely related to the quality of a number of factors that shape the level of creative activity of its subjects and provide competitive advantages. Adequate choice and scientific substantiation of strategic alternatives for the development of the tourism industry highlights the need for a targeted study of the parameters of its creative renewal. Methods. Methods of scientific abstraction, analysis and synthesis are used, technologies of structuring and systematization are applied during construction of logical-structural decomposition of creativity of tourist destinations and structural model of management of tourist cluster. The SWOT analysis was used to evaluate strategic alternatives for the development of tourism entities. Results. The generalization of research on the peculiarities of the functioning of the tourism sector in the context of the socio-economic crisis caused by pandemic constraints, suggests that the restoration of effective business entities should be managed, targeted action of all participants. At the same time, ensuring the efficiency of the tourism industry requires the implementation of creative technologies in management algorithms at all stages of overcoming the crisis. Qualitative goals of post-pandemic recovery of the industry can be generalized in the form of two main directions: 1) creation of creative tourist offer (including tourist experience and offer of original tourist product) on the basis of high-quality entertainment industry, introduction of European market trends, with emphasis on authentic values ; 2) building a clear identity of domestic tourism enterprises, which would synergistically connect micro-destinations, emphasizing the creative benefits in the minds of potential tourists. Discussion. Further research on the possibilities of creative management to overcome the crisis in the tourism industry should cover the problems of creating unique tourism products based on authentic values, reducing the seasonality of domestic resorts, modernization of tourism infrastructure and integration of tourist inactive regions in creative projects. Keywords: tourism entities, Covid-19 pandemic, socio-economic crisis, creative management, destination, tourist offer, tourist cluster.

Master′s Programs: Key Issues of Development

The article provides an overview of the Russian Master's program trends with an emphasis on the evolution of the curricula and the achievement of their new quality. Based on the secondary data analysis, the dynamics of the processes was assessed and the landscape of empirical studies of the second level of higher education was presented. A number of discussion issues related to the understanding of the present and future of Master's programs was outlined. The conclusion is made about the growth of interest in involvement in the Master`s programs. It was revealed that the development of different types and formats of curriculum with a focus on both foreign practices and Russian experience can be observed. It was proved that the most important decisions related to educational programs are focused on the formation of the Master's program product portfolio, the determination of strategic alternatives for its development, the choice of program management models and the development of external partnerships of universities to create new generation programs. It is becoming important for the academic community to find an answer to the question of new emphasis and approaches to the design of the educational process for the second level of higher education. The author comes to the conclusion that the efforts to develop Master's programs should be supported by «targeted» research, the results of which should form an information basis for making strategic and tactical decisions.

Analisis Perencanaan Strategis Program Studi Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar (PGSD) FKIP UNU Cirebon Menggunakan Metode SWOT

This research aims to: (1) To know the position of quadrant of the PGSD FKIP UNU Cirebon study program using swot method, (2) to know short-term strategic alternatives that can be applied to PGSD FKIP UNU Cirebon based on SWOT Method. The research approach used is a qualitative case study model supported by quantitative data and descriptive explanations. Data collection technique using questionnaire that first performed validity test with expert judgement technique. Data analysis techniques using Miles and Hubberman models. The results showed that: (1) the PGSD study program was in the position of quadrant II with a strength value of 0.533 and a threat 0.314. (2) The strategy that needs to be done in the PGSD FKIP UNU Cirebon is to diversify the strategy. The research conclusions are: (1) the PGSD study program of UNU Cirebon is in a fairly stable condition of ornganization, but faces many obstacles (threats); (2) The diversification strategy that must be carried out is to include academic quality, implementation of The Tri Dharma of Higher Education, and human resources.
 Keyword: Strategic Planning, SWOT Method, Higher Education

Business Roundup

BUSINESS Business Roundup ShareShare onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail C&EN, 2020, 98 (48), p 19December 21, 2020Cite this:C&EN 98, 48, 19AbstractMitsubishi Chemical has purchased land along the Mississippi River in Geismar, Louisiana, to build a 350,000-metric-ton-per-year methyl methacrylate plant that uses its novel Alpha technology. The company expects to make a final investment decision in 2022 and complete the plant in 2025. Mosaic , a fertilizer maker, and the agricultural microbe firm BioConsortia plan to develop nitrogen-fixing microbes for crops including corn and wheat. The microbes can help farmers reduce reliance on synthetic nitrogen and decrease losses of the nutrient to air and water, the firms say. Ultrapar , a Brazilian conglomerate, says it is evaluating strategic alternatives, including a sale, for its Oxiteno specialty chemical business. Ultrapar says it wants to focus on oil and gas. Ginkgo Bioworks has acquired the main assets of Novogy, a developer of oil-generating yeasts, from Total. Novogy’s strains, particularly of Yarrowia lipolytica , will help speed development of biobased oils for commodities andView: PDF | Full Text HTML

Conceptual bases of forming the regions’ economic security strategies

The article systematizes the existing theoretical approaches to revealing the essence of the definition "a region’s economic security strategy". The strategy of economic security should be a priority in ensuring the goals of inclusive development of regions, their competitiveness and stability. The order of development of this strategy includes: 1) forming the strategic goals of economic security of the region taking into account the management hierarchy; 2) strategic analysis of the external and internal security environment of the region; 3) identifying the strategy options; 4) determining the strategic alternatives and priorities of economic security of the region; 5) implementing the strategy; 6) monitoring the determinants of the economic security management process; 7) control; 8) adjustment of appropriate measures for economic security in the region. A number of new strategies are proposed: 1) of equalization and elimination of risks, threats, and dangers, 2) of growth and activation of growth poles; 3) of active growth; 4) of advanced safety-oriented development; 5) innovation-investment and adaptive strategies. Strategies for equalization and elimination of risks, threats, and dangers for areas with signs of depression and a critically low level of security are aimed at overcoming imbalances in the socio-economic system of the region and restoring positive economic growth parameters. Strategies for growth and activation of growth poles are focused on identifying profitable economic activities in the region, increasing innovation and investment, and overcoming the existing low level of economic security. Strategies of active growth provide for positive dynamics of development of the economic subsystem in the region and indicators of its security and increase of internal potential for an economic breakthrough. Strategies of advanced security-oriented development are typical for leading regions with a high level of development of the economic subsystem in the region and its security with a focus on the long-term increase of regional economic activity and security indicators. Innovation-investment and adaptive strategies are typical for the region with the highest level of economic security based on the adequacy of financial security and concentration of innovation and investment potential in the region.

Features of allocation and harmonization of stakeholder interests within the framework of regional potential development

Introduction. In modern conditions, the development of territories depends not only on the interaction of the leadership of the region with relevant ministries and other institutions. It is advisable to involve all existing entities and territories of the region that are interested in its effective development in this process. It is necessary to take into account both aspects of regional development and the prioritization of stakeholder interests, strategic alternatives to their interaction. Such an approach to cooperation should involve all stakeholders and create a directed system of interaction between regional development and effective stakeholder activities. Thus, balancing the interests of stakeholders in the use of the potential of the region will form a new approach to ensuring its development, which led to the relevance of the research topic. The purpose of the paper is to analyze and determine the features of the allocation and coordination of the interests of stakeholders in the development of the region's potential. Results. The paper analyzes the interaction of entities that exist in a particular region, which are interested in its effective development. Aspects of regional development, prioritization of stakeholders' interests and strategic alternatives to their interaction are identified. It is proved that such an approach to cooperation should involve all stakeholders and create a directed system of interaction between regional development and effective stakeholder activities. It is also determined if to identify the main points of the theory of stakeholders in the development of regional potential, it is necessary to carry out a group of stakeholders, to identify the main stakeholders and their characteristics in each group; highlight the main interests of stakeholders in the context of regional capacity development; to reveal ways of coordination of interests of stakeholders within the limits of territorial and branch approaches. Conclusion. Based on existing research on the formation of groups of stakeholders, it is proposed to combine all stakeholders into groups on certain grounds. The main interests of stakeholders are studied and highlighted through the prism of a key goal: the development of the region's potential and a clear answer to the question: what does a certain group of stakeholders receive if they promote (ensure) the region's potential and outline the main problems interests with the definition of solutions that will contribute to the correct formation of goals in the process of ensuring the development of the region.

Risk Management of Forming Enterprises Integration Corporate Strategy

The content and features of the integration strategy in the system of strategic planning of the joint stock company are determined. The sequence of formation and implementation of the integration strategy of the joint-stock company is substantiated. Strategic alternatives for ensuring sustainable development of the joint-stock company are systematized. It is proposed to use the genetic algorithm method to solve the problem of choosing corporate integration association in order to optimize a certain set of clear corporate integration association parameters necessary for the implementation of an effective integration process. The method for calculating the synergistic effect is proposed, which is advisable to use immediately after the integration and the beginning of the operational activity of the corporate integration association, since it can be adjusted depending on the type of the corporate integration association being formed and the motives for its formation.

Mitigating carbon emissions through sustainable aviation fuels: costs and potential

AbstractIn general, the certified pathways for the production of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) are still far from being competitive with fossil kerosene, although they have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the mitigation costs related to SAFs and how they compete with the carbon credits market remain unclear. The present study addressed these issues, evaluating SAF pathways based on hydrotreatment (HEFA process) of soybean oil, palm oil, used cooking oil (UCO) and beef tallow; dehydration and oligomerization of ethanol (ATJ technology) obtained from sugarcane, lignocellulosic residues, and steel off‐gases; and the thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic residues using the Fischer–Tropsch (FT) process and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Residue‐based pathways had lower mitigation costs. Used cooking oil / HEFA had the lowest value (185 USD tCO2e−1), followed by the thermochemical conversion of forestry residues (234–263 USD tCO2e−1). Of the 1G pathways, SAF production from 1G sugarcane ethanol (SC‐1G/ATJ) performed better (495 USD tCO2e−1) than oil‐based ones. In comparison with the carbon market, the mitigation costs of SAFs are much higher than the current prices or even future ones. However, several concerns about the credibility of the emission units and their effective mitigation effects indicate that SAFs could play an important role in aviation sector goals. Considering the potential of supplying SAF and mitigating emissions, SC‐1G/ATJ was suggested as a preferred alternative in the short term. Of the residue‐based pathways, tallow / HEFA and FT of forestry residues are suggested as strategic alternatives. © 2020 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Analytical management tools of industrial systems strategic development

The paper studies analytical-applied and structural aspects of strategic management of industrial systems development on the bases of assessment and analysis of the potential of their development, the formation and implementation of strategic alternatives in the conditions of external and internal environmental threats. We propose to consider the analytical-applied and structural modeling tool as a set of scenario models for formation and implementation of business entities development strategies.

한국 소기업에게도 전략은 필요한가?: 소기업 전략 유효성과 전략 선택

This study identifies the impact of small firm’s competitive strategies on business performance and presents strategic alternatives that are suitable for the small firms situation. The options that firms can consider in formulating strategies are the question of which strategy to choose, differentiation or low cost, and whether to choose a single strategy to pursue one strategy or a mixed strategy to use both strategies simultaneously. This has been studied in various contexts such as the industrial environment and the country, and the research results differ depending on the situation. Therefore, this study aimed to find out which strategy is best suited to creating a competitive advantage in the context of small business in Korea. The main results of this study are as follows. First, competitive strategies are effective in small firms, and pursuing a single strategy is more positive for corporate performance than pursuing multiple mixed strategies. Second, the differentiation strategy and the low cost strategy are effective in both small and medium enterprises. Third, single strategy is the best strategy type for small firms, and mixed strategy shows higher corporate performance than no clear strategy. This study presented theoretical and practical implications based on the above results.

Technology of decision-making management by small enterprises to choose strategic alternatives

The article considers the theoretical provisions and gives practical recommendations for strategic management decisions. The task of the research is to formalize the procedure for selecting a strategic alternative and determine a set of tools that correspond to the specifics of small business activity. The specific features of small enterprises, which are obstacles to the use of standard technologies of strategic management, are determined. The importance of choosing a strategic alternative according to the assessment of a potential partner at the stage of small enterprise growth has been proven. An expediency of formalizing decision-making to identify a potential partner using matrix methods is substantiated. To construct a matrix of potential business partners, assessment vectors were selected, the characteristics of each vector were established, and assessment scales were formed. Procedure for the formation of assessing scale the qualitative characteristics of business partners’ matrix with using the Klee method is proposed. A model of a potential business partner’s matrix is developed and description of its four fields is provided. The fields of matrix are highlighted on the basis of the development prospects of business partner and its reliability. The formalization of the strategic alternative solution for the choice of the business partner is proposed as a procedure of four consecutive stages. Formalization of the strategic alternative solution allows a small enterprise to choose a reliability business partner.

Method of forming strategic alternatives for the development of subsidiaries and choosing the optimal strategy for each of them

The article examines the methodology for the formation of strategic alternatives to the activities of a subsidiary and the choice of a strategy for its development, operating in a narrow market segment and included in an integrated structure. The proposed methodology should differ from the methodology for developing an autonomous operating enterprise, since the main task of a subsidiary is to obtain additional competitive advantages to the existing ones mainly by entering an integrated structure, which can be provided by a competitive strategy focused on costs or differentiation. The possibility of implementing a benchmark strategy of concentrated and diversified growth is considered. An expanded scheme for the formation of alternative development strategies for subsidiaries in the form of a combination of growth strategies and competitive strategies in their classical definition is presented. After the formation of alternative strategies of the subsidiary, the main task is to select the optimal development strategy for the enterprise from among the alternative, which will allow, by establishing relationships between the enterprises, to obtain the maximum possible competitive advantages. The authors have worked out the technique of choosing the optimal strategy for the development of a subsidiary from among alternative strategies to maximize competitive advantages

Role of brand experience in shaping brand love

AbstractConsumer–brand relationships are witnessing a tremendous upheaval from the past few years, with emotions becoming a predictor of a brand's fate. Brand love is a construct that reflects the passionate emotional attachment of a consumer with a brand, thus, it has captured the attention of practitioners around the globe. Moreover, Gen Z consumers of countries like India have also shown huge emotional sensitivity while purchasing fashion apparel brands since these brands intensify their social image. The marketers, therefore, are looking out for strategic alternatives to engage the consumer and stimulate their emotions. In view of this, the present study adds to the existing body of literature by introducing novel linkages in branding by examining the mediating role of brand engagement in shaping loyalty intentions. The study also recognizes the moderating role of experience with several proposed relationships concerning brand love. For this purpose, cross‐sectional research was carried out by collecting responses from Gen Z consumers. The results reveal the significant mediating role of brand engagement between brand love and loyalty intention and confirms the moderating role of brand experience in two relationships (i.e., brand trust and brand image) with brand love while insignificant with brand satisfaction. It has also observed direct and indirect effects of brand love, thus, extending existing models and proposed theories. Emerging markets like India have massive potential for marketers in almost all product categories. However, the fashion apparel category has come out as an attractive industry due to the emergence of fashion‐conscious generation, that is, gen Z. The marketers today focus on the loyalty of the customer therefore, a study articulating loyalty intention and its precursors would help in constituting several branding strategies.

РАЗРАБОТКА МАРКЕТИНГОВОЙ СТРАТЕГИИ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ И ОЦЕНКА ЕЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ

A well-formed strategy allows any enterprise to have a more stable position in the market and make decisions with confidence in various situations. The efficiency of the enterprise depends on the process of forming a marketing strategy, its justification and implementation. This is due to the fact that it is the strategy that implies the setting of long-term goals and objectives for their implementation, the strategy sets the direction of activities and determines the tools for business development. The article presents the systematization of theoretical and practical approaches to the development and assessment of the marketing strategy of an enterprise. The process of developing a marketing strategy in an enterprise does not always have a clearly defined scheme and sequence, however, it includes a number of actions and stages: analysis of market capacity, research of the activities of the main competitors, studying consumer behavior and preferences, setting marketing goals for the enterprise, developing and choosing strategic alternatives and implementing the chosen one. An enterprise marketing strategy is implemented through the use of marketing tools such as product, price, sales and promotion. To assess the effectiveness of developing a marketing strategy, the article uses a quantitative method, analyzes the volume of sales of products, the ratio of costs for its promotion and the volume of net profit. In the course of the study, modern general scientific and special methods were used: methods of retrospective analysis, comparison, generalization, expert assessment, analysis and synthesis. The theoretical and practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the presented theoretical provisions for developing a marketing strategy can be used in the activities of enterprises and organizations.

Molybdenum and boron synergistically boosting efficient electrochemical nitrogen fixation

Ammonia production consumes ~2% of the annual worldwide energy supply, therefore strategic alternatives for the energy-intensive ammonia synthesis through the Haber-Bosch process are of great importance to reduce our carbon footprint. Inspired by MoFe-nitrogenase and the energy-efficient and industrially feasible electrocatalytic synthesis of ammonia, we herein establish a catalytic electrode for artificial nitrogen fixation, featuring a carbon fiber cloth fully grafted by boron-doped molybdenum disulfide ( B-MoS 2 /CFC) nanosheets. An excellent ammonia production rate of 44.09 μg h –1 cm –2 is obtained at −0.2 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), whilst maintaining one of the best reported Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 21.72% in acidic aqueous electrolyte (0.1 M HCl). Further applying a more negative potential of −0.25 V renders the best ammonia production rate of 50.51 μg h –1 cm –2 . A strong-weak electron polarization (SWEP) pair from the different electron accepting and back-donating capacities of boron and molybdenum (2 p shell for boron and 5 d shell for molybdenum) is proposed to facilitate greatly the adsorption of non-polar dinitrogen gas via N ≡ N bond polarization and the first protonation with large driving force. In addition, for the first time a visible light driven photo-electrochemical (PEC) cell for overall production of ammonia, hydrogen and oxygen from water + nitrogen, is demonstrated by coupling a bismuth vanadate BiVO 4 photo-anode with the B-MoS 2 /CFC catalytic cathode. A catalytic electrode B-MoS 2 /CFC is established for artificial nitrogen fixation, displaying the excellent ammonia production rate of 44.09 μg h –1 cm –2 and Faradaic efficiency of 21.72% in acidic aqueous electrolyte at −0.2 V. A supposed strong-weak electron polarization pair is inferred from the different electron accepting and back-donating capacities of boron and molybdenum (2 p shell for boron and 5 d shell for molybdenum), which may facilitate the adsorption of nonpolar dinitrogen and its first protonation greatly. • A carbon fiber cloth fully grafted by boron-doped molybdenum disulfide ( B-MoS 2 /CFC) nanosheets was prepared. • An excellent ammonia production rate of 44.09 μg h –1 cm –2 was obtained in 0.1 M HCl. • A strong-weak electron polarization pair of 2 p shell for B and 5 d shell for Mo was proposed to facilitate the N ≡ N bond polarization. • A visible light driven photo-electrochemical cell for overall production of NH 3 , H 2 and O 2 from H 2 O + N 2 , was demonstrated.

МАРКЕТИНГОВА СТРАТЕГІЯ УСТАЛЕНОГО КОНКУРЕНТНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ІНТЕГРАЦІЙНО-КООПЕРАЦІЙНОЇ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ ПРОМИСЛОВИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ТА ОБ’ЄДНАНИХ СТРУКТУР БІЗНЕСУ

The study aims to substantiate the based on the marketing paradigm methodological approach to business entities selection for inclusion in the integration formations and develop recommendations for such entities competitive environment analysis. The possibility of enterprise development ensuring has been proved through the integration constraints system coordinated creation and through institutional norms and rules formalization for previously non-integrated actors' interaction. The strategic alternatives composition for the business, economic, technological, and organizational development have been generalized. The derivative two-dimensional strategic matrices formation framework for choosing the integrated business structure marketing strategy has been developed

JUSTIFICATION OF STRATEGIC ALTERNATIVES AT HARMONY (DYSHARMONY) OF JOINT INTERESTS OF AN ENTERPRISE AND ITS STAKEHOLDERS

The implementation of the harmonization approach is not only the search for a new combination of elements of the enterprise management system, the harmonious combination of all types of resources, but also the development and implementation of strategies for interacting with key groups of stakeholders on commodity and resource exchange. The article presents the results of a study of the economic content of the «interest» category, its position in the coordinate system “motive (stimulus) - need - interest - goal”. The harmony of the joint interests of the subject of management and its stakeholders is presented as a priority of the managerial activity of the enterprise. A methodological approach has been developed to select strategic alternatives and strategies for the interaction between a management entity and its stakeholders, depending on the scenario of satisfaction of joint interests, which allows the selection of the most appropriate mixed strategies for the interaction of the enterprise with stakeholders taking into account changes in characteristics of relations between them based on analysis and control. The following possible scenarios for the development of the situation were identified: “disharmony of interests”, “leadership of the subject of management”, “leadership of stakeholders”, “harmony of interests”.

ANALISIS STRATEGI PEMASARAN PADA PT GOJEK INDONESIA

Trends motorcycle online has increased in recent years with the increasing need for fast transportation in Jakarta. Ease and speed of motorcycles message via applications and the speed of travel (travel time) becomes a key factor many motorcycle enthusiasts online. Gojek as pioneers face challenges in maintaining quality service and win the competition. The marketing strategy is one way to determine the competitiveness of each force. Effective Use of SWOT can play an important role in determining the marketing strategy, in order to know the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats faced by enterprise IT in maintaining the viability and continuity of the company. Issues to be resolved in this research is How to determine the internal and external factors which will affect the company's strategy and determine appropriate marketing strategy planning for Gojek. The research was conducted using the method of analysis of IFAs to analyze the internal factors, the analysis of EFAS to external factors, then, input into the model kuantittif ie SWOT matrix. Results of the analysis showed that, based on internal strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and external threats, four sets of strategic alternatives that may be taken by the manager of the company in the face of increasingly competitive. Standard nomenclature should be used and abbreviations should be avoided. No literature should be cited. The keyword list provides the opportunity to add keywords, used by the indexing and abstracting services, in addition to those already present in the title. Judicious use of keywords may increase the ease with which interested parties can locate our article