Strain ATCC Research Articles

Newly characterized Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains isolated from raw goat milk as probiotic cultures with potent cholesterol-lowering activity

One of the most promising aspects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in foodstuffs with probiotic characteristics is cholesterol-lowering action. This study aimed to examine the bile salt hydrolase (BSH) positive strains; out of 50 LAB isolates, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lpb01 and Lpb02 were selected. Both Lpb01 and Lpb02 were more bile-tolerant strains, surviving in 1% bile for 3 h at up to 7.27 and 7.14 log CFU/mL, respectively. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lpb01 and Lpb02 deconjugated considerably more sodium glycocholate, releasing 5.50 ± 0.12 mM and 5.23 ± 0.41 mM cholic acid, respectively, compared with 4.32 ± 0.17 mM cholic acid released by ATCC 8014. In addition, Lpb. plantarum Lpb01 and Lpb02 deconjugated a considerably higher quantity of sodium glycocholate than ATCC 8014. Compared to ATCC 8014, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lpb01 and Lpb02 demonstrated a higher level of BSH activity. The tested strains Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lpb01 and Lpb02 resulted in a 63–68% reduction in the cholesterol level in broth media, whereas the commercial strain Lpb. plantarum ATCC 8014 showed a 51% reduction. In the case of survivability during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, they did not lyse in the presence of lysozyme, and they survived more than 96% of the time when exposed to pepsin and low acidity (pH 3) for 1.5 h. Finally, the LAB strains were resistant to bile salts and pancreatin, with an overall viability rate of 94.0–99.4% after exposure to small intestinal conditions. This suggests that the isolates can live in the GI tract's severe environment. As a result, these strains with demonstrated in vitro capabilities are promising candidates for novel probiotic-containing formulations and could be incorporated into functional dairy foods. • The Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lpb01and Lpb02 strains have shown high bile salt hydrolase activity. • The strains Lpb01 and Lpb02 resulted in remarkably higher cholesterol reductions of 63 and 68%, respectively. • The evaluated strains have a cholesterol removal ability of 12–17% higher than commercial strain ATCC 8014. • Biomimetic digestion model assessed that both strains had more than 96% survivability.

Analysis of antiquorum-sensing and antibiofilm activity by pomelo peel extract (Citrus maxima) on multidrug-resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is gram-negative bacteria with high adaptability by forming biofilms and quorum-sensing mechanisms to avoid immune responses and antimicrobial agents which tend to develop into Multidrug Resistance (MDR) related to Healthcare-Associated Infection (HAI) with a prevalence of 3,8% in Indonesia and a mortality of up to 69%. Polyphenol compounds found in pomelo peels (Citrus maxima) have been shown to have antibiofilm and antiquorum-sensing effects but are less investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate those effects on MDR P. aeruginosa. In vitro study design is performed to evaluate the inhibition effect of ethanolic extract on bacterial growth (Kirby-Bauer test), biofilm formation (biofilm assay), and quorum-sensing activity (pyocyanin and pyoverdine assay) on clinical isolates of MDR and ATCC strain as comparator. Furthermore, we employed computational methods using docking protein analysis. Biofilm formation was significantly inhibited by 71.1% ± 4.4% in MDR (pLasR and LasI) by active compounds of Citrus maxima. Molecular docking was used to further strengthen this hypothesis, showing no significant differences in bonding energy of polyphenol compounds found in pomelo peel with LasR and LasI compared to the native ligand and inhibitors. Pomelo peel extract can be considered as a potential therapy for MDR P. aeruginosa infection mediated based on its antibiofilm and antiquorum-sensing effects.

A novel pentavalent vaccine candidate completely protects against Acinetobacter baumannii in a mouse model of peritonitis

Acinetobacter baumannii is considered as one of the most virulent and infectious organisms that have an increased ability to both evade host immune response and resist various classes of antibiotics, leading to life-threatening infections. Multiple virulence factors have been implicated in the high prevalence rate of A. baumannii in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients. Moreover, improper use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of extensive drug-resistant strains that urgently require alternative strategies to control this superbug. Unfortunately, the availability of a licensed vaccine against A. baumannii infections is still challenged by the vast diversity among A. baumannii strains. Here, we report the development of a novel pentavalent vaccine candidate composed of two recombinant proteins (Wza and YiaD) and a pool of capsular polysaccharides isolated from 3 clinical isolates. We tested this new vaccine in vivo in a mouse model of peritonitis against the standard strain ATCC 19606 in addition to 3 clinical isolates of A. baumannii. Immunization with this vaccine completely protected the challenged mice with 100% survival rate in the case of all the tested bacteria. Further clinical studies are urgently needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this proprietary vaccine to protect patients from A. baumannii lethal infections.Key points• Recombinant proteins pool (Wza and YiaD) immunization led to a synergistic immune response.• Capsular polysaccharides pool induced up to 90% protection of tested clinical isolates.• The pentavalent pool showed superiority with 100% survival of immunized mice.

The release of petroleum hydrocarbons from a saline-sodic soil by the new biosurfactant-producing strain of Bacillus sp.

Adsorption of old-aged petroleum hydrocarbons to the soil solid phase, which causes biosurfactant loss of performance, is among the limiting factors for the remediation of the saline-sodic soils contaminated with petroleum. Therefore, to find a functional biosurfactant in oil-contaminated saline-sodic soils, the efficiency of 39 bacteria isolated from petroleum-contaminated soils was evaluated. The strains were cultured in the Bushnell–Haas medium, and the produced biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers in this medium were extracted using chloroform/methanol and ethyl acetate extraction methods, respectively. Their partial purification was performed by column chromatography, and eventually, their performance in releasing TPH from the contaminated soil was evaluated. The soil test results revealed that the highest TPH releases due to the effects of the biosurfactants and bioemulsifier produced from SHA302, SH21, and SH72 isolates were 42.4% ± 0.2, 21.6% ± 0.15 and 24.3% ± 0.91, respectively. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, the SHA302 strain showed 93.98% phylogenetic similarity with Bacillus pumilus strain ATCC 7061. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography results proved that the biosurfactants produced by isolates SHA302, SH21 and SH72 showed lipopeptide, glycolipoprotein and glycoprotein natures, respectively. The performance of the biosurfactant produced by SHA302 isolate indicated that it could be used as a good candidate for releasing TPH from saline-sodic soils with old contamination and facilitating the degradation of hydrocarbons.

Optimization and evaluation of anticancer, antifungal, catalytic, and antibacterial activities: Biosynthesis of spherical-shaped gold nanoparticles using Pistacia vera hull extract (AuNPs@PV)

In the past years, use of plant sources for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles has become very important. Gold nanoparticles with unique biological properties are one of these materials which are being investigated extensively. In the present study, the aqueous extract of Pistacia vera hull was utilized to fabrication of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs@PV) in a facile, environmentally friendly, and affordable way. Then the anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, and photocatalytic potentials of AuNPs@PV were also investigated. The results of various techniques applied, including XRD, UV–vis, TEM, FT-IR, EDS, and FESEM showed the biological reduction of Au3+ ions to Au0. Antibacterial studies were performed on a wide range of bacteria including seven strains of ATCC and seven strains of drug-resistant pathogens. According to the findings of this research, it seems that biosynthesized gold nanoparticles had good antibacterial activity against ATCC and drug-resistant strains of bacteria. The MIC values of E. coli, S. aureus, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, K. pneumonia, A. baumannii were 34.37, 4.2, 8.59, 4.29, 0.5, 34.37, and 8.59 μg/mL, respectively. The result of the antifungal investigation showed that two pathogenic fungi, Candida albicans (IFRC1873) and Candida albicans (IFRC1874) were susceptible to AuNPs@PV with MIC values of 550 and 137 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, AuNPs@PV revealed noteworthy anticancer efficacy against AGS-3 and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values of 58.31 and 148.1 μg/mL, respectively. The results of the cytotoxicity effect of AuNPs@PV on BEAS-2B as a normal cell line indicated the selectivity of AuNPs@PV on cancerous cells. Furthermore, the fabricated AuNPs@PV under UV irradiation exhibited significant potential in the decolorization of methylene orange (MO) with a percent decolorization of 91.5 % after 20 min. Therefore, it can be concluded that biosynthesized gold nanoparticles as a photocatalyst, anti-bacterial, antifungal, and anti-cancer agents have potential applications in the fields of environment and biology.

Susceptibility Of Root Canal Flora To Chitosan, Chlorhexidine And Their Combination - An In Vitro Study

Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of chitosan, chlorhexidine, and their combination, on root canal flora.
 
 Method: Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated using the agar-well diffusion method. Ten samples of each ATCC strain i.e. Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus sanguis were examined for antimicrobial efficacy of 2% chlorhexidine, 2% chitosan and their combination.
 Results: There was no statistically significant difference in zones of inhibition between chlorhexidine and chlorhexidine+chitosan against different microorganisms(p>0.05). Normal saline and chitosan alone did not show any zones of inhibition.
 Conclusion: No statistically significant difference was found between the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine and chlorhexidine+chitosan against different microorganisms.

Valorization of Invasive Plant Extracts against the Bispecies Biofilm Staphylococcus aureus-Candida albicans by a Bioguided Molecular Networking Screening.

Invasive plants efficiently colonize non-native territories, suggesting a great production of bioactive metabolites which could be effective antibiofilm weapons. Our study aimed to look for original molecules able to inhibit bispecies biofilm formed by S. aureus and C. albicans. Extracts from five invasive macrophytes (Ludwigia peploides, Ludwigia grandiflora, Myriophyllum aquaticum, Lagarosiphon major and Egeria densa) were prepared and tested in vitro against 24 h old bispecies biofilms using a crystal violet staining (CVS) assay. The activities of the extracts reducing the biofilm total biomass by 50% or more were comparatively analyzed against each microbial species forming the biofilm by flow cytometry (FCM) and scanning electron microscopy. Extracts active against both species were fractionated. Obtained fractions were analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS and evaluated by the CVS assay. Chemical and biological data were combined into a bioactivity-based molecular networking (BBMN) to identify active compounds. The aerial stem extract of L. grandiflora showed the highest antibiofilm activity (>50% inhibition at 50 µg∙mL-1). The biological, chemical and BBMN investigations of its fractions highlighted nine ions correlated with the antibiofilm activity. The most correlated compound, identified as betulinic acid (BA), inhibited bispecies biofilms regardless of the three tested couples of strains (ATCC strains: >40% inhibition, clinical isolates: ≈27% inhibition), confirming its antibiofilm interest.

Complete Genome Sequence of Arthrobacter Phage ScienceWizSam.

Phage ScienceWizSam was isolated from soil using Arthrobacter sp. strain ATCC 21022. The phage genome is 58,217 bp with 96 open reading frames (ORFs). All of the ORFs are transcribed rightwards. Based on gene content similarity, ScienceWizSam is assigned to phage subcluster AU1.

Efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillium muscarium against two main pests, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and Tetranychus urticae (Koch), under geothermal greenhouses of Southern Tunisia

BackgroundThe geothermal greenhouses in Southern Tunisia are an important axis of agricultural development. This sector faces many abiotic and biotic constraints that could threat its sustainability. Thus, the heated greenhouses encounter destructive pests such as the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae).ResultsThis study aimed to assess the effect of the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Beauveria bassiana (strain ATCC and strain R444) and Lecanicillium muscarium strain Ve6 on simultaneous existence of T. urticae and B. tabaci in the host plants. The EPF had a significant effect on eggs and larvae of B. tabaci and on eggs and mobile forms of T. urticae in particular. The use of B. bassiana ATCC, B. bassiana R444 and L. muscarium strains Ve6 showed significant efficacies against B. tabaci larvae and eggs compared to untreated control. Indeed, the reduction percent of B. tabaci eggs varied between 42.65 and 58.52%. Thus, the efficacy against the number of B. tabaci larvae was in order to 65.04, 60.26 and 55.52% of B. bassiana strain ATCC, B. bassiana strain R444 and L. muscarium strain Ve6, respectively. In addition, these EPF were very effective on T. urticae eggs with a percentage reduction greater than 92.86%, whereas the percentage reduction in the T. urticae mobile forms varied between 95.11 and 98.52%.ConclusionsUse of EPF will be an imperative to develop directed interventions at the integrated management of these two pests in protected and geothermal crops.

Curcumin carbon dots inhibit biofilm formation and expression of esp and gelE genes of Enterococcusfaecium

The increasing prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, along with the ability of this bacterium to form biofilm on biotic surfaces and medical devices, has created a serious challenge. Therefore, the development of new antibacterial agents is an urgent need. In this study, curcumin carbon dots (Cur-CDs) were synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method, and its antibacterial and antibiofilm effects were investigated. By broth microdilution method, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against vancomycin-resistant and sensitive clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium (two clinical isolates in total) and standard strain of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 was determined, which were 1000, 1000, and 125 μg/ml, respectively. The inhibitory effect of Cur-CDs on biofilm formation of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium clinical isolates were evaluated by microtiter plate assay. Cur-CDs (1000 μg/ml) significantly prevented (p = 0.009) the biofilm formation of E. faecium isolates. Real-time PCR results showed that Cur-CDs (1000 μg/ml) significantly downregulated the expression of esp and gelE genes (p = 0.001 and p = 000000002, respectively) in clinical isolates of E. faecium, while Cur-CDs did not affect acm gene expression (p = 0.086). This study revealed that Cur-CDs can be effective antibacterial and antibiofilm agents against vancomycin-resistant and biofilm producer E. faecium, which makes them interesting candidates for treating or preventing bacterial infections.

2'-Fucosyllactose inhibits proliferation of Clostridioides difficile ATCC 43599 in the CDi-screen, an in vitro model simulating Clostridioides difficile infection.

Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium that can produce the toxins TcdA and/or TcdB and is considered an opportunistic pathogen. C. difficile is mainly transmitted as endospores, which germinate to produce the pathogenic vegetative cells under suitable conditions in the gut. To efficiently screen novel therapeutic- interventions against the proliferation of C. difficile within a complex microbial community, platforms are needed that facilitate parallel experimentation. In order to allow for screening of novel interventions a medium-to-high throughput in vitro system is desirable. To this end, we have developed the 96-well CDi-screen platform that employs an adapted simulated ileal effluent medium (CDi-SIEM) and allows for culturing of pathogenic C. difficile. C. difficile strain ATCC 43599 was inoculated in the form of vegetative cells and spores into the CDi-screen in the presence and absence of a cultured fecal microbiota and incubated for 48h. To demonstrate its utility, we investigated the effect of the human milk oligosaccharide 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) at 4 and 8 mg/mL on C. difficile outgrowth and toxin production in the CDi-screen. The test conditions were sampled after 24 and 48 hours. C. difficile -specific primers were used to monitor C. difficile growth via qPCR and barcoded 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing facilitated the in-depth analysis of gut microbial community dynamics. C. difficile ATCC 43599 proliferated in CDi-SIEM, both when inoculated as spores and as vegetative cells. The strain reached cell numbers expressed as C. difficile genome equivalents of up to 10 8 cells per mL after 24h of incubation. 2'-FL significantly inhibited the outgrowth of the ATTC 43599 strain within a complex human gut microbial community in the CDi-screen. In addition, a dose-dependent modulation of the gut microbial community composition by 2'-FL supplementation was detected, with a significant increase in the relative abundance of the genus Blautia in the presence of 2'-FL. The CDi-screen is suitable for studying C. difficile proliferation in a complex gut ecosystem and for screening for anti-pathogenic interventions that target C. difficile directly and/or indirectly through interactions with the gut microbiota. Different doses of compounds such as in this study the dose of the human milk oligosaccharide 2'-FL can be screened for efficacy in the inhibition of C. difficile proliferation.

Phytochemical Characterization of Water Avens (Geum rivale L.) Extracts: Structure Assignment and Biological Activity of the Major Phenolic Constituents.

Water avens (Geum rivale L.) is a common Rosaceae plant widely spread in Europe and North America. It is rich in biologically active natural products, some of which are promising as prospective pharmaceuticals. The extracts of water avens are well known for their triterpenoid metabolites and associated anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. However, the polyphenolic profiles of G. rivale L. are still awaiting complete characterization. Accordingly, the contribution of its individual components to the antioxidant, antibacterial and neuroprotective activity of the extracts is still unknown. As this plant can be available on an industrial scale, a better knowledge of its properly-relevant constituents might give access to new highly-efficient pharmaceutical substances and functional products. Therefore, herein we comprehensively characterize the secondary metabolome of G. rivale by ESI-HR-MS, ESI-HR-MSn and NMR spectroscopy with a special emphasis on the polyphenolic composition of its aerial parts. Furthermore, a multilateral evaluation of the antioxidant, neuroprotective and antibacterial properties of the aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions of the total aqueous alcoholic extract as well as individual isolated polyphenols was accomplished. Altogether four phenolic acid derivatives (trigalloyl hexose, caffeoyl-hexoside malate, ellagic acid and ellagic acid pentoside), six flavonoids (three quercetin derivatives, kaempferol and three its derivatives and two isorhamnetin derivatives) and four tannins (HHDP-hexoside, proantocyanidin dimer, pedunculagin I and galloyl-bis-HHDP-hexose) were identified in this plant for the first time. The obtained aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions of the total extract as well as the isolated individual compounds showed pronounced antioxidant activity. In addition, a pronounced antibacterial activity against several strains was proved for the studied fractions (for ethyl acetate fraction the highest activity against E. coli АТСС 25922 and S. aureus strains ATCC 27853 and SG-511 (MIC 15.6 μg/mL) was observed; for aqueous fraction-against Staphylococcus aureus SG-511 (MIC 31.2 μg/mL)). However, the anti-neurodegenerative (neuroprotective) properties could not be found with the employed methods. However, the antibacterial activity of the fractions could not be associated with any of the isolated individual major phenolics (excepting 3-O-methylellagic acid). Thus, the aerial parts of water avens represent a promising source of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activity and therefrom derived human health benefits, although the single constituents isolated so far lack a dominant selectively bioactive constituent in the bioassays performed.

Genome Sequence of Arthrobacter Phage NathanVaag.

We report the genome sequence of bacteriophage NathanVaag, an actinobacteriophage isolated from soil in El Paso, Texas, that infects Arthrobacter sp. strain ATCC 21022. The 49,645-bp genome contains 73 predicted protein-coding genes. Based on gene content similarity to phages in the Actinobacteriophage Database, NathanVaag is assigned to phage cluster AO1.

Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Inhibiting Activity of Advanced Glycation Endproduct Crosslink Breaking and Glycation Inhibiting Compounds.

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium that plays a role in the pathogenesis of skin lesions in diabetes mellitus, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis, all of which are associated with elevated non-enzymatic glycation biomarkers. The production of biofilm protects resident bacteria from host immune defenses and antibiotic interventions, prolonging pathogen survival, and risking recurrence after treatment. Glycated proteins formed from keratin and glucose induce biofilm formation in S. aureus, promoting dysbiosis and increasing pathogenicity. In this study, several glycation-inhibiting and advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) crosslink-breaking compounds were assayed for their ability to inhibit glycated keratin-induced biofilm formation as preliminary screening for clinical testing candidates. Ascorbic acid, astaxanthin, clove extract, n-phenacylthiazolium bromide, and rosemary extract were examined in an in vitro static biofilm model with S. aureus strain ATCC 12600. Near complete biofilm inhibition was achieved with astaxanthin (ED50 = 0.060 mg/mL), clove extract (ED50 = 0.0087 mg/mL), n-phenacylthiazolium bromide (ED50 = 5.3 mg/mL), and rosemary extract (ED50 = 1.5 mg/mL). The dosage necessary for biofilm inhibition was not significantly correlated with growth inhibition (R2 = 0.055. p = 0.49). Anti-glycation and AGE breaking compounds with biofilm inhibitory activity are ideal candidates for treatment of S. aureus dysbiosis and skin infection that is associated with elevated skin glycation.

Comparison of the Antimicrobial Effect of Chlorine Dioxide, Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorhexidine, on Bacteria Isolated from the Root Canal

Aim: To compare the antimicrobial capacity of Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2), Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and Chlorhexidine (CHX) in microorganisms isolated from persistent apical periodontitis and ATCC strains. Materials and methods: The microorganisms included were analyzed by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC): 50 µl of saline solution and 100 µl of Chlorine Dioxide 0.25%, Sodium Hypochlorite 1% and Chlorhexidine 2% were used to make the following dilutions of 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, 1:64, 1:128, 1:256, 1:512, 1:1024 and test them with the following microorganisms, E. faecalis from root canal and S. viridans, anginosus group from the alveolus, in adittion, Escherichia coli ATCC and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC were included to observe bacterial growth after 18h of incubation. Results: NaOCl inhibited the microorganisms in all the dilutions, the ClO2 showed bacterial growth in dilution 1:128, CHX1:8, in E. faecalis, S. viridans, anginosus group, ClO2:1:32, CHX:1:8, Escherichia coli ATCC ClO2:1:32, CHX:1:128, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC ClO2:1:64 and CHX:1:256. Conclusion: NaOCl was the chemical agent that inhibited all the strains evaluated, followed by ClO2 and Chlorhexidine 2% needed higher concentrations for the eradication of the analyzed strains.

Insights of ethyl acetate fraction from Vassobia breviflora in multidrug-resistant bacteria and cancer cells: from biological to therapeutic

ABSTRACT Cancer and infectious diseases are among the leading causes of death in the world. Despite the diverse array of treatments available, challenges posed by resistance, side effects, high costs, and inaccessibility persist. In the Solanaceae plant family, few studies with Vassobia breviflora species relating to biological activity are known, but promising results have emerged. The phytochemicals present in the ethyl acetate fraction were obtained using ESI-MS-QTOF, and the antioxidants assays 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical capture (ABTS), plasma ferric reduction capacity (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by MTT, Neutral Red, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released. The production of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and purinergic enzymes was also investigated. Antibacterial activity was measured through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and antibiofilm activity, in addition to genotoxicity in plasmid DNA. Five major masses were identified D-glucopyranose II, allyl disulfide, γ-lactones, pharbilignoside, and one mass was not identified. V. breviflora exhibited relevant antioxidant and cytotoxic activity against the HeLa cell line and enhanced expression effect in modulation of purinergic signaling. Antibacterial activities in the assays in 7 ATCC strains and 8 multidrug-resistant clinical isolates were found. V. breviflora blocked biofilm formation in producing bacteria at the highest concentrations tested. However, there was no plasmid DNA cleavage at the concentrations tested. Data demonstrated that V. breviflora exhibited an antioxidant effect through several methods and proved to be a promising therapeutic alternative for use against tumor cells via purinergic signaling and multidrug-resistant microorganisms, presenting an anti-biofilm effect.

Cinnamon Leaf and Clove Essential Oils Are Potent Inhibitors of Candida albicans Virulence Traits.

Plant-based essential oils are promising anti-virulence agents against the multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) leaf and Eugenia caryophyllus (clove) flower bud essential oils revealed eugenol (73 and 75%, respectively) as their major component, with β-caryophyllene, eugenyl acetate, and α-humulene as common minor components. Cinnamon leaf and clove essential oils had minimum inhibitory concentrations of 600 and 500 µg/mL, respectively against the C. albicans RSY150 reference strain and 1000 and 750 µg/mL, respectively for the clinical reference strain ATCC 10231. The combined oils are additive (FICI = 0.72 ± 0.16) and synergistic (0.5 ± 0.0) against RSY150 and the clinical reference strain, respectively. Mycelial growth was inhibited by sublethal concentrations of either essential oil, which abolished colony growth. At half of the lowest combined lethal concentration for the two oils, the yeast-to-hyphal transition and mycelial growth was potently inhibited. Mutant strains als1Δ/Δ, als3Δ/Δ, hwp1Δ/HWP1+, and efg1Δ/Δ were sensitive to either or both oils, especially efg1Δ/Δ. In conclusion, oils of cinnamon leaf and clove and their combination significantly impact C. albicans virulence by inhibiting hyphal and mycelial growth.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potency of Mimosa pudica of Nepalese Terai Region: Insight into L-Mimosine as an Antibacterial Agent.

Aim The study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potency of Mimosa pudica found wildly in the Terai region of Nepal and assess its physicochemical properties, such as total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Materials and Methods The physicochemical properties of ethyl acetate extract of Mimosa pudica (EAMP), such as extractive value, total ash content, loss on drying, and phytochemical screening, were calculated using standard protocols. The TPC was determined by using the Folin–Ciocalteu method taking gallic acid as standard, and TFC was conducted by using the AlCl3 colorimetric method, using a 96-well plate reader. The in vitro antibacterial activity of different concentrations of the extract against four bacterial ATCC strains was determined by the agar well diffusion method in the Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) medium. The in silico molecular docking model was used to ascertain the antibacterial potency of L-mimosine against the selected strains of bacteria used for the in vitro study by calculating the binding affinity towards the protein of bacteria. Results The preliminary screening of the extract showed the presence of several phytochemicals. The total ash content (7.67%), loss on drying (2.30%), and extractive value (8.966%) were determined by analyzing the crude sample. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 418.640 ± 0.018 mg GAE/g (dried extract) and 14.126 ± 0.021 mg QE/g (dried extract), respectively. The extract showed a potent free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 158.95 ± 1.12 µg/mL. The plant extract also demonstrated the antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm) and Bacillus cereus (22 mm) and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (17 mm) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (16 mm) at 200 mg/mL concentration of extract. There was a noteworthy binding affinity of antibiotics with almost all selected bacterial proteins with binding energy against Escherichia coli DNA gyrase subunit B (−5.7 kcal/mol), Staphylococcus aureus DNA gyrase subunit B (−6.1 kcal/mol), Bacillus cereus metallothiol transferase (−5.2 kcal/mol), and Klebsiella pneumoniaebeta-lactamase (−6.1 kcal/mole), respectively, with the L-mimosine. Conclusion The findings of the current study suggest that Mimosa pudica from the Terai region of Nepal is rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, has a significant impact on bacterial growth inhibition, and has a notable potential to scavenge free radicals (DPPH). According to the in silico analysis, L-mimosine is a potent antibacterial compound that might be utilised to discover novel antibacterial drugs to combat antibiotic resistance.

Дослідження фунгіцидної дії дезінфекційного препарату «Діолайд»

Nowadays it is important to develop new disinfectants for poultry which are simple in use, non-toxic if used in the presence of birds, with a broad bactericidal spectrum, not causing the resistance of microflora, maintaining the air environment, linking ammonia and deodorizing the air. One of the product effectiveness indicators comes from testing on micromycetes which are persistent on the indoor surfaces and require high fungicidal concentrations of active substances. Research results of the effect produced by the “Diolide” disinfectant with 42% sodium chlorite and 46% sodium chloride base showed fungicidal activity against the etalon strains of Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404. By serial digestion method using paper disks on Chapek’s medium and on the malt agar in the presence of the “Diolide” disinfectant the effective concentration of 0.1% was established. “Diolide” disinfectant at 0.1% concentration at 60 min. exposure completely disinfected test objects of wood, iron, brick and plaster which were contaminated with micromycetes. It was found that the effectiveness of “Diolide” disinfectant depends directly on the time of exposure and it is therefore necessary to adhere to these conditions in the production process.

Assessment of the efficacy of two feed additives consisting of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly Lactobacillus plantarum) strains ATCC 55058 and ATCC 55942 for all animal species (FEFANA asbl).

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the efficacy of two technological additives to improve ensiling of forages consisting of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (formerly Lactobacillus plantarum) strains ATCC 55058 and ATCC 55942, respectively, for all animal species. Both additives are intended for use with all forages and for all animal species at a proposed minimum concentration of 5× 106 colony forming units (CFU)/kg forage. In two previous opinions, the FEEDAP Panelcould not conclude on their efficacy due to the absence of any significant evidence of nutrient preservation. Based on three new efficacy studies provided by the applicant as supplementary information, the FEEDAP Panelconcluded that the addition of L. plantarum strains ATCC 55058 or ATCC 55942, have the potential to improve the ensiling process by reducing protein degradation in all type of forages as indicated by the reduction of ammonia production.