Rats Of Sprague-Dawley Strain Research Articles

Molecular Mechanism for Hepatic Glycerolipid Partitioning of n-6/n-3 Fatty Acid Ratio in an Obese Animal Biomodels.

The n-6/n-3 metabolic pathway associated with hepatic glycerolipid portioning plays a key role in preventing obesity. In this nutrition metabolism study, we used in vivo monitoring techniques with 40 obese male Sprague-Dawley strain rats attached with jugular-vein cannula after obesity was induced by a high-fat diet to determine the molecular mechanism associated with hepatic glycerolipid partitioning involving the n-6/n-3 metabolic pathway. Rats were randomly assigned to four groups (10 animals per group), including one control group (CON, n-6/n-3 of 71:1) and three treatment groups (n-6/n-3 of 4:1, 15:1 and 30:1). They were fed with experimental diets for 60 days. Incorporation rates of [14C]-labeling lipid into glycerolipid in the liver were 28.87-37.03% in treatment groups fed with diets containing an n-6/n-3 ratio of 4:1, 15:1 and 30:1, which were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that in the CON (40.01%). However, 14CO2 emission % of absorbed dose showed the opposite trend. It was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in a treatment groups (n-6/n-3 of 4:1, 15:1 and 30:1, 30.35-45.08%) than in CON (27.71%). Regarding the metabolic distribution of glycerolipid to blood from livers, phospholipid/total glycerolipid (%) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in CON at 11.04% than in treatment groups at 18.15% to 25.15%. Moreover, 14CO2/[14C]-total glycerolipid (%) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in treatment groups at 44.16-78.50% than in CON at 39.50%. Metabolic distribution of fatty acyl moieties flux for oxidation and glycerolipid synthesis in the liver were significantly (p < 0.05) better in order of 4:1 > 15:1 > 30:1 than in the CON. Our data demonstrate that n-6/n-3 of 4:1 could help prevent obesity by controlling the mechanism of hepatic partitioning through oxidation and esterification of glycerolipid in an obese animal biomodel.

Influence of Age and Genetic Background on Ethanol Intake and Behavioral Response Following Ethanol Consumption and During Abstinence in a Model of Alcohol Abuse.

Genetic background and age at first exposure have been identified as critical variables that contribute to individual vulnerability to drug addiction. Evidence shows that genetic factors may account for 40–70% of the variance in liability to addiction. Alcohol consumption by young people, especially in the form of binge-drinking, is becoming an alarming phenomenon predictive of future problems with drinking. Thus, the literature indicates the need to better understand the influence of age and genetic background on the development of alcohol dependence. To this aim, the inbred rat strains Lewis (LEW, addiction prone) and Fischer 344 (F344, addiction resistant) were used as a model of genetic vulnerability to addiction and compared with the outbred strain Sprague-Dawley (SD) in a two-bottle choice paradigm as a model of alcohol abuse. During a 9-week period, adolescent and adult male rats of the three strains were intermittently exposed to ethanol (20%) and water during three 24-h sessions/week. Adult and adolescent SD and LEW rats escalated their alcohol intake over time reaching at stable levels, while F344 rats did not escalate their intake, regardless of age at drinking onset. Among adolescents, only F344 rats consumed a higher total amount of ethanol than adults, although only SD and LEW rats escalated their intake. Adult LEW rats, albeit having a lower ethanol consumption as compared to SD rats but greater than F344, showed a more compulsive intake, consuming higher amounts of ethanol during the first hour of exposure, reaching a higher degree of ethanol preference when start drinking as adolescents. Behavioral analysis during the first hour of ethanol consumption revealed significant strain differences, among which noticeable the lack of sedative effect in the LEW strain, at variance with F344 and SD strains, and highest indices of withdrawal (most notable jumping) in LEW rats during the first hour of abstinence days. The present results underscore the importance of individual genetic background and early onset of alcohol use in the progression toward abuse and development of alcohol addiction.

Moringa, Rosemary and Purslane Leaves Extracts Alleviate Metabolic Syndrome in Rats Induced by High Fat-High Fructose Diet.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities characterized by obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. This study aimed to investigate the impact of moringa, rosemary and purslane leave water extracts on metabolic syndrome in rats. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Phenolic compounds in the plant leaves water extracts were determined by HPLC. Fifty adult male albino rats Sprague-Dawley strain were equally divided into five groups, group (1) Normal rats fed on the balanced diet, group (2) Metabolic syndrome rats fed on High Fat-High Fructose Diet (HF-HFD). The other three groups were fed on HF-HFD and orally administered 200 mg kg<sup></sup><sup>1</sup> b.wt. daily of the tested plant's leaves water extracts, respectively, for 12 weeks. Some anthropometric measurements (BMI, Lee index and adiposity index), biochemical parameters such as glucose hemostasis parameters (glucose, Insulin, HOMA-IR and GLP-1), lipids profile (TAGs, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, free fatty acids, Apo-B and Apo A1), adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), some inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6) and oxidative stress markers (PCC, NO and MDA), some anti-oxidant markers (GSH, CAT and TAOC) as well as, the gene expression level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase were determined. <b>Results:</b> The results revealed that feeding rats with HF-HFD for 12 weeks significantly increased anthropometric measurements, some inflammatory markers and oxidative stress markers and worsen glucose hemostasis parameters, lipids profile, adipokines and endothelial function as compared to the normal group. Moreover, co-administration of the tested plant's extracts at the tested dose to HF-HFD fed rats reduced the development of indicators of metabolic syndrome when compared to the metabolic syndrome group. <b>Conclusion:</b> The administered plant leaves water extracts at the tested dose could improve the features of metabolic syndrome. Rosemary leaves water extract has more effect in comparison with the other extracts.

Age, Sex and Strain Respond Differently to Acute Ritalin (Methylphenidate) Exposure

The dose-dependent response to variable methylphenidate (MPD) doses on the behavior of male and female adolescent (post-natal day 39) and adult (post-natal day 60) rats of three different genetic strains was studied to examine whether there are sex, age and strain dependent differences in response to MPD. Twenty-four male and twenty-four female groups were used. The 48 groups each had an N=8. The results show that female adolescents and adult rats of Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Spontaneous Hyperactive Rat (SHR) strains were more sensitive to the acute exposure of MPD. Furthermore, female adult rats of the SD, SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) strains generally responded with greater increase in locomotor activity than the adolescent females of these strains. In the WKY strain, adolescent males tended to experience a greater increase in activity than adult males. Lastly, significant differences in response to MPD also were observed among the three genetic strains. These variable responses to the acute dose of MPD reinforce the need to study the effects of this psychostimulant across the various sexes, ages and strains.

PERBANDINGAN EFEKTIVITAS DOSIS EKSTRAK BIJI ALPUKAT YANG DIPROSES DENGAN MILLING TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR GULA DARAH PADA TIKUS

Pendahuluan: Diabetes adalah penyakit metabolik yang disebabkan oleh pankreas yang tidak mampu memproduksi insulin (hormon yang mengatur kadar gula darah) atau tubuh yang tidak dapat menggunakan insulin secara efektif. Diabetes dapat menyebabkan gangguan penglihatan, penyakit kardiovaskuler, penyakit ginjal dan penyakit lainnya. Diabetes biasa diobati dengan obat kimia anti-diabetes atau dengan insulin. Namun saat ini, masyarakat sudah mulai mencari pengobatan alternatif yang menggunakan bahan alami. Salah satu bahan alami yang dapat dipakai sebagai pengobatan alternatif untuk diabetes adalah ekstrak biji alpukat (Persea americana Mill.). Biji alpukat dipilih karena memiliki zat aktif seperti astringen dan flavonoid yang sudah diteliti memiliki efek anti-diabetes.
 Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental menggunakan hewan uji tikus Sprague-Dawley. Kelompok tikus dibagi menjadi 4, yaitu kelompok I sebagai kelompok kontrol negatif, dan kelompok II, III dan IV. Kelompok tikus perlakuan diinjeksi dengan aloksan sehingga menginduksi kondisi diabetes, kemudian tikus diberikan ekstrak biji alpukat dengan konsentrasi berbeda setiap hari selama 5 hari. Ekstrak biji alpukat diperoleh dengan menggiling biji alpukat sehingga menjadi serbuk halus, lalu ekstraksi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode maserasi.
 Hasil: Setelah pemberian ekstrak biji alpukat, terdapat penurunan kadar gula darah pada kelompok II, III, dan IV. Hasil uji statistik one way anova menunjukkan hasil p=0,046, dengan demikian terjadi penurunan kadar gula darah yang bermakna. Namun berdasarkan hasil uji statistik Tukey HSD, kelompok uji tidak ada yang berbeda secara signifikan antara satu dan lainya.
 Simpulan: Pemberian ekstrak biji alpukat (dosis of 150mg/kg, 300mg/kg, and 450mg/kg) menyebabkan penurunan kadar gula darah yang bermakna secara statistik, namun tidak terdapat dosis ekstrak yang paling efektif dari antara ketiganya.

Effect of Pomegranate Juice against High Fat Diet Induced Fatty Liver in rats

This research aims at studying the effect of pomegranate juice against high fat diet induced fatty liver in rats. Forty adult male rats Sprague-Dawley strain, were divided into four groups of ten rats each weighing 180±20g. (G1) control group that were fed on standard diet, (G2) rats fed on standard diet with Pomegranate juice (20 ml/kg body weight orally) , (G3) rats fed on high fat diet, (G4) rats fed on high fat diet with pomegranate juice (20 ml/kg body weight orally). The experiment was conducted for 6 weeks. The incidence of fatty liver was evaluated by assayed the liver enzymes in serum (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), serum lipid profile such as total cholesterol , high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and histopathological examination of liver.The high fat diet group (G3), revealed hyperlipidemia, elevated in liver enzymes and histological changes in the liver tissue. While, the rats fed high fat diet with pomegranate juice group (G4), showed reduction in the levels of serum lipids and improvement in the liver enzymes. Furthermore, pomegranate juice reduced the occurrence of histological changes in rat's liver . The results of the study concluded that daily administration of pomegranate juice can protect against developing changes caused by high fat diet and reduced the development of fatty liver. These findings suggested that drinking pomegranate juice may be beneficial for people who are exposed to fatty liver or hypercholesterolemia. .

Voluntary wheel running effects on intra-accumbens opioid high-fat feeding and locomotor behavior in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rat strains

The present study examined the influence of physical activity vs. sedentary home cage conditions on baseline and opioid-driven high-fat feeding behaviors in two common strains of laboratory rats. Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats were singly housed with either access to a voluntary running wheel (RUN) or locked-wheel (SED) for 5 weeks, before being stereotaxically implanted with bilateral cannulae targeting the nucleus accumbens. Following recovery, with RUN or SED conditions continuing the duration of the experiment, all rats were given 2 h daily access to a high-fat diet for 6 consecutive days to establish a stable baseline intake. Over the next 2 weeks, all subjects were administered the μ-opioid agonist D-Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Glyol5-enkephalin (DAMGO) (multiple dose range) or saline into the nucleus accumbens, immediately followed by 2 h access to a high-fat diet. Drug treatments were separated by at least 1 day and treatment order was counterbalanced. Baseline consumption of the high-fat diet during the 1-week baseline acclimation period did not differ between RUN and SED groups in either rat strain. Higher doses of DAMGO produced increased fat consumption in both strains of rats, yet no differences were observed between RUN vs. SED treated groups. However, SED treatment produced a greater locomotor response following intra-accumbens DAMGO administration, compared to the RUN condition, during the 2 h feeding session. The data suggest that the animals housed in sedentary versus voluntary wheel running conditions may differ in behavioral tolerance to the locomotor but not the orexigenic activating properties of intra-accumbens DAMGO treatment.

Metformin and melatonin improve histopathological outcome of NMU-induced mammary tumors in rats

ObjectiveNumerous reports showed inhibition of carcinogenesis after metformin (MF) and melatonin (MEL) administration. However, most in vivo studies used standard diet type, with relatively low fat content. As increase in fat intake may have a considerable impact on malignant transformation, we evaluated the effects of these two substances in a model of mammary carcinogenesis in rats fed a high-fat diet (10%). MethodsMammary tumors were induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU) in female rats of sensitive Sprague-Dawley strain. MF was administered in a diet (0.2%), MEL was administered in drinking water (20 mg/L). The chemoprevention was initiated 12 days prior to tumor initiation, both substances were administered through the termination of the experiment on 16th week after carcinogen application. Analysis of basic parameters of tumor growth, histopathological profile, and serum IGF-1 level were performed together with immunohistochemical detection of Ki67 (proliferation marker) and caspase-3 and BCL-2 (apoptosis markers) in mammary cancer cells. ResultsAlthough neither tumor incidence nor frequency were changed after MF and/or MEL administration, MF and MEL decreased high-grade/low-grade (HG/LG) tumor ratio. MEL decreased proliferation in mammary cancer cells; positive correlations between histological grade and Ki67 expressions were found after single administration of both MF and MEL. Serum IGF-1 levels were reduced to the level of intact rats in all groups receiving chemoprevention. ConclusionsMF and MEL administration did not inhibit growth of NMU-induced mammary tumors in rats in a significant manner but both substances ameliorated tumor histopathological profile. Surprisingly, combined treatment had no such effect.

FRUCTOSE;

Objectives: To study and compare the effects of fructose and galactose on, bloodglucose, insulin, HbA and lipids and anthropometric measurements. Data Source: Ninety, 1chealthy adult male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain. Design: Experimental study. Setting:Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, A.M.C, Rawalpindi, in collaboration withN.I.H, Islamabad. Period: Twelve months. Subjects and Methods: Rats weighing 180-350 gramswere selected by random sampling and were divided into three groups, 30 each. Group I wasgiven standard diet, Group II was given high fructose diet (HFD), i.e., 1.5gms/Kg body weight/dayof fructose, along with standard diet for two weeks and Group III was given high galactose diet,i.e., 0.83gms/Kg body weight/day, along with standard diet for two weeks. Results: There was asignificant increase in height of galactose group while fructose group has significant weight loss;BMI decreased in both but more in former. The blood levels of cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, TG, andinsulin were significantly higher in fructose group than in galactose group. There was nosignificant difference between blood glucose and HbA among these groups yet their higher 1clevels indicate the chances of developing insulin resistance. Conclusions: Fructose due to itsless hyperglycaemic effects should not be used in diet and must not be prescribed in diabetes, asin the long run it can lead to obesity, hypertension and cardiovascular risk. Non-significant effectsof galactose on above parameters (except lipoproteins), does not mean that it can be used as analternative to fructose and this area needs exploration.

Porous scaffolds based on biogenic poly (ε-caprolactone)/hydroxyapatite composites: in vivo study

Each year million tons of fish bones and shellfish are caught, which were causing a serious environmental problem. Although these wastes contain valuable minerals, their use is not widespread. The main objective of the present study is the evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo behaviour of the extracted poly (caprolactone)/nano-hydroxyapatite composites porous scaffolds. PCL/HA composites were prepared by an impregnation method, and the optimized composites were implanted in adult male albino (Sprague-Dawley strain) rats. The studied composites were evaluated as bone substitutes or fillers, and their degradation products were studied via biological and surgical examination. In vivo tests and biochemical studies were conducted to observe the changes found in blood. Biological studies showed that the decay of the PCL/HA scaffolds had no effect on the liver and kidney functions. They did not lead to carcinogenic or, oxidative effects and there was no oxygen radical’s liberation that could damage the tissues. It also showed no inflammatory effect.

EFFECT OF BLACK RICE BRAN EXTRACT (Black Rice Bran) TO DECREASE DECREASE OF GLUCOSE LEVEL IN DIABETIC RATS

Black rice bran is one of processed foods derived from plants and has a decreasing effect of blood glucoselevels. Major component of anthocyanin in black rice bran that functions in lowering blood glucoseconcentration is cyanidin 3-glucoside. Fifteen male rats Sprague-Dawley strain were selected randomly anddivided into 5 groups with the same number in each groups. These groups were consisted of normal control,negative control, and black rice bran extract treatment with dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of bodyweight(b.w.). Each of them were induced to experience diabetes by alloxan 150 mg/kg of b.w. Measurement ofblood glucose levels was done by using visible spectrophotometer at 546 nm. The samples were collectedbefore and after alloxan injection, and after 4, 7, and 10 days later to observe the changes of blood glucoselevels. The results showed that black rice bran at 200 mg/kg of b.w. was able to lower the glucose levels,which amounted for 131,33 ± 8,08 mg/dL after 10 days of injection.

Effect of Apium graveolens Extract Administration on the Pharmacokinetics of Captopril in the Plasma of Rats.

Apium graveolens (celery) is an edible and traditionally medicinal plant that is used worldwide, among others for the treatment of hypertension. Combining celery with antihypertensive drugs can affect the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the latter drugs. The aim of the study is to assess the effects of administrating the celery extract on captopril pharmacokinetics. Sprague-Dawley strain rats were divided into two groups (n = 6). Group I was given captopril (10 mg/kg Body Weight (BW)) orally, while Group II was pretreated with celery extract orally (40 mg/kg BW) an hour before administration of captopril. The blood samples were withdrawn at various intervals after drug administration. The captopril concentration was determined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and from the blood data, the values of Ke, Cmax, Tmax, T1/2, and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. The results showed that oral administration of the celery extract increased Cmax (38.67%), T1/2 (37.84%), and AUC (58.10%) and decreased Ke (27.45%) of captopril in Group II (celery + captopril) compared with Group I (captopril). In conclusion, celery extract can alter the pharmacokinetic of captopril when given in combination. The combination might be beneficial for the treatment of hypertension, as celery causes an increase in the plasma level of captopril, which can enhance its efficacy.

Male Hatano low-avoidance rats show more active sexual behavior with lower plasma testosterone than high-avoidance rats.

Two inbred strains of Sprague-Dawley rats, known as the Hatano high- and low-avoidance animals (HAA and LAA respectively), have been selectively bred for high versus low rates of avoidance responses in a shuttle-box avoidance task. To investigate differences in the sexual behavior of Hatano rats, male HAA, LAA and SD rats were tested from 12 to 15 weeks of age. LAA rats exhibited more rapid and frequent sexual behavior than HAA or SD rats, and such differences increased with repeated sexual experience. Plasma testosterone levels tended to be lower in LAA rats than in HAA or SD rats, suggesting that active sexual behavior in LAA rats is not related to these levels. Strain differences in mating behavior between HAA and LAA rats may be caused by emotional responses to novelty.

LIPID PROFILE;

Objectives: To study the effect of maternal high-fat, high-cholesterol diet on thelipid profiles of rat offspring. Study Design: Randomized control trial (RCT). Place and durationof study: Department of Biochemistry, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi in collaborationwith Chemical Pathology Laboratory (CPL), Army Medical College, Rawalpindi and NationalInstitute of Health (NIH), Islamabad. The study was completed in six months. Material andMethods: Sixty adult female albino rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were divided into two groupsof 30 each. Male rats of the same strain were used for breeding. Ten days before expectedmating experimental group was shifted to a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, keeping the controlgroup on normal rat diet. Lipid profiles of pregnant dams of both groups were done at day20 of gestation. Offspring of both groups from weaning onwards were fed the normal rat diet.One male and one female offspring from each litter of both groups (30 male and 30 femalesfrom each group) were selected and their lipid profiles were evaluated at post-weaning andadult stage. Results: At day 20 of gestation, high-fat and cholesterol fed dams showed highlysignificant increase in TC, LDL-c, HDL-c and LDL-c / HDL-c ratio than the control dams (p <0.01). Maternal high-fat, high- cholesterol diet was found to raise some parameters of lipidprofiles of the offspring. Conclusions: Maternal high fat and cholesterol diet in pregnancy andlactation causes hyperlipidaemia in the rat offspring.

English

Objectives: To study the effect of maternal high-fat, high-cholesterol diet on thelipid profiles of rat offspring. Study Design: Randomized control trial (RCT). Place and durationof study: Department of Biochemistry, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi in collaborationwith Chemical Pathology Laboratory (CPL), Army Medical College, Rawalpindi and NationalInstitute of Health (NIH), Islamabad. The study was completed in six months. Material andMethods: Sixty adult female albino rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were divided into two groupsof 30 each. Male rats of the same strain were used for breeding. Ten days before expectedmating experimental group was shifted to a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, keeping the controlgroup on normal rat diet. Lipid profiles of pregnant dams of both groups were done at day20 of gestation. Offspring of both groups from weaning onwards were fed the normal rat diet.One male and one female offspring from each litter of both groups (30 male and 30 femalesfrom each group) were selected and their lipid profiles were evaluated at post-weaning andadult stage. Results: At day 20 of gestation, high-fat and cholesterol fed dams showed highlysignificant increase in TC, LDL-c, HDL-c and LDL-c / HDL-c ratio than the control dams (p <0.01). Maternal high-fat, high- cholesterol diet was found to raise some parameters of lipidprofiles of the offspring. Conclusions: Maternal high fat and cholesterol diet in pregnancy andlactation causes hyperlipidaemia in the rat offspring.

Comprehensive identification of age-related lipidome changes in rat amygdala during normal aging.

Brain lipids are integral components of brain structure and function. However, only recent advancements of chromatographic techniques together with mass spectrometry allow comprehensive identification of lipid species in complex brain tissue. Lipid composition varies between the individual areas and the majority of previous reports was focusing on individual lipids rather than a lipidome. Herein, a mass spectrometry-based approach was used to evaluate age-related changes in the lipidome of the rat amygdala obtained from young (3 months) and old (20 months) males of the Sprague-Dawley rat strain. A total number of 70 lipid species with significantly changed levels between the two animal groups were identified spanning four main lipid classes, i.e. glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and sterol lipids. These included phospholipids with pleiotropic brain function, such as derivatives of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. The analysis also revealed significant level changes of phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol, sphingomyelin and ceramide that directly represent lipid signaling and affect amygdala neuronal activity. The amygdala is a crucial brain region for cognitive functions and former studies on rats and humans showed that this region changes its activity during normal aging. As the information on amygdala lipidome is very limited the results obtained in the present study represent a significant novelty and may contribute to further studies on the role of lipid molecules in age-associated changes of amygdala function.

ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF HEDYOTIS CORYMBOSA L. IMPROVES MONOSODIUM IODOACETATE-INDUCE OSTEOARTHRITIS IN RAT

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study is to explore the effects of the 70% ethanolic extract of pearl grass on the immune system of the osteoarthritismodel rat, characterized by the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes, and the histology of the joint. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative diseasecharacterized by chronic inflammation in the joints. Based on the daily practice of herbal medicine in some community in Indonesia, pearl grassusually used for anti-inflammation but not a lot of data to support it.Methods: We used 36 male rats Sprague-Dawley strain divided into 6 groups. Normal group was given 0.5% of CMC, the negative control group was given0.025 ml of sodium iodoacetate in 0.9% saline, the positive groups control group was given a suspension of glucosamine-chondroitin 135 mg/200 g bb,three were given pearls grass extract in various dose 5.625 mg, 11.25 mg, and 22.5 mg, respectively. 28 days after sodium iodoacetate induction, the extractswere given orally once daily for 21 days. Measurement of inflammation of knee joint and the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes were counted on day14th, 28th, and 49th after sodium iodoacetate induction. After treatment, all rats were sacrified and all knee joints were collected to subject for histology.Results: The results showed that the extract of pearl grass in all doses was able to decrease the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes significantlyand prevent proteoglycan degradation. The results showed that the extract of pearl grass with a given dose variations have antiinflammation effectand been able to protect proteoglycan significantly.Conclusion: Doses 3 (22.5 mg/200 g BW) is the best result. These results indicate that pearl grass can be further investigated as a treatment for osteoarthritis.Keyword: Osteoarthritis, Sodium iodoacetate, Pearl grass, Hedyotis corymbosa L. Lamk., Immune system.

Bisphenol S impairs blood functions and induces cardiovascular risks in rats.

Bisphenol S (BPS) is an industrial chemical which is recently used to replace the potentially toxic Bisphenol A (BPA) in making polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins and thermal receipt papers. The probable toxic effects of BPS on the functions of haemopoietic and cardiovascular systems have not been reported till to date. We report here that BPS depresses haematological functions and induces cardiovascular risks in rat. Adult male albino rats of Sprague-Dawley strain were given BPS at a dose level of 30, 60 and 120mg/kg BW/day respectively for 30days. Red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, Hb concentration, and clotting time have been shown to be significantly (*P<0.05) reduced in a dose dependent manner in all exposed groups of rats comparing to the control. It has also been shown that BPS increases total serum glucose and protein concentration in the exposed groups of rats. We have observed that BPS increases serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, glycerol free triglyceride, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentration, whereas high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration has been found to be reduced in the exposed groups. BPS significantly increases serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities dose dependently. Moreover, serum calcium, bilirubin and urea concentration have been observed to be increased in all exposed groups. In conclusion, BPS probably impairs the functions of blood and promotes cardiovascular risks in rats.

Differences in Types and Incidence of Neoplasms in Wistar Han and Sprague-Dawley Rats.

A substantial quantity of data on Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Hannover Wistar rats strains have been published concerning their source, diet, and housing conditions, as well as the incidences of nonneoplastic lesions and neoplasms observed in different laboratories. Differences between the commonly used rat strains provided by different breeders (i.e., CD (SD) vs. Harlan Sprague-Dawley strain or Crl: WI(Han) vs. Wistar Hannover (Han)-derived strain, continued breeding by RCC Ltd., Switzerland, thereafter continued breeding by Harlan) may include, but are not limited to, body weight, incidence, and onset of major nonneoplastic lesions and neoplasms, and these can impact the development of a nonclinical safety program. Fisher 344 (F344) and SD rat strains generally have the highest tumor incidences, exceeding that in Wistar rats. Certain tumors are more commonly observed in one strain, and for some, the difference in incidence may be so significant that the tumor may even be considered characteristic for a specific strain (e.g., thymoma in Wistar and amphophilic renal adenoma in SD).

EFFICACY OF TRIDHAM AND 1,2,3,4,6-PENTA-O-GALLOYL-β-D-GLUCOSE IN REVERSING LIPID PEROXIDATION LEVELS AND MITOCHONDRIAL ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZENEANTHRACENE (DMBA) INDUCED BREAST CANCER IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;To determine the effect of &lt;em&gt;Tridham&lt;/em&gt; (TD) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose(PGG) on lipid peroxidation levels and mitochondrial antioxidants status in experimental mammary carcinoma.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Elaecoarpus ganitrus &lt;/em&gt;(fruits), &lt;em&gt;Terminalia chebula &lt;/em&gt;(seed coats), &lt;em&gt;Prosopis cineraria &lt;/em&gt;(leaves)&lt;em&gt;, &lt;/em&gt;adult female albino rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 170–190 g and 7,12-dimethylbenzeneanthracene (DMBA) were used for this study. Group I control rats, Group II rats mammary carcinoma induced with DMBA (25 mg in 1 ml olive oil) by gastric intubation. Group III, IV and V DMBA induced rats were treated with TD (400 mg/kg. b. wt/day), PGG (30 mg/kg. b. wt/day) and standard drug, Cyclophosphamide (30 mg/kg. b. wt/day), respectively for 48 d by gastric intubation. Group VI and VII rats served as TD and PGG treated controls, respectively for 48 d by gastric intubation. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were anaesthetized and sacrificed. Mammary glands were isolated and used for biochemical assays and histopathological evaluation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;In rats with cancer, the lipid peroxide levels (LPO) were significantly increased and mitochondrial antioxidant levels were decreased. Treatment with TD and PGG decreased LPO levels and increased mitochondrial antioxidant status in mammary carcinoma bearing rats. Histopathological analysis also confirmed the therapeutic effect of TD and PGG. No significant adverse effect was observed in sole drug treated group of rats.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;TD and PGG have definite therapeutic effect in experimental mammary carcinoma and inhibit growth of cancer cells by restoring mitochondrial antioxidant status and energy metabolism to normal states.&lt;/p&gt;