Straight Type Research Articles

Analysis of self medication practice among medical undergraduates: a study in tertiary care teaching hospital, Bareilly

Background: Self medication is becoming a most prevalent practice among educated people across the world. In today’s era, internet and media is one of the most important sources for promoting self medication practice. Medical students are highly influenced with this practice. Many drugs can have significant unwanted effects. This may result in serious clinical effects with potential life-threatening complications. Objective of the study was to find out the self medication practice and its details among medical undergraduates of SRMSIMS, a tertiary care teaching hospital, Bareilly.Methods: During the study period 1st, 2nd and 3rd prof. of MBBS students were included in the study. Sample size was 348. They were asked to fill printed semi structured validated questionnaire which consist of straight forward multiple type questions. The duration of study was March 22nd 2015 to 29th March 2015.Results: Out of 300 students, 60% (n=180) students were male and 40% (n=120) were females. Among them 94% (n=282) gave positive response and 6% (n=18) gave negative response to self-medication. Antibiotics were the most common class of drug self medicated by the majority of participants (80%) while the most common illness was fever (70%).Conclusions: It was concluded that more than half of strength of students are likely to take self-medication for various illnesses; the reason might be the awareness of drugs due to easy accessibility of information through books, internet pharmacy and through media too. So, essential measure should be taken to reduce the practice of self medication among students to avoid development of drug dependence, resistance and drug interactions.

The importance of Blumensaat's line morphology for accurate femoral ACL footprint evaluation using the quadrant method.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference in the center position of the ACL footprint based on grid placement using the quadrant method according to the morphological variations of the Blumensaat's line. Fifty-nine non-paired human cadaver knees were used. The ACL was cut in the middle, and the femoral bone was cut at the most proximal point of the femoral notch, and the digital images were evaluated using Image J software. The femoral ACL footprint was periphery outlined and the center position was automatically measured. Following Iriuchishima's classification, the morphology of the Blumensaat's line was classified into straight, small hill, and large hill types. From the images, grid quadrants were placed as: Grid (1) without consideration of hill existence and not including the chondral lesion. Grid (2) without consideration of hill existence and including the chondral lesion. Grid (3) with consideration of hill existence and not including the chondral lesion. Grid (4) with consideration of hill existence and including the chondral lesion. The straight type consisted of 19 knees, the small hill type 13 knees, and the large hill type 27 knees. Depending on the quadrant grid placement, significant center position difference was observed both in the shallow-deep, and high-low direction. When hill existence was considered, the center position of the ACL was significantly changed to a high position. The center position of the ACL footprint exhibited significant differences according to Blumensaat's line morphology. For clinical relevance, when ACL surgery is performed in knees with small or large hill type variations, surgeons should pay close attention to femoral tunnel evaluation and placement, especially when using the quadrant method.

環状振動子を用いたガイド波流量計測における内部流体の温度が測定に与える影響

Micro flow rate measurements are required for manufacturing and medical fields. Straight type ultrasonic flowmeter can measure the liquid flow by using guided waves. However, guided waves propagate by vibrating intricately along boundaries, so it is difficult to reveal their characteristics. In addition, the time difference between two receiving waves across two transducers differs depending on the temperature of the liquid, which can cause errors in flow rate measurements. In this paper, the theoretical analysis method for guided wave flowmeter is introduced to investigate the influence of water temperature on flow rate measurement. The simulated time difference is calculated by using this method, while the experimental time difference is obtained in a circulation system. By comparing simulated and experimental values, this theoretical analysis can be confirmed to be valid for revealing the temperature dependence.

Intensifying the Fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae in a Stirred Bioreactor Using Maxblend Impeller

Background: The intensification of fermentation in stirred bioreactors is an attractive approach for commercial interests and industries that work with biochemical products. Alpha amylase is an enzymatic bio-products that is produced largely from Aspergillus oryzae. Using adaptable agitator can be an efficient way for stirred fermentation. Objective: This study, concentrated on enhancing the mixing process in order to intensify Aspergillus oryzae fermentation. A straight type of Maxblend® impeller was used as an agitator to investigate the incubation parameters compared with the use of a 6-blade double Rushton turbine. Method: Stirred fermentation was done in batch condition. Effect of flow pattern of mixing on fermentation parameters was investigated after each sampling. Results: The results showed that the Maxblend® significantly intensified both enzyme activity and growth rate at low and moderate rates of power consumption (P). The main reason for the decreases in the growth rate and the enzyme activity during agitation by the Rushton turbine at low and high Pv was the lack of oxygen and mycelial damage, respectively. Additionally, use of the Maxblend® significantly intensified the KLa at low and moderate rates of power consumption. Conclusion: Axial and uniform mixing by Maxblend® impeller was resulted in improving the fermentation characteristics and enzyme activity.

Using 3.0 T MR to dynamically observe ablated lung tumors after percutaneous cryotherapy therapy

Objective: To initially explore MRI features and its changing trends including of lung tumors after Argon-Helium cryoablation therapy, and enhance the recognition of MR findings of lung tumors postcryoablation. Methods: Twenty-three cases of patients with twenty six nodules of pulmonary malignance who received Argon-Helium cryoablation therapy in Henan Cancer Hospital from July 2014 to January 2016 were enrolled.All patients underwent unenhanced and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI scans at pre-and 1-day, 1-week, 1-, 3-, 6-, 12-month postcryoablation. Two radiologists independently reviewed MRI images, signal intensity in the ablated zone on T1WI and T2WI were assessed by a 5-point scale.The changing trends of size and signal intensity with time were showed by time-maximum diameter and time-score curve.Time-signal intensity curves based on dynamic enhanced sequence were also performed. Results: Typical MRI findings includes: heterogeneous signal intensity on both T1WI and T2WI at 1-day postcryoablation(26/26, 100%). Hyper-intense on T1WI(22/26, 84.6%) and T2WI(17/26, 65.4%) with a hypo-intense rim at 1-week postcryoablation.Decreasing signal intensity on T1WI(17/26, 65.4%) and increasing signal intensity on T2WI(22/26, 84.6%) at 1-month.Signal intensity declined to the level of muscle on both T1WI(18/26, 69.2%) and T2WI(19/26, 73.1%) at 3-month, nineteen ablated zone turned into patchy shape(19/26, 73.1%). The maximum diameter was largest at 1-day and gradually shrunk with time. The mean score value toped at 1-week and gradually decreased. A straight line type without definite enhancement was found from 1-day to 1-month postcryoablation, an inflow curve with a mild delayed enhancement was seen from 3- to 12- month. Totally 4 recurrence (4/26, 15.4%) all occurred at 3-month and were lack of a complete hypo-intense rim at 1-week postcryoablation. Conclusion: MRI findings of lung tumors postcryoablation are characteristic, a complete hypo-intense rim at 1-week is helpful to determine further recurrence, 1-week to 3-month is an important period to observe significant change of the ablation zone, MRI is valuable in identifying the ablation zone and can reflect its evolution with time.

Physical and morphometric characteristics of Gangatiri cattle

Gangatiri cattle are mainly found in the adjacent areas of the river Ganga in eastern Uttar Pradesh (Chandauli, Ghazipur, Varanasi, Mirzapur and Ballia districts) and adjacent Bhabhua (Kaimoor), Buxar, Arrah and Chhapra areas of Bihar. The breeding tract of this breed includes mainly Ballia and Ghazipur districts of Uttar Pradesh and Rohtas and Shahbad Districts of Bihar. Present study was conducted on 114 Gangatiri cattle - an indigenous cattle herd - maintained at Surbhi Shodh Sansthan (Geeta Goshala), Dagmagpur, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh- to study the physical and morphometric characterstics. White colour was the most prominant colour in the population. Colour of coat, forehead and neck was white and eyelid, tail and hoof were black in 65.78, 76.31, 63.15, 66.66, 82.45 and 76.31 % of animals, respectively. Hair was mainly straight type (97.10 %) but 2.90 % of the animals also had curly type of hair. Medium size muzzle was present in 79.71 % of the animals while it was small and large sized in 11.59 and 8.69 % of animals, respectively. Shades of grey were also present on different body parts of these animals. Grey colour was the second most prominant colour in the population. Majority of animals have shallow groove in middle head (57.97 %). Poll was prominent in 92.75 % of the population. Forehead was straight type in almost 78.26 % of these animals. Most of the adult animal population (72.46 %) was having medium body size. The average height at wither, body length, heart girth, face length, face width, neck length, ear length, fore cannon bone girth, height at hip bone, height at pin bone, rump slope and rump length were 117.12±1.23, 108.06±0.90, 145.50±1.80, 30.14±0.86, 15.48±0.43, 47.07±1.25, 19.99±0.56, 15.65±0.40, 117.78±1.16, 105.25±1.10, 12.47±0.16 and 35.56±0.65 cm, respectively.

Effects of Tabbed-Nozzle on Pumping Performance of Incompressible Short Mixer–Ejector

The effects of tab number and tab orientation angle on the pumping performance for an incompressible short air-to-air mixer–ejector equipped with tabbed primary nozzle were experimentally explored. The incorporated mixing duct was designed in a straight type with a typical area ratio (mixing duct to primary nozzle) of 3.06 and length-to-diameter ratio of 0.8. Simultaneously, a numerical computation was also carried out on the simulation of mixing flowfields to reveal the trends and differences observed in the tabbed mixer–ejector measurements. The results confirm that the streamwise vortices created by the tabs cause an improvement in mixing efficiency, leading to greater values of pumping for a short air-to-air mixer–ejector. By comparing with the baseline case of confluent nozzle, the eight-tab nozzle increases the pumping ratio by approximately 75%. This value is about 50, 30, and 15% for the six-tab, four-tab, and 12-tab nozzles, respectively. It is also found that the tabbed primary nozzle with tab orientation angle of 135 deg is capable of entraining the maximum amount of ambient air into the mixing duct. In the range between 90 and 135 deg, tab orientation angle seems have a weak influence on the ejector pumping performance. However, an obvious reduction in ejector pumping ratio occurs under the large tab orientation angle of 150 deg. For an incompressible short air-to-air mixer–ejector, it is concluded that more intense streamwise vortices would produce stronger mixing and thus lead to a larger pumping ratio.

The mastoid emissary vein: an anatomic study with magnetic resonance imaging.

The mastoid emissary vein (MEV) is a small venous channel connecting the intracranial and extracranial venous systems. Most current knowledge about the MEV has been obtained through cadaver studies. This study aimed to explore the MEV in vivo, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ninety-six patients were enrolled in this study. The initial examinations used the conventional MRI sequences; contrast examinations were performed using thin-sliced sections. The MEVs were identified bilaterally in 59.3% of the 96 patients and unilaterally in 29.2%. The original site, size, and intraosseous course of the MEVs were highly variable. On coronal images, the MEVs originated from a variable height on the posterior wall of the sigmoid sinus, most frequently from the lower third of the wall. Intraosseous MEV courses were classified as straight, curved, or tortuous, with the straight type occurring most frequently. The MEVs were dominant on the right side in 51.8% of cases and on the left side in 24.7% of cases. Two patients had two MEVs on the same side. Furthermore, on eight sides (5.6%), the diploic venous channel was found to communicate with the MEV. The MEV is a structure with diverse morphologies and right-sided dominancy. MEVs should be evaluated before performing surgical and endovascular procedures around the suboccipital region.

Evaluation of the Course of the Inferior Alveolar Canal: The First CBCT Study in an Iranian Population.

SummaryBackroundThe frequent anatomical variations of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) course should be considered prior to any treatment in this area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of the inferior alveolar canal (IAC) as it appears in the archived CBCT images of the mandible.Material/MethodThis cross- sectional study evaluated a sample of 156 CBCT examinations. The pattern of the IAC was evaluated and the prevalence of different patterns according to age and gender were recorded. In order to find the frequency of mandibular canal type among different ages, the patients were put into the three age groups (20–29, 30–44 and 45–59).The data were analyzed using Chi-square test and the significance level was set as p≤.05.ResultsOut of 156 patients, 52 canals was straight type, 52 had Catenary type and 52 of them were presented with Progressive descending type. There was not statistically significant difference between two genders (Pv=0.092). According to the type of the IAC course, there was a not statistically significant difference between the three age groups (Pv=0.32).ConclusionsCone beam computed tomography is a useful method for precise assessment of the IAC course.

Palatal Rugae Patterns Among a Sudanese Population Sample

Palatal Rugae Patterns in a Sudanese Population Sample Palatal rugae are ridges resulted from symmetrical and irregular mucosal folds of tissue and located in the alveolar third of the palate. Palatal rugae identification can have a significant role in forensic identification where it is difficult to use the normal identification methods. The aim of this study is to identify and compare the palatal rugal morphological patterns in a sample of adult males and females of Sudanese population. Maxillary impression models obtained from 100 subjects (50 males and 50 females) of age group 21 – 23 years, of the dental students of University of Science and Technology, Sudan. The data were assessed based on the Thomas and Kotze classification (1983) for the length, shape and prevalence. The Independent - t - Test was used for the statistical analysis. Ethical approvals declared from the University of Science and Technology, Sudan and University of the Western Cape South, South Africa to conduct the study. Statistical analysis showed that females had significantly more number of total rugae on the right side of the palate than in males. The prevalence of the palatine rugae numbers was significantly more in females than in males. Primary rugae were distributed more significantly in females more than males. On the right side of the palate, the straight type of rugae was significantly predominant in females than in males whilst the wavy shape was more in males than in females. On the left side of the palate, the curved type of rugae was significantly more presented in males than in females whilst the diverging unification type was more in females than in males. The distribution of number of rugae shapes in both males and females were seen as straight followed by wavy and least was the circular. The total number of straight rugae was significantly more in females than in males, as well as circular rugae and diverging rugae. In contrast, curved rugae were significantly more in males than in females. There were 11 individuals who did not comply with the Thomas and Kotze classification thus was recorded as unspecified. Page iv This Sudanese study showed significant differences between males and females in the number, length and shapes of rugae. Hence, the individuality and uniqueness of palatine rugae can be used as a tool for forensic dental identification, and possibly distinction between males and females. There is also a possibility that there are ethnic differences in rugal patterns.

Improvement of isolation and envelop correlation coefficient using C‐loaded λ/4 loop antenna on hollow ground

ABSTRACTA C‐loaded λ/4 loop antenna on a hollow ground is presented to improve the isolation and envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) in the mobile terminals. The designed antenna is composed of a straight type of C‐loaded λ/4 loop on hollow ground and a monopole branch operating for LTE800 and LTE1900 bands, respectively. The proper value of a loaded capacitor of the loop makes λ/4 resonance, resulting in the parallel current flow on the ground plane while a conventional planar inverted‐F antenna (PIFA) generates a vertical current flow in the ground. Thus, the combination of two antennas will give rise to high isolation and low ECC. The isolation and ECC of both cases of PIFA (primary) versus PIFA (secondary) and PIFA (primary) versus C‐loaded λ/4 loop antenna with a monopole branch (secondary) are compared when they are diagonally placed in a mobile handset. The isolations in the former and latter cases are measured to be lower than −5.3 and −22 dB in the LTE800 band, respectively. Also, the ECC values in the former and latter cases are measured to be 0.81 and 0.29 from far‐field radiation patterns in the LTE800 band, respectively. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2189–2194, 2016

Bond-flexural behaviour of structural nano-synthetic fibre-reinforced cementitious composites

Prior studies have shown that the bond properties of structural nano-synthetic fibre in a cement matrix improved as the shape of the fibres became more three-dimensional. The maximum pull-out resistance strength increased but improvement of interfacial toughness did not follow due to fibre fracture. In this study, cementitious composites containing structural nano-synthetic fibres that improved the bond properties were examined for their flexural properties. The relationship between the bond and flexural properties were studied as a function of fibre volume fraction and shape; the straight type of fibre was also examined as a control. It was found that the flexural toughness increased with increasing fibre volume fraction. For the twisted type of fibre, the maximum residual flexural strength decreased with increasing crack mouth opening. However, the twisted+crimped type of fibre displayed stable post-peak behaviour with continuously increasing residual strength.

The Aligned Carbon Microcoils Having the Straight Type Overall Geometry

The aligned carbon microcoils having the straight type overall geometry could be obtained using C2H2/H2 as source gases and SF6 as an incorporated additive gas under the thermal chemical vapor deposition system. Their morphologies and crystal structures were investigated and compared with the randomly grown carbon microcoils having the coil or twist type overall geometry. We could observe the enhancement of the (002) peak in XRD spectra of the aligned carbon microcoils indicating the existence of the more regular structure in the aligned carbon microcoils. The aligned carbon microcoils were formed as a bundle shape, while the randomly grown carbon microcoils were appeared as an individual shape. The systematic growth mode for the developing aspect of the aligned carbon microcoils was proposed.

Classifying male upper lateral somatotypes using space vectors

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a method for defining and categorizing upper lateral somatotypes for clothing size systems used for clothing pattern creation based on directional angles of 3D space vectors. Design/methodology/approach – 3D data for 317 men in their twenties obtained from the fifth Size Korea survey were used in this study. Standard landmarks and surfaces were set on the 3D shapes, and six space vector angles of the lateral form were defined and measured. Relationships among the measurement results were clarified, and the results were compared with those obtained using existing classifying methods. Findings – The measurement of the defined directional angles indicated that the swayback type and bend-forward type had the two extreme values, and the straight type was between the two values. The analysis of the correlation between six directional angles indicated that some points in the lower area of the upper body had a high correlation with other points in the lower area. Researchlimitations/implications – The subjects of this study were limited to lateral somatotypes, and there is a need for future studies that focus on frontal somatotypes. This research is confined to the upper lateral somatotypes of men in their twenties. Further study is needed to extend the results of this study to other body types such as those of elderly and overweight persons. Practical implications – Major angle measurements quantified by the somatotypes can be specifically reflect in developing and revised to the right patterns which is spread body shell replica or individual pattern for MTM. Social implications – This objective somatotype analysis method can be involved in determining individual body somatotype of ordermade clothes or can provided the accurate information interactively to MTM automatic customized pattern making system. Originality/value – Accurate measurements of size, shape, and posture were applied and characterized to realize the process. Accuracy was improved compared to existing 2D analysis methods through three-dimensional analysis using directional space vector angles based on 3D forms.

농촌 한옥 표준설계도 연구

This research aimed to suggest a standard design that reflects Hanok design tendency, and present a selective design that can fulfill a building owner's intention beyond the simple function of building permit or report. In addition, this research attempted to become a standard by establishing a criterion in calculating the measurements of section design or primary framework members, in order to be a guideline for designing Hanok in different sizes and forms. The results are as follows. The building area of Hanok standard design was set to be below <TEX>$85m^2$</TEX>, with a straight type of <TEX>$83.16m^2$</TEX> and an L-shape of <TEX>$84.24m^2$</TEX>. By dividing the plane into a straight type and L-shape, two straight types were suggested: 'general type' and 'large living room type.' The upper floor space, along with the main room and small room, was proposed as an option to be changed into a room where an underfloor heating is installed depending on the building owner's intention. In addition, a criterion for side design and calculation of framework measurements was suggested and applied, while a five-girder design without high pillars was suggested for material-assembling structure. Two types of pillars-circumference and square cylinder-were proposed for the building owner to choose from, and a pointed beam house and ikgong(orthogonally-projected bracket) house were suggested for pojak bracket structure so either of them could be chosen according to the building owner's taste and economic condition. Finally, the sectional size of main materials were divided according to the form of pojak bracket structure to be proposed.

Morphology and thermal conductivity of La2(Ce0.3Zr0.7)2O7-3wt.%Y2O3 coatings

Abstract The La 2 (Ce 0.3 Zr 0.7 ) 2 O 7 -3 wt%Y 2 O 3 coating was deposited by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). In order to reveal the structure evolution of the coating with the deposition parameter, the selected rotation rates of the substrate were 0 rpm, 5, 15 and 25 rpm, while the substrate temperature was fixed at 870 °C based on the structure zone model of 0.3 sub /T mp direction. The tips of the ‘roof top’ or the pyramids were covered by four {111} planes. During rotation deposition, the columnar crystal grew along the direction. If one assumes that the pore fraction has little effect on the thermal conductivity, the ‘C’ shaped Type I pores reduced the thermal conductivity, the straight Type I pores increased the thermal conductivity, the lamellar Type II pores significantly reduced the thermal conductivity. The minimum thermal conductivity was 0.761 W/(m K) at the rotation rate of 15 rpm. This gives an approach to optimize the structure of the La 2 (Ce 0.3 Zr 0.7 ) 2 O 7 -3 wt%Y 2 O 3 coatings.

To Evaluate the Efficacy of an Innovative Irrigant on Smear Layer Removal - SEM Analysis.

The goal of endodontic therapy is to completely eliminate the microorganisms and the smear layer from the root canal in order to provide a good seal of the root filling materials. The aim of this study was to find a viable alternative irrigant, which is easily available with less erosion and clinically acceptable smear layer removal by comparing the efficacy of EDTA and commercially available super-oxidized water, named Oxum, as a final rinse on smear layer removal and erosion in relation to coronal, middle and apical thirds of radicular dentin using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. Freshly extracted 30 human lower second premolar teeth with straight roots and type I canal anatomy were selected. The root canals were cleaned and shaped using Universal Protaper Rotary System. Irrigation was performed with 1 ml of 2.5% of NaOCl solution after each instrument change. The final irrigation (5 ml) sequence was as follows: Group I- 17% EDTA, Group II - OXUM, and Group III - 0.9% saline (control) for one minute. Then, the root canals were finally irrigated with 5ml of distilled water to remove any precipitate. The roots were then gently split into two halves using a chisel and subjected to SEM analysis. The SEM photomicrographs were evaluated by two independent examiners and Mann Whitney results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two examiners. Non-parametric statistical analysis of all experimental groups showed significant difference between coronal, middle and apical third for smear layer removal with p-value<0.05. For erosion, in group II (oxum) showed statistically significant difference between coronal, middle and apical third and it showed significantly less dentine erosion when compared to EDTA. Within the limitations of the present study, Oxum the commercially available super-oxidized water proved to be equally effective in smear layer removal with less erosion when compared to EDTA.

Studying the Combination Effect of Additives and Micro Steel Fibers on Cracks of Self-Healing Concrete

In this study, the effect of the combination of micro steel fibers and additives (calcium hydroxide and sodium carbonate) on the size of cracks formation and healing them were investigated. This study aims to apply the use of self-healing phenomenon to repair cracks and to enhance the service life of the concrete structures. Micro steel fibers straight type were used in this research with 0.2% and 0.4% by volume of concrete. A weight of 20 and 30 kg/m3 of Ca(OH)2 and 2 and 3 kg/m3 of Na2CO3 were used as a partial cement replacement. The results confirm that the concrete cracks were significantly self-healed up to 30 days re-curing. Cracks width up to 0.2 mm were completely self-healed after re-curing for 90 days by using the combination of micro steel fiber of 0.4% by volume of concrete and 25 kg/m3 of Ca(OH)2 and 2.5 kg/m3 of Na2CO3 as a partial replacement of cement. Products of Self-healing are observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX). It was found that self-healing occurred mainly due to precipitation of calcium carbonate.&#x0D;

재킷 소매의 심미적 외관을 위한 슬리브헤드의 제품분석 및 외관평가

Abstract This study analyzes the form of sleeve heads, which is an important internal element that affects the ap-pearance of jacket sleeves. It characterized sleeve head forms by investigating angles, materials, and a com-bination of formations for 50 sleeve heads. It conducted an appearance evaluation by comparing and analy-zing the results. This paper develops a sleeve head appropriately for sleeve construction. The study resultsare as follows. First, the product was divided into three parts: based on, force receiving, and sleeve cap parts.There were four types of man's sleeve head: straight, arc, and curve A and B types. The woman's sleevehead had two types: straight and curve B type. Second, the feature of each type of sleeve head was analy-zed. A straight type emphasized the based on part. An arc type highlighted the force receiving part whilethe based on part decreased. The sleeve cap part, force receiving part, and based on part were emphasizedin the arc type sleeve head. Third, as a result of the appearance evaluation, each type was rank as straighttype < arc type ≤ curve A < curve B. The straight type did not get positive results as it had extra ease whenthe sleeve head was attached to a Jacket Sleeve. The arc type was evaluated poorly due to an inappropriatesleeve cap composition. The curve type received an excellent overall outcome as it fit into the sleeve cappart well and highlighted the force receiving part in order to minimize front and back wrinkles. Therefore,the curve type made the resemblance of the jacket appearance perfect and closest to the sleeve pattern.Key words: Sleeve head, Straight type, Arc type, Curve type ; 슬리브헤드, 일자형, 호형, 곡선형

Lung carcinogenicity of inhaled multi-walled carbon nanotube in rats

BackgroundMulti-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) constitute one of the most promising types of nanomaterials in industry today. With their increasing use, the potential toxicity and carcinogenicity of MWCNT needs to be evaluated in bioassay studies using rodents. Since humans are mainly exposed to MWCNT by inhalation, we performed a 104-week carcinogenicity study using whole-body inhalation exposure chambers with a fibrous straight type of MWCNT at concentrations of 0, 0.02, 0.2, and 2 mg/m3 using male and female F344 rats.ResultsLung carcinomas, mainly bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma, and combined carcinomas and adenomas were significantly increased in males exposed to 0.2 and 2 mg/m3 MWNT-7 and in females exposed to 2 mg/m3 MWNT-7 compared to the clean air control group. However, no development of pleural mesothelioma was observed. Concentration-dependent toxic effects in the lung such as epithelial hyperplasia, granulomatous change, localized fibrosis, and alteration in BALF parameters were found in MWNT-7 treatment groups of both sexes. There were no MWNT-7-specific macroscopic findings in the other organs, including the pleura and peritoneum. Absolute and relative lung weights were significantly elevated in male rats exposed to 0.2 and 2 mg/m3 MWNT-7 and in all exposed female groups. The lung burdens of MWNT-7 were clearly increased in a concentration-dependent as well as a duration-dependent manner.ConclusionThere is clear evidence that MWNT-7 is carcinogenic to the lungs of male and female F344 rats, however no plural mesothelioma was observed.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0164-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.