Straight Pattern Research Articles

Observations on the breeding biology of Sabine's Gulls (Xema sabini)

The breeding biology of Sabine's Gulls (Xema sabini) nesting in a colony with Arctic Terns (Sternaparadisaea) was studied in 1980 at East Bay, Southampton Island, N.W.T. Sabine's Gull nests were initiated over a 1.5-week period, from 23 June to 3 July, and the mean clutch size was 2.77. The mean weight of freshly laid eggs was 22.3 g. Hatching was asynchronous and occurred from 14 to 22 July, following an incubation period of 21 days. Of 53 eggs laid, 44 hatched (83.0%). Chicks showed typical sigmoidal patterns of growth for weight, culmen, and tarsus, and a straight line pattern for ninth primary feather. Growth was rapid, and chicks attained nearly adult proportions by 13 to 15 days of age. The timing and duration of the breeding effort (just over 7 weeks) and the rapid rate of growth of Sabine's Gull chicks are seen as adaptations to the short Arctic summer. The mean internest distance between Sabine's Gulls on the colony was 92.5 m. Nesting was more dense on islands than on the mainland, reflecting the attractiveness of sites least accessible to mammalian predators. An apparent association between breeding Sabine's Gulls and Arctic Terns is reported and two explanations are offered: first, a reliance by Sabine's Gulls on the aggressive behaviour of Arctic Terns or second, coincidence.

Pattern As A Design Aspect: Visual Perception of Its Properties

The purpose of this research was to determine the dimensions of nonnaturalistic all‐over pattern and to organize these properties into a framework from which a definition of pattern could evolve. Eighty‐four female underclass, upperclass, and graduate students were the subjects. Each completed a response form in which she rated the similarity and dissimilarity of pairs of pattern samples. The samples were nonnaturalistic all‐over patterns that appeared on the surface of pliant wall coverings. Of the 36 total stimulus‐objects, 12 were straight geometric, 12 were straight and curved geometric, and 12 were geometric and abstract. Each respon dent evaluated 66 paired comparisons of pattern. The Multidimensional Scaling program (OSIRIS III) analyzed matrices of data to establish configurations in two‐ dimensional space. Orthogonal axes revealed both qualitative and quantitative dimensions. Qualitative components were line direction, type of formation, type of line, balance, repeat, and type of formation outline. Quantitative properties were quantity of directions, quantity of contrasts, quantity of formations, size of formations, and quantity of formation variations. A framework of pattern was structured. Pattern was defined as the repetition of qualitative and quantitative elements in an artistic arrangement. When the pattern components of straight geometric patterns were plotted, a circular relationship was noted. Attributes of pattern were identified as direction, shape, and complexity.

New fabrication technique for magnetic bubble circuits with submicron dimensions

A new technique which permits the fabrication of submicrometer bubble propagation circuits has been described. Straight line patterns and contiguous zigzag patterns are combined with an appropriate registration to form bubble propagation patterns. The straight line pattern width corresponds to the gap width in the Permalloy bubble propagation circuits. By controlling the exposure time in fabricating straight line photoresist patterns, submicrometer pattern gaps are easily obtained using photomasks with 1 μm minimum features. The 4 μm period and 0.5 μm gap width permalloy circuits fabricated using this technique provide promising propagation characteristics for 1 μm bubbles: 60 Oe bias field margin at 60 Oe drive field and 25 Oe minimum propagation drive field.

Surface morphology on cross-fold joints of the Appalachian Plateau, New york and Pennsylvania

On the Appalachian Plateau of New York and Pennsylvania plume patterns are present on surfaces of all cross-fold joints that cut siltstones, but they are not common on either cross-fold joints or strike joints cutting shales. Near Watkins Glen, New York, joints cutting siltstones display two types of plumose patterns; each particular type correlates with a specific cross-fold joint set. The more easterly striking cross-fold joints (345° i.e., N15°W), cutting thin siltstone beds embedded in thicker shale formations, have straight plume patterns with axes parallel to bedding. More westerly striking cross-fold joints (335°), cutting thick siltstone beds, have curved plume patterns with axes that either curve or show fan-like rhythmic patterns that alternately increase and decrease in intensity. Joints cutting only shales exhibit no distinct surface morphology other than long arcuate arrest lines. The fan-like rhythmic patterns of plumes suggest that these joints formed by a cyclic process (perhaps related to pore pressure variations) rather than by one massive rupture.

Morphology of gastric microcirculation in cirrhosis.

Morphologic alterations in the gastric microcirculation in cirrhosis were investigated following infusion of a silicone rubber compound into vessels of the excised stomach which was then cleared with methyl salicylate. In cirrhosis, arteriovenous anastomoses 15 to 50 micron in diameter were present in 5 of 10 patients; spiral arterioles were less than one-tenth as numerous as in stomachs from noncirrhotic patients. The arterioles mainly had a straight pattern and precapillaries, capillaries, and submucosal and subserosal veins were dilated in cirrhotics (p less than 0.05). The number of arteriovenous anastomoses was unrelated to the degree of vascular dilatation and the number of spiral arterioles. These morphological alterations are consistent with decreased arteriovenous flow resistance in the stomach of cirrhotic patients.

Streptomyces sulfonofaciens sp. nov.

A new species of bacteria is described, for which we propose the name Streptomyces sulfonofaciens. This organism produces a new β-lactam antibiotic, SF-2103A, which is a carbapenem compound. S. sulfonofaciens is characterized by its red spore mass, spores with smooth surfaces in straight chains, nonchromogenicity, and carbon utilization pattern. The type strain of S. sulfonofaciens is strain SF-2103, which has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as strain ATCC 31892.

A critique of the expectancy formula approach: Beating a dead horse?

The expectancy and severe discrepancy formulas, like those originally considered by the US. Office of Education (1976), provide the oldest but least defensible method of quantifying academic discrepancy. A logical and mathematical analysis reveals that all variations of this approach have several major weaknesses. First, the expectancy formulas themselves are predicated upon the very questionable assumption that achievement follows a straight line growth pattern, which raises questions about the accuracy of the resulting severe discrepancy values. Second, when discrepancy values are obtained by multiplying the expected values by a fractional constant, the approach is necessarily biased in the direction of applying a more stringent underachievement criterion for older and brighter children. Third, the formulas employ a grade equivalent scale that results in inconsistencies, one being that fewer arithmetic problems are identified. Finally, the expectancy approach does not consider errors in measurement or regression effects, and consequently produces serious identification errors. A variation of the expectancy approach involving a discrepancy ratio between obtained and expected achievement has the previously mentioned limitations, except the bias, and it produces scores that cannot be easily interpreted.

Fatigue crack evolution in overaged Ni14.4at.% Al alloy with coherent precipitates

An NiAl alloy, heat treated so as to obtain coherent precipitates 46.0 nm in diameter, was cycled under constant plastic strain amplitude. Transmission electron microscopy replicas were stripped from the specimen surface at various stages in the cycling to record the fine surface details. Surface microcracks, as small as 45 nm, were easily observable and occurred in “families” lying parallel to the surface slip lines. Continued cyclic straining caused microcracking again in families along slip lines but these cracks were aligned along secondary slip line directions. Interconnection of the former type of microcracks led to microcrack growth which displayed straight planar cracking patterns, while growth of the latter resulted in zigzag cracking patterns.

Improvements of DNA sequencing gels

We describe three simple modifications of DNA sequencing gels which all result in improved oligonucleotide resolution as visualized by autoradiography. First, it was possible to reduce the thickness of the gel to 0.2 mm by using new gel molding techniques. Second, the gel could be dried without any distortions of its dimensions by prior binding of the gel to the surface of the glass plate. Third, a uniform high temperature was obtained in all parts of the gel during electrophoresis by replacing one of the glass plates with an inexpensive thermostating plate with circulating water. The use of this heating plate resulted in a straight band pattern all over the gel and also in the resolution of such bands which were not resolved in other electrophoresis systems.

Minimum stream power and river channel patterns

Channel patterns of sand-bed rivers have been analyzed using the concept of minimum stream power together with formulas for flow resistance and sediment transport. A diagram has been constructed, on the plane of water discharge vs. valley slope, dividing regime rivers into straight, meandering, and braided patterns in plan configuration. The analytical diagram is supported by river data and previous observations. For the given water discharge Q and sediment load Q s, the stable channel geometry and slope were obtained from the stream power analysis, wherein a stable configuration is assumed to correspond to a minimum stream power per unit channel length. For small values of Q and Q s, the analysis shows that a unique minimum exists, indicating a unique stable channel configuration and slope. With this unique stable channel slope equal to the valley slope, the channel pattern is straight. Above a certain threshold valley slope, the stream power actually has two minimums, indicating two possible stable channel configurations and slopes. Whenever multiple channel slopes exist on a uniform valley slope, the river must be sinuous. The reason for meandering development is attributed to minimum stream power per unit channel length for the river system, because with its multiple configurations and slopes, a meandering river may minimize its stream power expenditure as well as its sediment load for the river system subject to physical constraints. Analytical relations also predict that highly sinuous rivers which are small in width/depth ratio occur on flatter valley slopes and that they become more braided and less sinuous as the valley slope increases.

The cutting of soil by narrow blades

The available models for predicting the forces acting on a narrow soil cutting blade have required separate measurements of the shape of the three-dimensional soil failure pattern ahead of the blade. It is proposed that a three-dimensional model consisting of straight line failure patterns in the soil can be used to predict both the draft forces and the volume of soil disturbed in front of a narrow blade. Limit equilibrium mechanics equations are written for the soil wedges in terms of an unknown angle of the failure zone and the theoretical draft force is minimized with respect to this angle. Force factors are thus found which are of the type to fit Reece's general earthmoving equation, but which vary with the width to depth ratio of the blade as well as with the rake angle of the blade and the friction angle of the soil. In addition the approximate geometry of the three-dimensional failure pattern in the soil is predicted for varying blade shapes and soil strengths. This allows the design of simple tools on the basis of their draft force requirements and their soil cutting efficiency. The draft force predictions and failure geometry calculations are shown to have considerable verification by experimental results.

Steady transverse MHD viscous flows

Steady plane flows of viscous incompressible fluids of finite electrical conductivity in the presence of a transverse magnetic field are studied. The only flows with straight streamline pattern are shown to be those with parallel or concurrent streamlines and if the streamlines are involutes of a curve, then they are concentric circles. It is also established that if the natural net is isometric, then the streamlines are restricted to parallel lines, concurrent lines, concentric circles, or logarithmic spirals.

Corners, receptive fields, and visually evoked cortical potentials

Alternating stimuli with herringbone patterns were used to obtain visually evoked cortical potentials (VECPs) from three human Ss. Two sets of stimulus patterns were used, one with sharp corners and one with the corners rounded off. Each set ranged in angularity from 180 to 45 deg in 45-deg steps. Results showed that: (a)VECP response amplitude was greatest for the 90-deg-corner pattern, (b) response amplitude was greater for the 45-deg-corner pattern than for the 135-deg-corner pattern, and (c) cornered and rounded patterns evoked responses of greater amplitude than those evoked by the straight (180-deg) patterns. Also, the peak latency of responses to cornered patterns was shorter than that of responses to rounded and straight patterns.

Positive cerium anomaly and two types of lunar samples

Based on accurate determinations of REE abundances in chondrites, fine structures of REE patterns for lunar materials were reviewed. 11 was found that highland basalts represented by the Apollo 14 samples and KREEP, and certain samples taken from mare regions, which have straight REF patterns, showed positive Ce anomalies (several to ten per cent, relative to the Leedey chondrite). On the other hand, the mare hasalts which have curved REE patterns exhibit no or little anomaly of Ce. In addition, the Cc abundances of Apollo 16 anorthosites are normal viewed from the smooth curve spanning from La to Nd and Sm. These features are considered to be of much significance for the history of the lunar materials.

Patterns of Water Movement in Trees and Shrubs

Paths of water flow in trees and shrubs of different sizes and chorotypes were investigated with injected dyes. Aged shrubs possessed a sectorial ascent. Young specimens of these species showed a sectorial turning into a ring ascent. Differences in pattern of water flow were observed among various tree species. Species with large and tall crowns showed either a spiral pattern or a sectorial straight pattern turning into a ring pattern of ascent. Other species exhibited a sectorial straight pattern. Since independence of branches or trunk segments is characteristic of shrubs, it is suggested that woody species exhibiting a sectorial pattern of water movement should be considered as chamaephytes.

Predator prey relationships under luminous conditions

Lemon sharks seized lighted grey snappers before seizing the unlighted but otherwise identical grey snappers in ten consecutive observations. Snappers bearing a light embedded in epoxy resin were approached in a straight line attack pattern while (dark) controls were always circled by the shark at least once before attack and seizure.

Suicide and Pseudocide: A Reanalysis of Maris's Data

A reanalysis of data from a recent article in this journal on deviant females provides a reinterpretation of their self-destructive behavior. The more elaborate path analysis presented fails to support the dominant psychiatric theory that reactive depression leads to suicide attempts and ultimately suicide. In interpreting the paths, depression is reconceptualized as a defense mechanism inhibiting suicide for a female who has a history of a deviant career pattern. Secondly, the contention that suicide attempts are self-therapy is clarified by introducing the concept pseudocide, with no implication that pseudocides eventually lead to suicides. Finally, the path analysis suggests that female suicide is primarily attributable to weak defenses, those of a female who has evidently pursued a straight career pattern.

Tensile Deformation in Iron Single Crystal Plates Observed by the Divergent X-Ray Method

Tensile deformation which appeared on the X-ray radiographs taken with the iron single crystal plates by the divergent X-ray method was investigated. In the broad Laue-spots on the X-ray radiographs, some kinds of striped patterns appeared in connection with the slips. When the deformation was caused by a single slip, one kind of straight pattern was detected uniformly. When is was caused by a single slip, one kind of straight pattern was detected uniformly. When it was caused by the double slip, two kinds of patterns or the complicated one was seen partly. From these striped patterns it was reaffirmed that the tensile deformation in iron single crystal plates was caused by the single slip or by the double slip of the {110}–<111> slip system. Broad Laue-spots and the white lines in the pseudo-Kossel pattern suggested that the slip deformation in iron single crystal plates was influenced by the sub-grain boundaries.

A Practical Solution of a Three-Dimensional Flow Problem of Axial-Flow Turbomachinery

Abstract During the past decade three-dimensional flow problems of turbomachinery have been solved for frictionless fluids under the assumption of an infinite number of vanes. However, the practical application of this advancement to the design of turbomachinery has not yet reached a state of acceptance commensurate with the practical importance of this theoretical development. The present paper endeavors to contribute toward such application by presenting the principles of the theory in a physically simple manner, and by illustrating its application by two examples, solving the general problem by two successive approximations. The first approximation disregards the departures of the meridional streamlines from their straight and parallel potential-flow pattern; the second approximation takes account of these departures on the basis of the first. The vorticity of the flow is assumed to be strong. The time and means required for working out each of the examples were found to fall within the practical limits of a competently staffed engineering department.

Experiments on the Nature of Ferromagnetism

Irregularities in the magnetization of ferromagnetic crystals were studied by means of magnetic ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ particles about 1\ensuremath{\mu} in diameter suspended in ethyl acetate. On iron crystals the particles settle along parallel lines spaced about 0.1 mm apart and more or less at right angles to the applied field. On nickel crystals the pattern is similar, but the lines split up into more complicated structures as the applied field is increased. On cobalt crystals straight lines are obtained on some crystals, and spotty patterns on others. The spots arrange themselves in rows when the crystals are magnetized. The patterns can be destroyed by relatively slight surface strains. There is some evidence that in the straight line patterns the direction of the lines is related to the direction of magnetization. An explanation of these effects is not known.