Straight Line Research Articles

Forehead Flap in Nasal Tip Reconstruction

The forehead flap is a long-standing surgical technique used for nasal restoration. The forehead flap is considered the most reliable method for reconstructing nasal soft tissue. It offers a reconstructive surgeon a strong pedicle and a significant volume of tissue, making it suitable for repairing nearly any lesion. The modifications made by experts such as Burget and Menick have significantly enhanced the functionality of this outstanding flap. The guiding principles for reconstructing the nose with a forehead flap involve maintaining a straight line along the axis, using the pedicle on the same side as the defect, expanding the flap at a right angle when additional length is required, employing a small pedicle, and performing early subperiosteal dissection. Furthermore, the issue of lining abnormalities can be effectively and dependably resolved through the utilization of a folded forehead flap.

Research on Combined Localization Algorithm Based on Active Screening-Kalman Filtering.

Real-time acquisition of location information for agricultural robotic systems is a prerequisite for achieving high-precision intelligent navigation. This paper proposes a data filtering and combined positioning method, and establishes an active screening model. The dynamic and static positioning drift points of the carrier are eliminated or replaced, reducing the complexity of the original Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) output data in the positioning system. Compared with the traditional Kalman filter combined positioning method, the proposed active filtering-Kalman filter algorithm can reduce the maximum distance deviation of the carrier along a straight line from 0.145 m to 0.055 m and along a curve from 0.184 m to 0.0640 m. This study focuses on agricultural robot positioning technology, which has an important influence on the development of smart agriculture.

Sonic Epistemologies: Confrontations with the Invisible

Abstract With reference to Steven Feld’s “acoustemology,” his epistemology of sounding and listening, developed in the Bosavi Rainforest in Papua New Guinea, where the trees are too dense to afford a distant view and meaning has to be found up close, on the body with other human and more-than-human bodies, this essay deliberates how sound knows in entanglements and from the in-between: in a being with as a knowing with rather than from a distance. In this way, this essay, from the densities of the rainforest, critiques Western knowledge and its reliance on visual categories, straight lines, and universalising principles that pretend objectivity and a distant view. Instead, it turns to the relational indivisibility of sound that lets us hear interdependencies and confronts us with the invisible of which we are part. In conclusion, it proposes that sound studies as applied, transversal studies enable such a paradigm shift that at once reveals what hegemonic knowledge strands exclude and invites a different dialogue from the in-between of everything.

Sagittal and transverse ankle angle coupling can influence prosthetic socket transverse plane moments.

The intact foot and ankle comprise a complex set of joints that allow rotation in multiple planes of motion. Some of these motions are coupled, meaning rotation in one plane induces motion in another. One such coupling is between the sagittal and transverse planes. For every step, plantar- and dorsi-flexion motion is coupled with external and internal rotation of the shank relative to the foot, respectively. There is no prosthetic foot available for prescription that mimics this natural coupling. The purpose of this study was to determine if a sagittal:transverse ankle angle coupling ratio exists that minimizes the peak transverse plane moment during prosthetic limb stance. A novel, torsionally active prosthesis (TAP) was used to couple sagittal and transverse plane motions using a 60-watt motor. An embedded controller generated transverse plane rotation trajectories proportional to sagittal plane ankle angles corresponding to sagittal:transverse coupling ratios of 1:0 (rigid coupling analogous to the standard-of-care), 6:1, 4:1, 3:1, and 2:1. Individuals with unilateral transtibial amputation were block randomized to walk in a straight line and in both directions around a 2 m circle at their self-selected speed with the TAP set at randomized coupling ratios. The primary outcome was the peak transverse plane moment, normalized to body mass, during prosthetic limb stance. Secondary outcomes included gait biomechanic metrics and a measure of satisfaction. Eleven individuals with unilateral transtibial amputations participated in the study. The 6:1 coupling ratio resulted in reduced peak transverse plane moments in pairwise comparisons with 3:1 and 2:1 coupling ratios while walking in a straight line and with the prosthesis on the outside of the circle (p < .05). Coupling ratio had no effect on gait biomechanic metrics or satisfaction. The general pattern of results suggests a quadratic relationship between the peak transverse plane moment and coupling ratio with a minimum at the 6:1 coupling ratio. The coupling ratio did not appear to adversely affect propulsion or body support. Subjects indicated they found all coupling ratios to be comfortable. While a mechatronic prosthesis like the TAP may have limited commercial potential, our future work includes testing a robust, passive prosthetic foot with a fixed coupling ratio.

Optimisation of the Distribution System Reliability with Shielding and Grounding Design Under Various Soil Resistivities

Lightning strikes can cause equipment damage and power outages, so the distribution system's reliability in withstanding lightning strikes is crucial. This research paper presents a model that aims to optimise the configuration of a lightning protection system (LPS) in the power distribution system and minimise the System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI), a measure of reliability, and the associated cost investment. The proposed lightning electromagnetic transient model considers LPS factors such as feeder shielding, grounding design, and soil types, which affect critical current, flashover rates, SAIFI, and cost. A metaheuristic algorithm, PSOGSA, is used to obtain the optimal solution. The paper's main contribution is exploring grounding schemes and soil resistivity's impact on SAIFI. Using 4 grounding rods arranged in a straight line under the soil with 10 Ωm resistivity reduces grounding resistance and decreases SAIFI from 3.783 int./yr (no LPS) to 0.146 int./yr. Unshielded LPS has no significant effect on critical current for soil resistivity. Four test cases with different cost investments are considered, and numerical simulations are conducted. Shielded LPSs are more sensitive to grounding topologies and soil resistivities, wherein higher investment, with 10 Ωm soil resistivity, SAIFI decreases the most by 73.34%. In contrast, SAIFIs for 1 kΩm and 10 kΩm soil resistivities show minor decreases compared to SAIFIs with no LPS. The study emphasises the importance of considering soil resistivity and investment cost when selecting the optimal LPS configuration for distribution systems, as well as the significance of LPS selection in reducing interruptions to customers.

Low-frequency acoustic-gravity wave emission generated by the vortex caused by a moving submerged cylinder

Acoustic-gravity waves induced by a cylinder moving underwater are numerically calculated in this study. Based on a weak compressibility method, a boundary data immersion method (BDIM), and the acoustic-gravity wave governing equation, we derive an algorithm that calculates the acoustic-gravity waves induced by a body moving underwater. We conduct numerical calculations for two cases: a horizontal uniform moving cylinder with and without lateral oscillation. The frequency spectra of acoustic-gravity waves are calculated at different monitoring locations. Strong anisotropy phenomena are observed from the time series and frequency spectra of the velocity potential function and the dynamic pressure. At the upper and bottom boundaries, the spectrum of acoustic-gravity waves can be approximated as noise. At the left and right boundaries, in the case of a cylinder moving horizontally in a straight line, the frequency spectrum of the acoustic-gravity wave caused by vortices becomes a low-frequency line spectrum. After the cylinder is subjected to lateral oscillation, the low-frequency line spectrum becomes a combination of the low-frequency broadband spectrum and line spectrum.

Analytical study of linear optical properties of metal nanoparticle trimers: the impact of dipole-dipole interaction on different modes of configuration

In this study, we theoretically investigate the linear properties of a metal nanoparticle (MNP) trimer. Three identical spherical nanoparticles (NPs) whose centers are equidistantly oriented on a same straight line are considered. Using the solid core approximation for NPs and considering interaction between particles through induced electric dipoles, the motion equation of each NP conduction electrons is analytically solved. Some appropriately approximated expressions are derived for the permittivity of each NP based on a Drude-like model, allowing the clear observation of the contribution of inter-particle interaction. Depending on the orientation of the trimer axis and incident laser beam geometry (i.e., orientation of electromagnetic (EM) fields and wave vector of laser beam), three different configurations or modes are considered. The extinction efficiency of each NP as a function of wavelength is plotted, revealing that when the laser electric field is perpendicular to the symmetry axis of the trimer, it increases compared to the case of non-interactional single NP, and its plasmon resonance peak experiences a red shift. For other cases where the electric field of the laser beam is parallel to the trimer axis, the extinction efficiency of each NP decreases, and its peak shifts to the blue. In all cases, the effect of interaction on the optical properties of the middle NP is greater than on the other NPs.

Haofa dog – An indigenous canine germplasm from Manipur, India

A study on Haofa dog was carried out at its breeding tract in Ukhrul and Kamjong districts of Manipur to find out its origin, distribution and phenotypic characteristics. A total of 100 adult Haofa dogs (50 male and 50 female) were recorded for studying physical characters and body measurement. Further, 69 number of observation were also recorded for studying body weights of adult male and female. In addition, 100 Haofa owners were interviewed to study the reproductive characteristics, management practices followed and their utility, etc. The study revealed that Haofa were of medium size with a compact body, broad chest, straight top line and slightly tucked up abdomen. The coat colour is usually black with grey skin while some dogs have black coat colour with white markings in ventral parts and tips of legs. The head of a Haofa dog is medium in size with a slightly trapezoid shape, while the forehead is usually prominent with the straight nasal bridge. Eyes are oval shaped with golden colour. Ears are erect and usually cropped at an early age. The dogs have short coats and their tails are usually semi-curved and docked usually at a young age. The adult body weight and average litter size at birth ranges from 22-31 kg and 3-8, respectively. Haofa is morphologically different from the other exotic breeds, crossbreeds or local dogs found in the state. Hence, it deserves to be recognized as a distinct breed of dog.

A method for estimating ship berthing angle based on 2D bird's eye view point cloud

The accurate estimation of berthing angle is essential for the parallel berthing of inshore ships. Herein, a new method for calculating the ship berthing angle using a shore-based LiDAR system is proposed. First, the LiDAR-scanned point cloud data is preprocessed, including coordinate conversion, noise filtering, and data downsampling. Then, the processed point cloud data is projected onto a two-dimensional (2D) plane, and the height value is used as the pixel value to generate bird's eye view (BEV) images. Finally, an improved Hough transform is proposed to detect the straight line representing the ship's nearshore profile in the BEV images and replace the ship midline with the detected line for calculating the berthing angle. The performance of the proposed method is verified by applying it on simulated and real ship data. Simulation experiment results show that the maximum absolute error of our method is only 0.151°. Real ship experiments were conducted at Dalian Port (China) to verify the reliability and stability of the method compared with other berthing angle estimation methods and the compass equipment. Overall, the proposed method can effectively obtain the berthing angle of ships, assist in parallel berthing, and improve berthing efficiency.

Track initialisation for multiple formations based on neutrosophic Hough transform

AbstractTrack crossing is a major issue in the initialisation of multiple‐flight trajectories. To solve this problem, the authors propose a track initialisation algorithm. It uses characteristics of formation flight to find centroids of each formation with DBSCAN algorithm. Then, it initialises the track based on the centroid. The author use a Neutrosophic Hough Transform (NHT) method to improve accuracy and computational speed. That helps address errors caused by the approximation of straight lines between true points resulting from the clustering algorithm. The authors made three experiments using track initialisation data from two flight formations with five target aircraft each, over a span of three frames. NHT, Fuzzy HT, Improved Hough Transform (HT) and HT are compared. Results revealed that the average runtime of NHT was 10.2153 s. The F‐measure of NHT was 100.00%, while that of Fuzzy HT was 9.8347 s. The F‐measure of Fuzzy HT was 80.00%. The Improved HT was 12.0723 s. The F‐measure of Improved HT was 11.76% and HT was 13.783 s. And the F‐measure of HT was 6.87%. The authors lost some computation speed to achieve higher prediction accuracy. The accuracy of the NHT is higher than other methods.

Objective movement asymmetry in horses is comparable between markerless technology and sensor-based systems.

A markerless artificial intelligence (AI) system for lameness detection has recently become available but has not been extensively compared with commonly used inertial measurement unit (IMU) systems for detecting asymmetry under field conditions. Comparison of classification of asymmetric limbs under field conditions and comparison of normalised asymmetry data using a markerless AI system (SleipAI; recorded on a tripod mounted iPhone 14pro [SL]); the Equinosis Q Lameness Locator (LL); the EquiMoves (EM); and subjective evaluation (SE). Descriptive clinical study. Straight line trot data were collected from 52 client-owned horses in regular training. Limbs were categorised as symmetric or asymmetric. Number of analysed strides were compared with Wilcoxon's each pairs test. Inter-rater reliability in classification of asymmetric limbs was assessed with Light's Kappa. Bland Altman analysis of normalised asymmetry data was performed. Data from 41 horses were included. Most horses showed mild asymmetry. The EM analysed significantly more strides than the other systems, both for forelimbs and for hindlimbs (53 ± 11 strides for both, respectively; p < 0.006). The LL analysed significantly more hindlimbs strides (45 ± 13) than the SL (27 ± 6; p < 0.001). Moderate inter-rater agreement for asymmetry classification was found between systems (k = 0.59 forelimbs; 0.44 hindlimbs); agreement decreased when including the SE. For the normalised asymmetry data, the strongest agreement was found between the two IMU systems. Horses were assessed during straight-line trot only. The objective systems were comparable in classification of asymmetric limbs under field conditions when using defined asymmetry thresholds. Discrepancies stemmed largely from the imposed thresholds (i.e., systems largely identified same-side asymmetry). Overall, the strongest agreement was found between LL and EM. The SL analysed significantly fewer hindlimb strides than the LL and EM which could represent a limitation of the Sleip AI.

Evolution of Magnetic Field of the Quasar 1604+159 at parsec Scale

We have analyzed the total intensity, spectral index, linear polarization, and rotation measure (RM) distributions at the parsec scale for the quasar 1604+159. The source was observed at 5.0, 8.4, and 15.4 GHz in 2002 and 4.6, 5.1, 6.0, 7.8, 12.2, 15.2, and 43.9 GHz in 2020 with the American Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). Combining the polarization results of Monitoring of Jets in Active Galactic Nuclei with VLBA Experiments at 15 GHz from 2009 to 2013, we studied the evolution of magnetic field at the parsec scale for the source. We detected a core-jet structure. The jet extends to the distance of ∼25 mas from the core at a direction of ∼66° north by east. The shape of the jet derived from 15 GHz data varies slightly with time and could be described by a straight line. Based on the linear polarization distribution in 2002, we divided the source structure into the central region and the jet region. In the jet region, we find the polarized emission varies with time. The flatter spectral index values and electric vector position angle direction indicate the possible existence of shocks, contributing to the variation of polarization in the jet with time. In the central region, the derived core shift index k r values indicate that the core in 2002 is close to the equipartition case, while it deviated from the case in 2020. The measured magnetic field strength in 2020 is 2 orders of magnitude lower than that in 2002. We detected transverse RM gradients, evidence of a helical magnetic field, in the core. The polarized emission orients in general toward the jet direction in the core. At 15 GHz, in the place close to the jet base, the polarization direction changes significantly with time from perpendicular to parallel to the jet direction. The evolution of RM and magnetic field structure are potential reasons for the observed polarization change. The core ∣RM∣ in 2020 increases with frequency following a power law with index a = 2.7 ± 0.5, suggesting a fast electron density falloff in the medium with distance from the jet base.

WR‐3.4 multi‐mode waveguide module with single‐chip‐integrated array circuits

AbstractThis paper introduces a WR‐3.4 waveguide module that contains an array of circuits fabricated on a single chip with an area of 3 × 0.75 mm2. The array comprises ten elements, each containing a straight differential thru line connecting input and output waveguide transitions. Modifications to the edge element design are intended to produce perfect cell‐to‐cell symmetry by providing amplitude and phase balances for all array elements. The measurements show that the array module possesses an insertion loss of around 3.5 dB in the frequency range of 220–300 GHz. This result represents an increase of 2.5 dB compared to an empty waveguide module, displaying similarity to the performance of single‐element modules.

THE INFLUENCE OF THEOSOPHY ON MODERN PAINTING

An interesting subject that delves into the junction of spirituality, philosophy, and creative expression is the effect of Theosophy on contemporary painting. In the late 19th century, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky established the spiritual movement known as Theosophy. Theosophy is a belief system that seeks to discover the truth about the oneness of all faiths and delve further into the secrets of life, positing the existence of concealed realities beyond the material world. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Theosophy wielded a transformative influence on the field of contemporary art. Its principles were not just influential, but potent enough to reshape the work of even the most prominent painters. Russian artist Wassily Kandinsky is a testament to this; his journey was not just instrumental, but transformative in the ascent of abstract expressionism.Theosophical teachings resonated deeply with Kandinsky, echoing not just his profound spirituality, but his personal quest to uncover art's hidden significance. Theosophy posited the existence of concealed realities beyond the material world, placing not just a premium, but a profound importance on the spiritual facets of life. For Kandinsky, art was not just a portal, but a profound conduit for these higher realms, a conduit for the cosmic spirit to manifest. This profoundly impacted Kandinsky as he veered away from realistic imagery and delved into the realm of abstract painting. He aimed to articulate spiritual experiences and emotions through the medium of color and shape. For instance, in his painting 'Composition VII, 'Kandinsky used vibrant colors and dynamic shapes to convey a sense of spiritual energy and movement. Driven by the belief that art could convey profound, transcendent truths, his work progressively shed its symbolic nature. Famous for his geometric abstract paintings, Piet Mondrian was another artist impacted by Theosophy. Theosophy's principles of spiritual progress and cosmic oneness resonated with Mondrian's search for inner peace and a sense of cosmic order, which were crucial to his creative process. For instance, in his painting 'Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue, 'Mondrian used primary colors and straight lines to represent the harmony and balance he believed existed in the universe, a concept aligned with philosophical ideas. Beyond specific artists, the influence of Theosophy on contemporary art might be seen in more systemic currents like Abstract Expressionism and Symbolism. Some artists, like the symbolists, drew inspiration from the theosophical tradition's emphasis on introspection and mystical themes. Theosophy had not just a significant but a lasting impact on contemporary painting. It inspired painters to seek not just new ways but innovative ways of expressing themselves that went beyond traditional depictions. Modern painting's enduring legacy is not just profoundly rooted but intricately intertwined with theosophical ideas of spirituality, oneness, and inner change, which fostered not just the emergence but the flourishing of abstract and emotionally charged art forms, such as Wassily Kandinsky's abstract expressionism and Piet Mondrian's geometric abstraction, which aimed not just to convey, but to evoke spiritual and emotional experiences through non-representational forms.

Quantitative Expression of the Modified Bragg's Law for Bragg resonances of water waves excited by five types of artificial bars

For Class I Bragg resonance excited by five types of finite periodic array of widely spaced bars (rectangular, parabolic, rectified cosinoidal, trapezoidal, and triangular bars), the average phase velocity between any two adjacent bars in each type of bar field has been specifically calculated by employing a mathematical transformation, and therefore, the excitation condition of Class I Bragg resonance excited by each bar field is clarified and the modified Bragg's law established by Xie and Liu becomes a quantitative form. On one hand, if the incident surface wavelength, L, is fixed in advance, then according to the excitation condition, we can directly obtain the critical bar spacing, d, at which Class I Bragg resonance occurs. On the other hand, if the bar spacing, d, is fixed, then according to the excitation condition, we can use an iteration scheme to find out the critical surface wavelength, L, at which Class I Bragg resonance will be excited. In comparison with existing experimental, numerical, and analytical results of Bragg resonance excited by the five types of bar fields, it is shown that the modified Bragg's law is much more accurate than the Bragg's law, and the phenomenon of phase downshift can be well explained. In the linear long-wave limit, owing to the simple dispersion relation, the modified Bragg's law becomes an explicit expression and coincides with Liu's approximate law very well, although the former is a straight line segment while the latter is a curved line segment. Finally, it is shown that the phase downshift of Bragg resonance becomes more significant as the cross-sectional area of bars increases.

Bifurcations and Exact Solutions of Optical Soliton Models in Fifth-Order Weakly Nonlocal Nonlinear Media

For the optical soliton model in fifth-order weakly nonlocal nonlinear media, to find its exact explicit solutions, the corresponding traveling wave system is formulated as a planar dynamical system with a singular straight line. Then, by using techniques from dynamical systems and singular traveling wave theory developed by [Li &amp; Chen, 2007] to analyze the planar system and find the corresponding phase portraits, the dynamical behavior of the amplitude component can be assessed. Under different parameter conditions, exact explicit solitary wave solutions, periodic wave solutions, kink, and anti-kink wave solutions, compacton solutions, as well as peakons and periodic peakons are found with precise formulations.

Research on Path Tracking of Unmanned Spray Based on Dual Control Strategy

The high clearance spray is a type of large and efficient agricultural machinery used for plant protection, and path tracking control is the key to ensure the efficient and safe operation of spray. Sliding mode control and other methods are commonly used abroad to track vehicles, while fuzzy control, neural networks and other methods are commonly used at home. However, domestic and foreign research on autonomous agricultural machinery is mainly focused on tractors and other machinery, while research on self-propelled spray in high clearance is less abundant. This paper takes the path tracking algorithm in the integrated navigation system of spray as the main research goal, studies the path tracking control algorithm for straight lines and turning curves that can realize the automatic driving of spray by establishing the path tracking algorithm for unmanned spray based on dual control strategies, designs the path tracking controller, including the preview model theoretical path tracking controller and variable domain fuzzy controller, and determines the preview model through the design of the preview model theoretical path tracking controller. The lateral and longitudinal errors of the model algorithm are analyzed, and the driving characteristics under the complex spray road surface are analyzed. The design of the variable domain fuzzy predictor theory path tracking controller is proposed, and the design of the road model selection controller is calculated and analyzed in detail, including the determination of the road roughness coefficient and the selection of the range of the difference between the average value of the excitation before and after sampling, which improves the performance of the spray path tracking algorithm. The experiment shows that the proposed path tracking control algorithm can meet the path tracking requirements of unmanned spray in the current road environment, and provide a reliable solution for the automatic control of high clearance spray.

Analysis of Existence and Faults Impact on Geological Disasters Using GGMPlus Data

The existence of faults can trigger various geological natural disasters because faults will react when an earthquake occurs and volcanic activity occurs, causing effects in the form of landslides, subsidence, ground movements, and other geological disasters. This research aims to analyze the existence and impact of local faults on geological disasters around the research location using GGMPlus data. A derivative filter is used to get FHD and SVD maps based on the gravity anomaly map. Fault analysis was carried out using a graph from the FHD and SVD map incisions, which were then correlated with each other. The incision graph of the meeting point between the maximum FHD value and the zero SVD value will be interpreted as a fault structure. The results show that there were several fault indication points; these points were then drawn straight lines to get the lineaments of the faults. The fault lineaments with the location of the landslide and subsidence events are correlated so that it becomes evident that the subsidence and landslide disaster in the Brau Hamlet, Batu City, area can be associated with local faults. Based on several previous research on determining faults in coastal areas, it is known that the areas crossed by the Palu-Koro fault have experienced many disasters, such as landslides, land movement and liquefaction. The existence of local faults in an area can increase the impact of damage when natural disasters such as earthquakes and landslides occur.

Mucciaroni의 모형을 활용한 교육감의 위상 변동 연구: 서울시 교육감을 중심으로

In this study, using Mucchiaroni's (1995) Interest Group Standing Changes Model, the changes in the superintendent's status after the straight line system were analyzed, focusing on the issue context and institutional context.&#x0D; The superintendent's fortunes was acquired over a long period of time through a process of rise and maintenance. In addition, while the issue context was both hospitable and unhospitable, the institutional context remained relatively hospitable. Both the institutional and issue contexts centered on efforts to curtail the superintendent's interests.&#x0D; In the institutional context, the lack of capacity of policymakers was found to be favorable to the position of superintendents, and the different timing of presidential, parliamentary, and superintendent elections was found to be favorable. It was also found that the fact that the institutional context could affect the superintendent's fortunes was related to the attention of new alternatives, that the relative importance of the institutional context should be noted, and that discussions on the target population's own fortune change were necessary.

Regulating, braking and pushing mechanisms of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) feet based on center of pressure

Abstract Reindeer are seasonal migratory animals, and their feet play a significant role in braking and pushing. Their natural habitats in arctic regions require them to navigate complex ground conditions, and their feet have evolved to adapt to these challenges. Reindeer must travel long distances to find food and water, which demands high levels of endurance and stamina. The ability of reindeer feet to support their weights and maintain stability over extended periods is crucial to the survival of reindeer. The center of pressure at different speeds (walking, low-speed trotting, and high-speed trotting) was studied using a pressure plate to determine the functions of the dewclaws, medial toes and lateral toes of reindeer. The medial toes and lateral toes were the bearing toes, and the dewclaws played an auxiliary supporting role. The proportions of peak value in the bearing toes and dewclaws were 85.1-9.5% and 2.7-22.9%, respectively. The center-of-pressure trajectories of hindfeet and forefeet were an L-shaped line and a straight line, respectively. The proportion of peak value in forefoot dewclaws (7.0-22.9%) was larger than that of hindfoot dewclaws (2.7-8.2%). The coefficients of variation of forefoot dewclaws increased with rising speed, indicating the forefeet adjusted the pressure according to the motion state. The coefficient of variation of forefoot dewclaws (31.1-73.1%) was larger than that of bearing toes (14.1-40.7%), indicating the dewclaws played a stabilization role. The pressure on the bearing toes of the forefeet, which played a braking role, increased with time during the braking phase. The peak loads on the distal medial toe and the distal lateral toe of hindfeet were both in the pushing phase, which were mainly associated with a pushing role. Hence, the characteristics of reindeer feet are conducive to improving the stabilizing and migrating abilities.