Bifurcation Ratio Research Articles

Morphometric Analysis of Dachigam Drainage Basin Using Geo-Spatial Technology (GST)

The examination of morphometric parameters through quantitative analysis proves highly valuable in assessing river basins, prioritizing watersheds for soil and water conservation, and natural resources management. In this study, an in-depth analysis of the Dachigam Catchment has been conducted, focusing on the quantification of various morphometric parameters. The research employs Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to assess morphometric parameters in the micro-watersheds of the Dachigam Catchment. Linear and areal morphometric parameters were systematically derived and tabulated based on linear and shape characteristics of drainage channels, utilizing GIS and topographical maps (scale 1:50,000). The morphometric analysis conducted in the Dachigam catchment indicates that the basin has an elongated shape, suggesting that peak discharges would generally exhibit a flat profile and take time to rise. The drainage network within the basin is predominantly of the dendritic type, signifying a degree of homogeneity in texture. The slope analysis shows that the Dachigam watershed has a significant amount of steep terrain, ranging from 0 to 74.63%. The majority of the area falls within the 24 to 35% slope range. Examination of the aspect indicates that slopes oriented towards the south and southwest are the most prevalent in the basin. The watershed's mean bifurcation ratio is 1.71. This low ratio suggests that the watershed hasn't experienced significant distortion. In contrast, high bifurcation ratios exceeding 5 typically indicate distorted drainage patterns. The research illustrates how remote sensing and GIS methods can effectively analyze watershed morphometrics. These techniques offer valuable insights for planners and decision-makers involved in watershed-level planning and drainage basin management.

Fish conservation in streams of the agrarian Mississippi Alluvial Valley: conceptual model, management actions, and field verification

The effects of agriculture and flood control practices accrued over more than a century have impaired aquatic habitats and their fish communities in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, the historic floodplain of the Lower Mississippi River prior to leveeing. As a first step to conservation planning and adaptive management, we developed and tested a conceptual model of how changes to this floodplain have affected stream environments and fish assemblages. The model is deliberately simple in structure because it needs to be understood by stakeholders ranging from engineers to farmers who must remain engaged to ensure effective conservation. Testing involved multivariate correlative analyses that included descriptors of land setting, water quality, and fish assemblages representing 376 stream samples taken over two decades and ranging in Strahler stream order from 1 to 8. The conceptual model was adequately corroborated by empirical data, but with unexplained variability that is not uncommon in field surveys where gear biases, temporal biases, and scale biases prevent accurate characterizations. Our conceptual model distinguishes three types of conservation actions relevant to large agricultural floodplains: reforestation of large parcels and riparian zone conservation, in-channel interventions and connectivity preservation, and flow augmentation. Complete restoration of the floodplain may not be an acceptable option to the agriculture community. However, in most cases the application of even the most basic measures can support the return of sensitive aquatic species. We suggest that together these types of conservation actions can bring improved water properties to impacted reaches, higher reach biodiversity, more intolerant species, and more rheophilic fishes.

Impacts of Carbonate Buffering on Atmospheric Equilibration of CO2, δ13CDIC, and Δ14CDIC in Rivers and Streams

AbstractRivers and streams play an important role within the global carbon cycle, in part through emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. However, the sources of this CO2 and their spatiotemporal variability are difficult to constrain. Recent work has highlighted the role of carbonate buffering reactions that may serve as a source of CO2 in high alkalinity systems. In this study, we seek to develop a quantitative framework for the role of carbonate buffering in the fluxes and spatiotemporal patterns of CO2 and the stable and radio‐ isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). We incorporate DIC speciation calculations of carbon isotopologues into a stream network CO2 model and perform a series of simulations, ranging from the degassing of a groundwater seep to a hydrologically‐coupled 5th‐order stream network. We find that carbonate buffering reactions contribute >60% of emissions in high‐alkalinity, moderate groundwater‐CO2 environments. However, atmosphere equilibration timescales of CO2 are minimally affected, which contradicts hypotheses that carbonate buffering maintains high CO2 across Strahler orders in high alkalinity systems. In contrast, alkalinity dramatically increases isotope equilibration timescales, which acts to decouple CO2 and DIC variations from the isotopic composition even under low alkalinity. This significantly complicates a common method for carbon source identification. Based on similar impacts on atmospheric equilibration for stable and radio‐ carbon isotopologues, we develop a quantitative method for partitioning groundwater and stream corridor carbon sources in carbonate‐dominated watersheds. Together, these results provide a framework to guide fieldwork and interpretations of stream network CO2 patterns across variable alkalinities.

A statistical-based geospatial approach to prioritize the watersheds for soil erosion conservation in the Upper Awash Basin (Upstream Koka), Ethiopia

The current study focuses on the Upper Awash basin's morphometric parameters to understand the watershed's hydrologic characters with respect to soil erosion conservation. A correlation analysis based on a weighted sum approach was adopted to address the objectives of this research. The drainage patterns were extracted from SRTM-DEM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission-digital elevation model), and ‘Stahler’s method’ was adopted to determine the stream order. The standardized formulas were employed to calculate about 23 different morphometric parameters. The Upper Awash basin (Koka) has been classified into six watersheds (WS-1 to WS-6). There are eleven selected variables, namely bifurcation ratio (Rb), drainage/stream frequency (Fs), drainage density (Dd), texture ratio (T), drainage texture (If), length of overland flow (Lo), form factor (Ff), shape factor (Bs), elongation ratio (Re), compact coefficient (CC) and circularity ratio (Rc) were used for prioritization ranking and categorization. The study has inferred four categories: very high, high, medium, and low, using the quartile statistical method and weighted compound value. Soil erosion is a major concern in watersheds composed of weak igneous rocks such as ignimbrite and holocene sediments such as limestone, conglomerate, sand, silt, and clay. Hence, three watersheds (WS-4, WS-5, and WS-6) with 53 % of the area have been identified as having strong soil erosion potential, representing very high and high categories requiring immediate conservation measures. Soil erosion conservation efforts and water resource management initiatives will benefit greatly from this effort. In addition, this study confirms that environmental studies utilizing a statistical approach based on GIS (geographical information system) are highly beneficial.

Impacts of human activities on the riverbed morphological in the tidal reaches of the Yangtze River

Reservoirs and river management projects have operational impacts on the runoff, sediments, and morphologies of tidal reaches. Therefore, it is of great significance to analyze the influence of human activities on the hydrology and geomorphology of the tidal reaches of the Yangtze River (YR). We measured topographic and water–sediment flux over the past 40 and 60 years, respectively, to determine changes in the characteristics of riverbed lowering or deposition, shoal areas, and diversion ratio of branch channel (DRBC), along with the dynamics and driving mechanisms. The results indicated that cumulative scouring of the tidal reaches occurred from 1981 to 2021 (time-averaged annual riverbed lowering depth = 4.35 cm), which was mainly controlled by reductions in sediment influxes, followed by sand mining and waterway dredging. Riverbed lowering or deposition in the tidal reaches were characterized by deep channel lowering and shoal deposition from 1981 to 2001. From 2001 to 2021, lowering of both deep channel and shoal occurred, with the riverbed lowering volume of the low-flow channel accounting for 79.3 % of the total riverbed lowering volume. The shoal areas exhibited an increasing trend from 1981 to 2001, but reduced by 2.35 % in the 2001–2021 period mainly due to the operation of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Moreover, the implementation of waterway improvement projects slightly increased the shoal areas since 2016. Particularly, the DRBC accounted for 15–50 % of the increase in bifurcation ratio during the 1962–1981 periods. Reductions in sediment influxes and unbalanced riverbed lowering caused by adjustments of flow processes increased the DRBC from 1981 until prior to the implementation of the river and waterway improvement projects. After the implementation, further increases in the DRBC were effectively inhibited or the ratio was decreased. In the near future, the amounts of sediment influxes in the YR Basin will remain low or even further decrease, leading to sustained or intensified scouring of the tidal reaches, and the impacts of shrinking shoal and scouring of branch channels should be focused upon. Overall, the findings of this study provide an in-depth understanding of the impacts of human activities on the riverbed morphologies of tidal reaches.

An integrated statistical-geospatial approach for the delineation of flood-vulnerable sub-basins and identification of suitable areas for flood shelters in a tropical river basin, Kerala

Flood vulnerability assessment is crucial for developing effective flood management and mitigation strategies. The present study aims to understand the flood vulnerability of the Kallada River Basin (KRB) and identify suitable locations for safe flood sheltering facilities in the basin. As part of this, morphometric analysis of KRB was carried out by dividing the basin into fifty-eight 4th-order sub-basins to understand the sub-basin-wise terrain characteristics and the degree of vulnerability to flooding. GIS tools were used to assess various morphometrical parameters, such as drainage frequency, texture ratio, ruggedness number, basin relief, bifurcation ratio, length of overland flow, drainage density, circularity ratio and area, and geo-environmental factors such as sand percent, rainfall, and mean slope of these basins. The morphometric parameters exhibited distinct spatial trends, with higher values primarily concentrated in the east and northeast parts for certain parameters and in the western parts for others. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, the sub-basins were categorized into six clusters, revealing that 51% were vulnerable to floods, 26% moderately vulnerable, and 22% not vulnerable. Sub-basins in the central and western KRB were found to be highly vulnerable to flooding, while those in the eastern parts showed moderate vulnerability or were not vulnerable. Flood vulnerability mapping was validated using flood data of 2018 and 2019. Additionally, the weighted overlay method identified suitable areas for flood shelters in moderately vulnerable and vulnerable sub-basins and the areas were categorized into highly suitable, suitable, moderately suitable, and not suitable areas. Most areas of SB53 and SB55 were found highly suitable, emphasizing their potential for flood shelter locations. The findings of this study can be used by competent authorities to initiate flood mitigation and to develop targeted flood preparedness measures in similar river basins, particularly in the context of increasing flood events.

Morphometric Status of River Mu Sub-Basin in Makurdi South, Nigeria

River Mu drainage basin morphometric status is assessed against the backdrop of its characteristics and implication on hydrologic processes operating within the watershed. Geospatial techniques of GIS and Remote Sensing was deployed in the analysis and characterization of the basin morphometric attributes. The result showed Mu drainage basin has an area of 1259.26km2, basin perimeter 240.96km, form factor 0.22, circulatory ration 0.27, and drainage texture 0.51. Mu drainage basin is of 4th order with a dendritic pattern of drainage system indicating the homogeneity in texture and lack of structural control. The stream frequency 0.10 stream segments per square kilometer, drainage density (Dd) 0.40km/km2, bifurcation ratio of 4.62 and length of overland flow of 1.25km. The drainage density, bifurcation ratio and circularity ratio value indicate that the basin is of gentle slope, elongated, high infiltration capacity, low run off and may have longer duration of flow peaks, less susceptible to flooding.

Morfometrijska analiza i njena implikacija kod upravljanja poplavama i erozijom u donjem slivu reke Kwa Iboe, Jugoistočna Nigerija

The study focused on morphometric analysis and its implication on flood and erosion management in Lower Kwa Iboe River, South Eastern Nigeria. The following objectives were taken into consideration: to map and characterize the Lower (downstream) Kwa Iboe River using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing technology, to examine the morphometric indicators in Lower Kwa Iboe River and its implications on flood and erosion control. Morphometric analysis was carried out at different sub-catchments in lower Kwa Iboe River. The lower Kwa Iboe River has four matured sub-catchments. These include: Anyang sub-catchment, Akpibe sub-catchment, Idim Ibedu/Ikot Ubo sub-catchment, as well as Idim Ntete sub-catchment. The result indicates that the calculated mean bifurcation ratio for the study area is 3.74, an indication that the study area is a lowland area. The length of overland flow of the lower Kwa Iboe basin is 1.25km, the drainage texture of the lower Kwa Iboe basin ranges from 0.77-1.23. This shows that the basin has a very coarse texture which is susceptible to flood disaster. The study area has an average elongation ratio of 0.19, circularity ratio (0.54) and form factor (0.42) which indicates that the shape of the basin tends towards elongation. The result of the study implies that the basin is neither dissected nor prone to erosion but rather flood disaster which depends on a number of natural factors such as climate, rainfall, vegetation, rock and soil types. In conclusion, the watershed is only vulnerable to flood disaster especially the downstream.

An evaluation on the parameters used in flood susceptibility analysis

Taşkınlar her geçen gün artan büyüklük ve sıklıklarına bağlı olarak dünyada ve ülkemizde önemi giderek artan afetlerden birisidir. Bu çalışmadaki temel amaç, taşkın duyarlılık ile ilgili uluslararası ve ulusal literatürün değerlendirilmesi ve duyarlılık çalışmalarına yeni bir yaklaşım olarak sel ve taşkınların meydana geldiği yerleşmelerin su toplama havzaları temelli taşkın duyarlılık parametrelerinin belirlenmesini gerçekleştirmektir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada tarihsel taşkın envanterine bağlı olarak Bursa ili sınırları içerisinde vadi tabanı ve akarsu kenarında sel ve taşkınların yaşandığı yerleşmelerin havzalarına bağlı olarak taşkın duyarlılık analizi parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan temel altlık veriler, Bursa iline ait 5m çözünürlüklü Sayısal Yükseklik Modeli (SYM), 1956-2022 yılları arasını kapsayan envanter verileri, litoloji, hidrolojik toprak grupları (HTG) ve yağış (WorldClim) verileridir. Bursa il sınırları içerisinde meydana gelen tarihsel sel ve taşkın envanterine bağlı olarak 28 yerleşme ve bu yerleşmelerin su toplama havzaları belirlenmiş ve bu havzalara sel ve taşkının oluşmasında hazırlayıcı 12 parametre uygulanmıştır. Taşkın hazırlayıcı parametreler sınıflandırma aşamasında 0-1 arasında normalize edilerek ortaya çıkan sonuca göre taşkın duyarlılık için parametre katsayıları oluşturulmuştur. Sonuç olarak envantere göre maksimum etkiye sahip parametreler; çatallanma oranı (R_b), drenaj yoğunluğu (D_d), akım toplanma zamanı (T_c), eğim, topografik nemlilik indeksi, akarsu güç indeksi, hidrolojik toprak grupları, olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma ile taşkın duyarlılık analizinde önceki çalışmalardan farklı olarak envantere bağlı ve yerleşim temelli havzalardan taşkın duyarlılık parametreleri belirlenmiştir.

Environmental DNA and remote sensing datasets reveal the spatial distribution of aquatic insects in a disturbed subtropical river system

Biodiversity datasets with high spatial resolution are critical prerequisites for river protection and management decision-making. However, traditional morphological biomonitoring is inefficient and only provides several site estimates, and there is an urgent need for new approaches to predict biodiversity on fine spatial scales throughout the entire river systems. Here, we combined the environmental DNA (eDNA) and remote sensing (RS) technologies to develop a novel approach for predicting the spatial distribution of aquatic insects with high spatial resolution in a disturbed subtropical Dongjiang River system of southeast China. First, we screened thirteen RS-based vegetation indices that significantly correlated with the eDNA-inferred richness of aquatic insects. In particular, the green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) and normalized difference red-edge2 (NDRE2) were closely related to eDNA-inferred richness. Second, using the gradient boosting decision tree, our data showed that the spatial pattern of eDNA-inferred richness could achieve a high spatial resolution to 500 m reach and accurate prediction of more than 80%, and the prediction efficiency of the headwater streams (Strahler stream order = 1) was slightly higher than the downstream (Strahler stream order >1). Third, using the random forest algorithm, the spatial distribution of aquatic insects could reach a prediction rate of over 70% for the presence or absence of specific genera. Overall, this study provides a new approach to achieving high spatial resolution prediction of the distribution of aquatic insects, which supports decision-making on river diversity protection under climate changes and human impacts.

Morpho-Hydrological Analysis and Preliminary Flash Flood Hazard Mapping of Neom City, Northwestern Saudi Arabia, Using Geospatial Techniques

Neom city is a unique cross-border city connecting Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Egypt. Although Neom city is of great and critical importance for Saudi Arabia, few hydrological, natural hazard, and geomorphological studies have been undertaken on this region. This work aims to investigate the hydro-geomorphological characteristics and assess the flash flood hazards in Neom city by investigating several valuable morphometric parameters. The Shutter Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model and hydrological and geological data were analyzed in this study using ArcGIS software. Based on the morphometric parameter results, total stream lengths and stream orders were relatively high (17,956.03 km and 5, respectively), whereas the average bifurcation ratio was recorded to be low at 3.54. Basins 10, 12, 17, 30, 31, 32, and 34 were described as large basins, coarse-textured, elongated, with a medium drainage density, low infiltration values, long overland flows, and high values of constant maintenance. Additionally, the El-Shamy approach for flood hazard assessment was applied side by side with the morphometric analysis, which indicated that the possibility of an intense flood hazard is very low. In general, this study suggests that most of the studied basins cover similar and resistant rocks and soils. They have minimal conditions for flooding events and suitable conditions for underground and surface water resources. Therefore, they display high signals of susceptibility to erosion. The morphometric analysis and flash flood assessment techniques applied in this study were time- and cost-effective for the morphometric characterization of landforms. This text deals with the analysis of several environmental characteristics including hydro-morphological characteristics, drainage topography and lithology, soil erosion, groundwater recharge impact, and flash flood signals. Excellent sustainability plans should be reliant on extensive and varied information about the environment. Thus, integrated analyses incorporating environmental characteristics and flood hazard assessment play an important role in adjusting and adapting the suitable socioeconomic and scientific sustainability of the development of the study city. They build up the basic and essential information required to help decision-makers and sustainability managers design and adjust the most suitable sustainability plans for the study city over the long term.

Geospatial approach in modeling linear, areal, and relief morphometric interactions in Dabus river basin ecology for sustainable water resource management

The Dabus River Basin (DRB) holds significant value within the Upper Blue Nile region yet has seen minimal exploration regarding its morphometric features. This investigation employed geospatial techniques to characterize the linear, areal, and relief morphometric properties of the DRB in the Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia. Data sources such as the SRTM DEM, hydrological, and geological maps were utilized to comprehensively analyze the basin's morphometric aspects. In the ArcGIS environment, 26 morphometric parameters were assessed through standard statistical methodologies. The basin possesses 210,776 streams with a dendritic pattern, ranging from 1st to 9th order, reflecting lithological uniformity and structural oversight. The total stream length is 57,233 km, scattered across a basin area of 14,833.7 km2. With an average bifurcation ratio of 3, the basin displays a low degree of lithological influence and structural disturbances influencing the drainage patterns. The form factor (0.2), elongation ratio (0.5) and circulatory ratio (0.2) values suggests an elongated basin shape, resulting in poor runoff and increased erosion frequency. A high correlation can also be observed among stream frequency (14.2), drainage density (3.9), and texture ratio (54.5), which implies high basin impermeability and a heightened risk of erosion. Key relief attributes of the basin include a low to moderate relief (2641 m), an 8.8 relief ratio (erosion potential), a 10.2 ruggedness number (rugged and flood-prone terrain), and a 5.6 m/km channel gradient (steep slopes, increased runoff, erosion potential). This study aims to serve as a foundation for comprehending the DRB and facilitating the development of precise and successful land and water management strategies.

Morphometric and morphotectonic attributes of Ken basin, central India: Depicting status of soil erosion, and tectonic activities

The present study reveals the significance of the morphometric and morphotectonic parameters for the evaluation of soil erosion and tectonism in the Ken River basin of Central India. About fifty two morphometric (linear, areal and relief) and ten morphotectonic parameters were analyzed by using digital elevation model and Geographic Information System. The estimated value of bifurcation ratio (3.60 to 7) and mean bifurcation ratio (4.85) show the geological and structural control on drainage pattern. The values of drainage density (0.75), frequency, and infiltration ratio (0.23) indicate that the basin was evolved in a permeable geological and subsoil conditions with thick vegetal cover and exhibits the medium infiltration rate. The elongation ratio (0.23) and form factor (0.263) infer that the basin is elongated and show low flow peaks of longer duration. The Rho value (0.613) indicates higher hydrological storage or high discharge of water during flood period. The ruggedness number (0.35) indicates a moderately rugged basin which is less prone to soil erosion.The sinuosity index (S = 1.702) depicts the meandering nature of the river. The asymmetric and transverse asymmetric factor (T) infers that the basin was not tilted due to tectonic activities. However, the sudden drop in the elevations of the longitudinal profile of the Ken River noticed at few localities, particularly at the marginal contacts with the Yamuna envisages the influence of tectonics in the geological past. It may depict the existence of peripheral bulge tectonics along the marginal contacts of the lower reaches of the Ken basin. Our results will be helpful to researchers to explore the implications of morphometric and morphotectonic indices in the study of soil loss and tectonic activity in other cratonic rivers. This study will also assist the planners and researchers in planning the watershed management and in understanding tectonic and palaeoseismic activities.

Sub-Watershed Prioritization for Erosion Susceptibility based On Drainage Morphometric Characters

Watershed located in a Hilly-plain environment is more susceptible for soil erosion. Loss of fertile soil in agricultural land hampers the life of the farmers of the region. Identification of the vulnerable areas and devising strategies to minimize the damage caused due to soil erosion are important to address the problems faced by the agrarian society. In our current work, drainage morphometric parameters were evaluated to assess the soil erosion susceptibility of the four sub-watersheds (SW01, SW02, SW03 and SW04) of the Yagachi watershed located in the Hemavathi river basin in Karnataka State using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS). Seventeen morphometric parameters namely Area, Stream Order, Mean Bifurcation Ratio, Drainage Density, Stream Frequency, Texture Ratio, Infiltration Number, Compactness Co-Efficient, Length of Overland Flow, Elongation Ratio, Circulatory Ratio, Form Factor, Relief Ratio, Shape Factor, Basin Relief, Dissection Index and Ruggedness Number were considered. The priority rank and category for each sub-watershed were assigned based on Compound Factor (CF) value. The sub-watersheds with the lowest CF value are most susceptible to erosion and need highest priority for the soil conservation measures. Based on CF values, the sub-watersheds were categorized into 4 priority groups: ‘Very High’ priority (<2.00), ‘High’ priority (2.01–2.50), ‘Moderate’ priority (2.51–3.00) and ‘Low’ priority (≥3). Out of 4 sub-watersheds, SW03 falls in ‘Very High’ priority category in terms of erosion susceptibility and needs appropriate soil conservation measures in order to arrest fertile soil erosion and increase agricultural produce output.

Morphometric analysis of the drainage network in the Parvenetska river basin, the Western Rhodopes Mountains

The aim of this study is to analyze selected morphometric properties of drainage network in the Parvenetska river basin, the northwestern Rhodope Mountains. In this regard, the watershed of the main river was divided into seven sub-basins. For each of them, the following linear and areal morphometric parameters were considered: area and shape of the catchment, slopes, drainage network length, drainage density, stream frequency, bifurcation ratio, Meltonʼs index, hypsometric integral, etc. The morphometric analysis can be used for creating of hydrological and geomorphological models for natural hazards and for better planning of sustainable use of water resources in the area.

Geospatial Analysis of Kurumanpuzha Sub Watershed in the Chaliyar River Basin: A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach for Geomorphological Assessment

Aims: This study aimed to determine geomorphological characteristics of Kurumanpuzha sub-watershed for understanding its hydrological behaviour, erosion susceptibility and geological characteristics.
 Study Design: Morphometric analysis of Kurumanpuzha sub-watershed was carried out using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) which is pivotal for sustainable resource management.
 Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, Malappuram, Kerala during 2020-2021.
 Methodology: The geomorphological characteristics of Kurumanpuzha sub-watershed were determined using GIS offering precise terrain insights to guide water resource planning, erosion control, infrastructure development and ecological conservation. Morphometric parameters were assessed based on linear, areal, and relief characteristics. USGS Earth Explorer platform was employed to download satellite images from multiple sources, including ISRO Resourcesat, Landsat, Sentinel, RADAR, and others. These images were then used to develop a Land Use Land Cover (LULC) map as well as other maps of the study area.
 Results: The sub-watershed had a dendritic drainage pattern with a mean bifurcation ratio of 2.05, indicating easier flood management due to longer durations of low peak flows. The analysis revealed fine drainage, indicating a prevalence of soft rocks prone to erosion. The watershed had high relief and steep slopes, characterized by hills, breaks, and low mountains. The hypsometric curve indicated an equilibrium stage of geomorphic evolution. Morphometric parameters were grouped into three clusters at the sub-watershed level, demonstrating spatial variability. Forest/dense vegetation were the dominant land use, followed by rubber plantations and scrubland.
 Conclusion: The findings of this study contribute to understanding of the hydrological behaviour, erosion susceptibility and geological characteristics of Kurumanpuzha sub-watershed. It is useful for effective watershed management, erosion control and informed decision-making in land use planning and engineering projects.

Groundwater Level Analysis of Sathyamangalam Region, Tamil Nadu, India Using GIS

The Morphometric and groundwater analysis (water level and flow direction) of Sathyamangalam, having total area of 2.24 lakhs hectares was carried out using geographical information system (GIS). The Watershed characteristics such as slope, size, shape and Morphological Analysis such as linear aspects namely Stream order, Bifurcation ratio, Stream length, Length ratio and Areal aspects in particular Drainage density are analysed using ArcGIS software. And also, groundwater level for four years (2008, 2011, 2014 and 2017) and groundwater flow directions using Piezometric well data were also analyzed. In Watershed characteristics, the size of the study area is 2.24 Lakh ha and designated as sub- catchment watershed. The shape is circular i.e. Fan shape. The total length of contour line is about 11055.86 km and the average slope was 24.68% for 50m interval contour. In Morphological analysis, totally 6487 streams were observed and the total length of stream was 3758.2 km. The study location has bifurcation ratio ranging from 1.56 to 3.62 and length ratio of stream was calculated as 1.678 km/km2. In Piezometric analysis, the major water level changes occur in Northwest of Sathyamangalam. Here, the depth of water from the earth surface decreases from 12.67 m in the year of 2008 to 3.95 m in the year of 2017.

Studi Morfotektonik Daerah Ereunpalay, Kabupaten Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat

Morphotectonics is a major factor in controlling the development of landforms and has an influence on river systems in the Ereunpalay area and its surroundings. This study uses a quantitative method, starting with a broad perspective and then moving on to a more focused and targeted approach. This tectonic geomorphological analysis uses several morphometric parameters, such as: Drainage Density (Dd), Bifurcation Ratio (Rb), Valley Floor Width to Valley Height Ratio (Vf), Mountain Front Sinousity (Smf), Hypsometric Curve and Hypsometric Integral (HI), and the Tectonic Activity Index (IAT). From the results of IAT calculations, it is found that the Ereunpalay area and its surroundings are in class one to three tectonic activities or commonly called moderate to very high class. The flow pattern of the river that dominates the study area is a parallel flow pattern which is controlled by the geological structure. Based on the results of the morphotectonic analysis, it was found that the Ereunpalay area and its surroundings have a morphological shape that is influenced by tectonic activity in the form of faults and folds.

Morphometric Analysis of Tectonically Active Bhimtal-Naukuchiatal Lake Basin, Kumaun Himalaya

Bhimtal-Naukuchiatal region, which is an integral part of the Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, is sensitive to natural disasters and has a fragile environment as a result of neotectonic activity along the thrust and secondary thrust/faults. With regard to neotectonic activity, this study aims to comprehend the tectonic instability of the basin. Morphometric analysis is a computable research of landforms that is crucial to understanding how the landscape has evolved in response to nearby tectonic activity. In present exercise we have calculated ten morphometric indices, viz., Valley floor width-height ratio (Vf), Hypsometric Integral (HI), Stream-Length gradient Index (SL), Bifurcation ratio (Rb), Drainage density (Dd), Stream Order (Sµ) and average Sinuosity (S), Relief (H), steepness (Ksn), Chi integral (?) and Asymmetric Factor (AF). The result shows low values of Vf indicate high upliftment rate, more incision and less channel down cutting. Most morphometric results suggest tilted basin, resulting in V-shaped valleys and a distorted and unstable longitudinal profile, which indicate the area is governed by both tectonics and lithology. The field geomorphic features along with the software based calculations suggest that the Bhowali-Bhimtal-Naukuchiatal is tectonically active zone.

A GIS based Morphometric Analysis of Thamirabarani River Basin, Tuticorin district, Tamilnadu, India, using CARTOSAT-1 DEM Data and ArcGIS

Due to its use in numerous geological and biological contexts, morphometric analysis has drawn more attention in recent years. It offers perception into process-associated modifications together with catchment assessment, runoff, infiltration, watershed development, natural and structural frameworks. Study of the Thamirabarani river is composed of Achaean crystalline rocks in the west and tertiary and quaternary sedimentary rocks on the east coast. In the current work, a morphometric analysis of the Thamirabarani river was performed to describe the various surface processes that cut the watershed into the river topography. Catchments were defined using Cartosat data and Arc GIS 10.4.1. This study shows that the stream varied from 1 to 5 (I-357, II-89, III-21, IV-9 and V-3) orders. According to the mean bifurcation ratio, the stream is topographical and complex regulated in its shallower parts. The analyzed basin's high permeability is explained by the studied basin's low current frequency values. Plate erosion rather than channel erosion can be seen in overland flow lengths (>0.14) and rough textures can be seen in drainage patterns. Asymmetric and extended basins with neotectonic activity are indicated by analysis of measured parameters using morphometry. Therefore, various interpretations are produced based on morphometric test of the Thamirabarani stream system to help provide information pertinent to social benefits.