Stormy Events Research Articles

TUMBLING EXPERIMENT FOR THE ESTIMATION OF ABRASION AND MASS LOSS OF COASTAL SEDIMENTS FROM AN ARTIFICIAL COARSE-CLASTIC BEACH

In order to assess the accretive or erosive pattern of a stretch of coast, it is essential to estimate its sediment budget, i.e. the quantification of all sources and sinks of sediments. The sediment budget is the basis of a reliable coastal management plan (Ruol et al., 2018). In fact, coastal erosion is usually the result of a negative balance of factors, both natural and anthropogenic, that operate on different scales, none of which may be considered the single cause. Recently, a massive abrasion rate of coarse-clastic sediments was documented in artificial nourished beaches. The mechanism is associated with both mild wave conditions and extreme stormy events, which could also induce chippings. This phenomenon could decrease the durability of nourishments (Bertoni et al., 2012 and 2016) and is usually not considered in the sediment balance. The mass loss due to abrasion can lead to errors in the analysis of erosive and accretive patterns after the nourishment and consequently to erroneous coastal management strategies. Moreover, the sediment grain size in a given beach (naturally present or selected for nourishments) is strictly related to the typical wave energy. The abrasion mechanism and the possible pebble chipping change the sediment grain size, which could become unstable and not adequate for the local wave climate. Based on the large cost of nourishments, which also require strong monitoring in the subsequent years, it is crucial to understand the abrasion and mass loss rates of the filling sediments to extend the life of artificial beaches as long as possible.

Assessing of detached breakwaters and beach nourishment environmental impacts in Italy: a review.

Coastal regions are exposed to natural phenomena such as sea waves, sea level rise, climate change, and flooding events. These factors, along with human pressures, lead to an increase in coastal erosion. In response, hard engineering measures were realized as breakwaters and groins, to oppose erosion processes along the sandy beaches of the Italian coastline. These types of defense systems showed negative impacts on landscapes, ecosystems, and expected results. Additionally, the use of coastal revetments, submerged sandbars, soil bioengineering, and beach nourishment projects were used to defend seaboard areas from the risk of a growing shore withdrawal. Among these soft solutions, beach nourishment is becoming an environmentally friendly method to control shoreline erosion, increasing the width of sandy beaches to guarantee a better tourist use of coastal regions and to add a greater buffer between the shoreline and existing infrastructure. In recent times, nourishment projects have been combined with other protective measures, such as submerged sandbars and underwater detached breakwaters, limiting the loss of sediments from sandy beaches and allowing better protection from stormy events. These mixed solutions ensure effective coastal protection by maintaining the width of sandy beaches for tourist use, guaranteeing the environmental safeguard of the coastal ecosystems. In order to achieve the best result with these types of projects, a close collaboration between coastal engineers, geologists, biologists, and policymakers toward integrated coastal zone management is necessary. The study described in this paper has taken the form of a literature review regarding both the negative environmental impacts and the benefits associated with the use of old and new coastal defense systems.

Effect of Mo.S.E. Closures on Wind Waves in the Venetian Lagoon: In Situ and Numerical Analyses

In the Venetian lagoon, the storm surge barriers (Mo.S.E. system) are crucial to prevent urban flooding during extreme stormy events. The inlet closures have some cascading effects on the hydrodynamics and sediment transports of this shallow tidal environment. The present study aims at investigating the effects of the Mo.S.E. closure on the wind-wave propagation inside the lagoon. In situ wave data were collected to establish a unique dataset of measurements recorded in front of San Marco square between July 2020 and December 2021, i.e., partially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ten storm events were analyzed in terms of significant wave heights and simultaneous wind characteristics. This dataset allowed for validating a spectral wave model (SWAN) applied to the whole lagoon. The results show that the floodgate closures, which induce an artificial reduction of water levels, influence significant wave heights HS, which decrease on average by 22% compared to non-regulated conditions, but in the shallower areas (for example tidal flats and salt marshes), the predicted decrease is on average 48%. Consequently, the analysis suggests that the Mo.S.E. closures are expected to induce modifications in the wave overtopping, wave loads and lagoon morphodynamics.

Chorwacka legenda – Eugen Kvaternik i „Powstanie Rakowickie” 1871 roku

A Croatian Legend: Eugen Kvaternik and the Rakovica Revolt of 1871Eugen Kvaternik (1825–1871) was a Croatian politician, a proponent of Croatian independence, and one of the most controversial figures in the history of Croatia. His dramatic life is bound up with the stormy events of 19th-century Europe’s political arena. His contacts and ties with representatives of the Polish independence movement, with French and Italian revolutionaries, as well as his relations with the intelligence services of Russia, where he also sought help, made him a figure of inter­national significance. Kvaternik was a romantic who revolted against Austria-Hungary with a view to es­tablishing an independent Croatian state. With this aim in mind he launched a nationwide uprising in fall 1871. But due to his romantic nature, the revolt on the Military Frontier soon turned into a grotesque farce and ended in complete failure within just 96 hours.Because Croats and Poles experienced similar political and historical fates, Polish-language newspapers became increasingly more interested in the course of the revolt. They paid a lot of attention to Kvaternik and his “uprising”. Despite the fact that Eugen Kvaternik died almost 150 years ago, debates on his role and influence in the history of the nation are still vivid in Croatia, not only among historians but also politicians, and journalists still express emotional opinions of him.

Dynamics of Nearshore Waves during Storms: Case of the English Channel and the Normandy Coasts

This research was carried out in the framework of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) program of the French National Centre of Space Studies (CNES). In the context of global climate change, increases in frequency and intensity of extreme events are considered potential threats. Hence, many efforts have been devoted to acquiring a better understanding of the natural processes driving the hydrodynamics’ multiscale variability in order to produce a more accurate estimation of their fluctuations. In this situation, and in the framework of Normandy’s coastal risk management, the dynamics of extreme events were investigated from regional scales (the English Channel basin) to local scales (the Normandy beaches in Etretat and Hautot-sur-Mer). Offshore wave data were obtained and hourly wave data were simulated for two years using the SWAN (Simulating WAves till Nearshore) model, including ten highly energetic stormy events selected by their different physical characteristics. Spectral analysis was conducted to compare the transformation in frequencies of the wave spectra from the Channel to shallow waters. A special focus was given to the hydrodynamics close to Normandy during these extreme events depending on their duration, their strength, and the persistence of the maximum wave height.

Marine Litter Stormy Wash-Outs: Developing the Neural Network to Predict Them

Observations show that after stormy events, anthropogenic litter is washed ashore for short periods of time, providing the opportunity to collect and remove it from the environment. However, water dynamics in sea coastal zones during and after storms are very complicated, and the transport properties of litter items are very diverse; thus, predicting litter wash-outs using classical numerical models is challenging. We analyze meteorological and hydrophysical conditions in the Baltic Sea coastal zone to further use the obtained data as a training sequence for an artificial neural network (ANN). Analysis of the physical processes behind large litter wash-outs links open-source meteorological (wind speed and direction) and hydrodynamic reanalysis (surface wave parameters) data to the time and location of these wash-outs. A detailed analysis of 25 cases of wash-outs observed at the shore of the Sambian Peninsula was performed. The importance of the duration of the storm and its subsiding phase was revealed. An ANN structure is proposed for forecasting marine debris wash-outs as the first step in the creation of a neural network-based tool for managers and beach cleaners, helping to plan effective measures to remove plastics and other anthropogenic contaminants from the marine environment.

Sentinel-1 Polarimetry to Map Apple Orchard Damage after a Storm

Climate change increases extreme whether events such as floods, hailstorms, or storms, which can affect agriculture, causing damages and economic loss within the agro-food sector. Optical remote sensing data have been successfully used in damage detections. Cloud conditions limit their potential, especially while monitoring floods or storms that are usually related to cloudy situations. Conversely, data from the Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) are operational in all-weather conditions and are sensitive to the geometrical properties of crops. Apple orchards play a key role in the Italian agriculture sector, presenting a cultivation system that is very sensitive to high-wind events. In this work, the H-α-A polarimetric decomposition technique was adopted to map damaged apple orchards with reference to a stormy event that had occurred in the study area (NW Italy) on 12 August 2020. The results showed that damaged orchards have higher H (entropy) and α (alpha angle) values compared with undamaged ones taken as reference (Mann–Whitney one-tailed test U = 14,514, p < 0.001; U = 16604, p < 0.001 for H and α, respectively). By contrast, A (anisotropy) values were significantly lower for damaged orchards (Mann–Whitney one-tailed test U = 8616, p < 0.001). Based on this evidence, the authors generated a map of potentially storm-damaged orchards, assigning a probability value to each of them. This map is intended to support local funding restoration policies by insurance companies and local administrations.

Математичне моделювання впливу шквального вітру на технічні та рослинні структури на урбанізованих територіях

Stormy events in recent years have shown that the destructive effects of wind on urban technical structures and plants pose a special threat. The paper provides an overview of mathematical models and approaches to experimental and theoretical studies of the problems associated with the effects of wind gusts and tornadoes on urban areas. Computer simulations of wind action on standard multistorey buildings in Ukraine are given. The coefficients of normal and shear components of forces and moments of forces acting on the surface of buildings, as well as vortex tracks over the residential complex at different wind speeds from moderate to severe have been computed. The calculations were performed by the finite element method using the model of turbulent air flow in the package AnSys2020. It is shown how with the help of a slight change in shape (roofs, additional passages, shields) the destructive effects of wind on the buildings and plants, as well as the threat to human life can be reduced.

Effects of Global Climate Oscillations on Intermonthly to Interannual Variability of Sea levels along the English Channel Coasts (NW France)

Summary This work examines the multiscale variability in sea level along the English Channel coasts (NW France) using a wavelet multiresolution decomposition of water level values and climate oscillations in order to gain insights in the connection between the global atmospheric circulation and the local-scale variability of the monthly extreme surges. Changes in surges have exhibited different oscillatory components from the intermonthly (∼3–6-months) to the interannual scales (∼1.5-years, ∼2–4-years, ∼5–8-years) with mean explained variances of ∼40% and ∼25% of the total variability respectively. The correlation between the multiresolution components of surges and 28 exceptional stormy events with different intensities has revealed that energetic events are manifested at all timescales while moderate events are limited to short scales. By considering the two hypotheses of (1) the physical mechanisms of the atmospheric circulation change according to the timescales and (2) their connection with the local variability improves the prediction of the extremes, the multiscale components of the monthly extreme surges have been investigated using four different climate oscillations (Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Sea-Level Pressure (SLP), Zonal Wind (ZW), and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)); results show statistically significant correlations with ∼3–6-months, ∼1.5-years, ∼2–4-years, and ∼5–8-years, respectively. Such physical links, from global to local scales, have been considered to model the multiscale monthly extreme surges using a time-dependent Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution. The incorporation of the climate information in the GEV parameters has considerably improved the fitting of the different timescales of surges with an explained variance higher than 30%. This improvement exhibits their nonlinear relationship with the large-scale atmospheric circulation.

A Parallax Shift Effect Correction Based on Cloud Height for Geostationary Satellites and Radar Observations

The effect of cloud parallax shift occurs in satellite imaging, particularly for high angles of satellite observations. This study demonstrates new methods of parallax effect correction for clouds observed by geostationary satellites. The analytical method that could be found in literature, namely the Vicente et al./Koenig method, is presented at the beginning. It approximates a cloud position using an ellipsoid with semi-axes increased by the cloud height. The error values of this method reach up to 50 meters. The second method, which is proposed by the author, is an augmented version of the Vicente et al./Koenig approach. With this augmentation, the error can be reduced to centimeters. The third method, also proposed by the author, incorporates geodetic coordinates. It is described as a set of equations that are solved with the numerical method, and its error can be driven to near zero by adjusting the count of iterations. A sample numerical solution procedure with application of the Newton method is presented. Also, a simulation experiment that evaluates the proposed methods is described in the paper. The results of an experiment are described and contrasted with current technology. Currently, operating geostationary Earth Observation (EO) satellite resolutions vary from 0.5 km up to 8 km. The pixel sizes of these satellites are much greater than for maximal error of the least precise method presented in this paper. Therefore, the chosen method will be important when the resolution of geostationary EO satellites reaches 50 m. To validate the parallax correction, procedure data from on-ground radars and the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite, which describes stormy events, was compared before and after correction. Comparison was performed by correlating the logarithm of the cloud optical thickness (COT) with radar reflectance in dBZ (radar reflectance – Z in logarithmic form).

ХУДОЖНЄ ВІДОБРАЖЕННЯ ІСТОРИЧНИХ ПОСТАТЕЙ У "ГАЙДАМАКАХ" Т. ШЕВЧЕНКА ТА РОМАНАХ К. ПОЛІЩУКА "ГУЛЯЙПІЛЬСЬКИЙ БАТЬКО" ТА "ОТАМАН ЗЕЛЕНИЙ"

The article analyzes the image of historical figures in the novels of Klim Polishchuk and the poem «Haydamaky» by Taras Shevchenko. The analysis of works and their comparison with historical studies of the depicted period shows that historical facts in these works far from always correspond to historical reality. Klim Polishchuk, like Taras Shevchenko, sometimes departed from historical facts for greater imagery. However, it is clear that without sufficient knowledge of historical reality, it is impossible to create such works. So the difference between the historical truth and the depictions in the works is absolutely conscious and serves the purpose of the writers. Trying to depict bulky, interesting characters, writers often deviate from the historical truth. Taras Shevchenko uses poetic illustrations, which encourage the reader not to consider the historical process as a collection of dry facts, and emotionally empathize. The novels of Klim Polischuk can not be called historic in the full sense of the word, since they were written by a contemporary of those stormy events, and some of the probable at that time facts were later refuted by historians. The system of images of Klim Polischuk is based on a combination of real historical figures and characters created by the artist's artistic imagination. The task of the poet Taras Shevchenko did not see that to recreate events and to portray outstanding historical figures as accurately as possible, but to be able to express their own thoughts about a particular historical event with the help of a poetic word.

Linking sea level dynamic and exceptional events to large-scale atmospheric circulation variability: A case of the Seine Bay, France

Summary In this study, the multi-time-scale variability of the South English Channel (case of the Seine Bay, North France) sea level and its exceptional events have been investigated in relation with the global climate patterns by the use of wavelet multi-resolution decomposition techniques. The analysis has been focused on surges demodulating by an envelope approach. The low-frequency components of the interannual (2.1-yr, 4-yr, 7.8-yr) and the interdecadal (15.6-yr and 21.2-yr) time-scales, extracted from 46-years demodulated surges, have been correlated to 36 exceptional stormy events according to their intensity. Results have revealed five categories of storms function on their correlation with the interannual and the interdecadal demodulated surges: events with high energy are manifested at the full scales while moderate events are only observed at the interannual scales. The succession of storms is mainly carried by the last positive oscillations of the interannual and the interdecadal scales. A statistical downscaling approach integrating the discrete wavelet multi-resolution analysis for each time-scale has been used to investigate the connection between the local dynamic of surges and the global atmospheric circulation from SLP composites. This relation illustrates dipolar patterns of high-low pressures suggesting positive anomalies at the interdecadal scales of 15.6-yr and 21.3-yr and the interannual scales of 4-yr while negative anomalies at 7.8-yr should be related to a series of physical mechanisms linked to the North-Atlantic and ocean/atmospheric circulation oscillating at the same time-scales. The increasing storm frequency is probably related to the Gulf Stream variation and its weakening trend in the last years.

АМЕРИКАНСЬКИЙ ПОГЛЯД НА СУБСАХАРСЬКУ АФРИКУ 1960-х рр. (на прикладі дисертаційних досліджень про Конго та Нігерію)

The author of the article attempts to analyze the scientific achievements of American researchers on the subject of Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1960s, using the example of two countries in the region – the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Nigeria. In both countries, which decolonized in 1960 and embarked on an independent path of development, during the first decade of their existence, various stormy events took place that shook the entire Sub-Saharan region and largely reflected on processes in other parts of the continent. Therefore, these countries are a particularly striking example on the basis of which this study was conducted. Based on a thorough review of the dissertations on the list, developed and defended in the United States by different generations of researchers over the course of half a century, the main priorities and areas of interest to the American scientific community have been identified. Although this paper does not claim to be a comprehensive and complete analysis, statistics based on available material are systematized in chronological and thematic dimensions. In particular, the events and phenomena of the history of the Congo and Nigeria, which particularly attracted the attention of American scholars, are highlighted. Predictably, the lion’s share of the research was devoted to the events of the Congolese crisis of 1960-1965, as well as the civil war for Biafra independence that unfolded in Nigeria. At the same time, it is found that most researchers were not so interested in the fate of the Sub-Saharan African countries themselves as the role and place of the United States in the region, their foreign policy, and the advancement of American national interests.

Improving wind power utilisation under stormy weather condition by risk‐limiting unit commitment

Power grid resilience has been a major concern as extreme weather events become more frequent recently. Particularly, wind power generation has constituted a significant body of generation portfolio worldwide. Under stormy weather conditions, wind power generation would be curtailed due to the over-speed protection of wind turbines. Subsequently, the sharply reduced generation resources would significantly endanger the reliability of power supply. In this study, the authors propose to apply the risk-limiting methodology to improve the efficient utilisation of wind power prior to reluctant wind curtailment on the advent of wind stormy events. The proposed method integrates three programs, namely, day-ahead unit commitment (UC), hourly-ahead UC, and real-time load shedding into one single model along with risk-limiting constraints. The first program provides the baseline of hourly dispatch; whereas, the latter two programs serve as recourse means while wind stormy event unfolds. The proposed model is cast into a multi-stage mixed-integer linear programming model and solved by commercial solvers. Illustrative examples demonstrate that the proposed method can reduce the total dispatch cost over the time-horizon including the wind stormy event, by postponing the timing of proactively starting quick-start generating units and shedding loads, in contrast to conventional two-stage stochastic dispatch methods.

Seasonal Variations in River Water Chemical Weathering and Its Influence Factors in the Malian River Basin

In order to discern temporal variations, sources, and controlling factors of river water chemistry in the Malian River Basin, time series samples were collected from the Yuluoping hydrological station in 2016. The compositions of major cations and anions were analyzed and a forward model was used to calculate the weathering rates of evaporite, silicate, and carbonate. Results showed that river water was brackish with average total dissolved solids of 1154.0 mg·L-1, indicating significant differences from other main rivers in China. Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42- were the major ions present in water, with mean concentrations of 202.8, 86.0, 78.6, and 431.2 mg·L-1 respectively. Water chemistry exhibited distinct seasonal variations, with major ions gradually declining during the pre-monsoon period and increasing in the post-monsoon period. An abrupt rise in concentrations of major ions during the ice melting interval was observed, as well as a sharp drop during stormy events. Dissolved loads were mainly derived from chemical weathering, with the contribution ratios of evaporite, silicate, and carbonate being 67.1%, 13.7%, and 19.2% respectively. Chemical processes showed different responses to climate forcing, attributed to variations in mineral content in the watershed and dissolution kinetics. The dominant contribution of evaporite in the monsoon season was due to its rapid dissolution, while silicate weathering increased during the pre-monsoon period, with longer water rock interaction times when water discharge was lower. During the post-monsoon season, carbonate weathering was enhanced due to its high content in loess and due to more CO2 absorption by rain from soil. The average chemical weathering rates of evaporite, silicate, and carbonate were 30.6, 6.2, and 8.7 kg·(km2·d)-1, respectively. A strong correlation between evaporite weathering rates and river discharge was evident; a correlation was also observed between carbonate weathering rates and river discharge, indicating that water discharge played a dominant role in chemical weathering, rather than temperature or precipitation.

Time variability of hydrodynamics and potential use of surface water and ocean topography mission in estuarine macrotidal system: example of Seine estuary

This work was supported by the National Center for Space Studies in the framework of the future mission surface water and ocean topography (SWOT). The estuarine zones with their complex hydrodynamics represent a great challenge for the future SWOT mission. The Seine estuary was selected by the SWOT Science Definition Team for the calibration/validation of the mission. Thus the aim of this study is to investigate the temporal hydrodynamic variability in the Seine estuary and the SWOT ability to reproduce this variability and hydrodynamic phenomena. For this, we used several statistical techniques and frequency analyses applied on the tide-gauge measurements of the Seine estuary and on SWOT simulated data. SWOT samples (SWOT simulated data) have been extracted synthetically from observations using the number of overpasses per repeat cycle [21 days (d)] in order to study the ability of SWOT to reproduce the time variability of the hydrodynamics. Results have demonstrated similar frequencies of multiyear, annual, and intraannual along the estuary from the Seine discharge to the Cherbourg sea level. The 11- to 22-d frequency has been only observed for estuarine and coastal time series suggesting the tide effect in these contexts. The distribution of levels has shown a high influence of tides and discharges at the downstream and the upstream, respectively. Low frequencies of water level are explained by the climate patterns of North Atlantic Oscillation with a mean range of 65%, whereas the high frequencies are associated to the periods of flooding and stormy events. Finally, simulated SWOT samples of water level show a better restitution of observations for high overpasses number. The results have shown a better restitution of hydrodynamic variability by SWOT in the river and upstream of estuary than in the downstream of estuary and coastal zone: in the estuary downstream and the coast, the annual mode is underexpressed while the 3-month (m) mode is overexpressed, which means the annual mode is underestimated and the 3-m mode is amplified by SWOT.

Three-dimensional distribution of anthropogenic microparticles in the body of sandy beaches

External oceanographic conditions rather than anthropogenic influence are shown to cause the 3-dimensional distribution of anthropogenic microparticles (MP, 0.5–5mm) within the body of sandy beaches of a non-tidal sea with strong wind/wave climate and seasonal sea level variations (the Baltic Sea). A patchy structure is confirmed in all three dimensions, with background concentrations of several tens of MP items per kg of dry sample weight versus peaking spots with several hundreds of items per kg dry weight. The background MP concentrations are of the same order of magnitude for the beach surface, beach body, and sands of underwater coastal slopes, highlighting that the contaminated by MPs sand cover of the entire sea coastal zone is one single entity, repeatedly re-distributed between its underwater and beach parts by every next storm. Peaking concentrations are related to stormy events and places with stronger water dynamics, and are associated with locations of coarser sands within the beach body and wracklines at the beach surface. This suggests that marine waters are the source of anthropogenic microparticles for the beach, and not vice versa. The prevalence of wave-driven over wind-driven beaching mechanism for MPs extracted from the beach samples is confirmed by the flotation tests. Size distribution of the extracted MPs is found to be similar to that obtained for plastics floating at the ocean surface. Such a coherency for different oceanic environments speaks in favor of independence of general fragmentation processes on the particular external conditions, shifting the attention to the fragmentation process and material properties of synthetic particles in marine environment. CapsuleStormy winds, surface waves, and sea level variations rather than anthropogenic load define 3-d variability of pollution by synthetic microparticles within the sand body of beaches.

СІЧНЕВЕ ПОВСТАННЯ 1863 р. ПРОТИ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ІМПЕРІЇ В ІСТОРИЧНІЙ ПАМЯТІ ГРОМАДЯН МІСТА ДРОГОБИЧА (1880 – 1939 рр.)

In the article in detail the tradition of the honoring of the theme of the January Uprising of the Polish people in 1863 in the cultural and educational surroundings of Drohobych for the period 1880 – 1939 is considered. It is above all the organization of festive and memorial ceremonies at the level of the public companies, magistrate and parochial institutions of Drohobych. Also the potential range of the residents and natives of the Drohobych district, who actively participated in military campaigns in 1863 – 1864 is defined. Among other things, for the first time in the historiography the articles of the Drohobych journalists dedicated to the January Uprising are analyzed: the autobiographical stories about the participants in the Uprising, the obituaries, the political and publicistic essays and also the poems of initiation. The tradition of organizing a variety of celebrations on the theme of the January uprising has long been a feature of the cultural topos of Drohobych not only at the level of the educational environment of local gymnasiums and public associations, but also at the level of the official city authorities in the face of the magistrate, municipality and district councils, as well as old age groups. The serious attitude of the citizens of the city to the events of 1861 - 1863 was especially relevant in connection with the fact that in the uprising, immigrants from Drohobych and the outskirts took part in the uprising, who, on the one hand, living in the city kept "living memory" about the most dramatic episodes of the stormy events of the January uprising, and on the other hand, they were able, by way of example, to convey the symbolic meaning of their feats to future generations in order to cultivate the legitimate right of every nation to freedom.

УНІВЕРСАЛЬНІ УМОВИ ДЕКОНФЛІКТИЗАЦІЇ СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ПРОСТОРУ: ПОТЕНЦІАЛ ЕТИЧНОГО АБСОЛЮТИЗМУ

The article analyzes the conflict between the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) and the totalitarian government and its projection on the contemporary ethno-religious processes in Ukraine. It is shown that the UAOC as a kind of modern ecclesiastical structure created under the heavy influence of the stormy events of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1921, was Ukrainian in spirit and form, and brought up respect for national history and culture among Ukrainians and became an object of prosecution during the the Great Terror. It was revealed that the UAOC continued to be a Ukrainian religious organization and professed love for Ukraine, and its hierarchs and priests in their sermons called on believers to be Ukrainians, to respect their mother tongue, cultural history, customs and traditions also during the second half of the 1920th half of the 1930es. The UAOC was consistently persecuted and exterminated by the repressive structures of the USSR. It is shown that the Soviet authorities decided to destroy the UAOC finally, and ordered the repressive authorities to end the so-called «Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists» in the ranks once and for all, so that the «Clergy» case concerning the activities of the Ukrainian counter-revolutionary national organization was fabricated. It has been revealed that the totalitarian regime accused the arrested believing Ukrainians of counter-revolutionary actions, the revival of church and religious life in Ukraine, the promotion of their own candidates in the upcoming elections to the Local Councils in order to incorporate their people into important state bodies in order to use foreign powers in the case of foreign intervention. It is established that as a result of the complex and purposeful repression of the totalitarian regime in Ukraine, the UAOC ceased its Ukrainian-centric activity and its remnants were finally destroyed. It is proved that only from the late 1980es, when the decline of communist ideology began, the Christians of Ukraine were able to restore Ukrainian church organizations, including the UAOC. It is revealed that the heavy post-colonial and post-totalitarian legacy and the subversive anti-Ukrainian activities of the Russian Orthodox Church and the former KGB agents have contributed to the escalation of conflicts in Ukraine.

БАНКІВСЬКА СПРАВА ДРОГОБИЧА У 1919 – 1939 рр. ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РИНКУ КАПІТАЛОВКЛАДЕНЬ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД

The article analyzes the process of institutional development of Drohobych's banking institutions in the period after the end of the Polish-Ukrainian war, until the start of the stormy events of September 1939. It was established that during this short period of time in Drohobych, the Polish authorities organized an efficient system of private and state banks that mainly concentrated on the capital of Polish and Jewish bankers, whereas Ukrainian capital had a sporadic balance in this system, and even partly some restrictions. On the other hand, Drohobych among the many provincial cities of Galicia occupies the second place after Lviv due to the movement of funds and the diversity of banking institutions. Thus, a brief history of the development of the banks of the «capital of Galicia California» is being reconstructed.