Stormwater Detention Research Articles

Modelling of On-Site Stormwater Detention Underneath a Car Porch

This study focuses on the possibility of On-Site Stormwater Detention (OSD) underneath a residential car porch. The space provided in the car porch area can be made good of it by introducing an OSD beneath it to temporary store stormwater from roof during raining in hoping of reducing the surface runoff. The OSD is subjected to 15-minute, 10-year Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) design rainfall. This process in urban hydrology is presented by using Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Efficiency of the OSD is also investigated by different number of orifice outlets. Modelling efforts report that one orifice outlet is preferable, and it marks approximate 95% discharge reduction at the outfall.

Benefits of coupled green and grey infrastructure systems: Evidence based on analytic hierarchy process and life cycle costing

Green infrastructure complements grey infrastructure to provide effective urban stormwater management. Design of coupled green and grey infrastructure systems need a systems-based analysis considering multiple criterion. This study used analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and life cycle costing (LCC) to evaluate environmental and economic benefits of various types of coupled green and grey infrastructure systems. AHP results showed that, based on the local conditions and characteristics, the coupled green and grey scenario with green space, permeable pavement, green roof, and stormwater detention cell performed better than other scenarios in urban residential drainage and flood control. Also for the coupled green and grey scenario, the simulation results showed that no flooding was occurred during the ten-year return period rainfall. Coupled green and grey infrastructure scenarios can save the life cycle cost up to 94% compared to the traditional grey infrastructure scenario considering the design, construction, operation, and maintenance stages. Approximately 13% of commercial loan interest (1.03 million USD) can be saved for homebuyers. In future, urban designers and developers should consider the optimization of coupled green and gray infrastructures system under multiple criterion for the environment, economy, and safety benefits.

Combination of Lagrangian Discrete Phase Model and sediment physico-chemical characteristics for the prediction of the distribution of trace metal contamination in a stormwater detention basin

Elevated trace metal concentrations in sediments pose a major problem for the management of stormwater detention basins. These basins provide a nature-based solution to remove particulate pollutants through settling, but the resuspension of these contaminated deposits may impact the quality of both surface and groundwater. A better understanding of trace metal distribution will help to improve basin design and sediment management. This study aims to predict the distribution of trace metal contamination in a stormwater detention basin through (i) investigation of the correlation between metal content in sediments and their settling velocity, and (ii) the coupling of such correlation with a Lagrangian Discrete Phase Model (LDPM). The correlation between Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb contents and the settling velocity is firstly investigated, based on the sediments collected from 6 sites (inlet and 5 traps at the bottom of a detention basin situated in Chassieu, France) during 5 campaigns in 2017. Results show that Fe is strongly correlated to settling velocity and can be considered as a good indicator of trace metal contents. The derived correlation is then combined with a LDPM for the prediction of trace metal distribution, producing results consistent with in situ measurements. The proposed methodology can be applied for other stormwater basins (dry or wet). As described in this article, the interactions between hydrodynamics and sediment physico-chemical characteristics is crucial for the design and management of stormwater detention basins, allowing managers to target the highest contaminated sediments.

Hydrological modelling of green and grey roofs in cold climate with the SWMM model

Rooftop retrofitting targets the largest land-use type available for reduction in impervious surfaces area in urban areas. Extensive green and grey roofs offer solution for retention and detention of stormwater in densely developed urban areas. Among the available green roof types, the extensive green roof has become a popular selection and commonly adopted choice. These solutions provide multiple benefits for stormwater and environmental management due to stormwater retention and detention capacities. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) 5.1.012 with Low Impact Development (LID) Controls was used to model the hydrological performance of a green and a grey (non-vegetated detention roof based on extruded lightweight aggregates) roof (located in the coastal area of Trondheim, Norway) by defining the physical parameters of individual layers in LID Control editor. High-resolution 1-min data from a previously monitored green and grey roof were used for calibration. Six parameters within the individual LID layers: soil (four parameters) and drainage mat (two parameters) were selected for calibration. After calibration, the SWMM model simulated runoff with a Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSME) of 0.94 (green roof) and 0.78 (grey roof) and a volume error of 3% for the green roof, and 10% for the grey roof. Validation of the calibrated model indicates good fit between observed and simulated runoff with a NSME of 0.88 (green roof) and 0.81 (grey roof) and with volume errors of 29% (green roof) and 11% (grey roof). Concerning the snowmelt modelling, the calibrated model showed a NSME of 0.56 (green roof) and 0.37 (grey roof) through the winter period. However, regarding volume errors, additional model development for winter conditions is needed; 30% (green roof) and 11% (grey roof). Optimal parameter sets were proposed within both the green and grey configurations. The results from calibration and especially validation indicated that SWMM could be used to simulate the performance of different rooftop solutions. The study provides insight for urban planners of how to target and focus the implementation of rooftop solutions as stormwater measures.

Application of StormPav Green Pavement System in a Government Buildings Redevelopment Scheme

StormPav Green Pavement System is a non-commercialized permeable road with a function of stormwater detention. This paper demonstrates the application of the R&D product in part of a 14,000 m2 government building complex as a new feature of sustainable drainage system. To assess its stormwater impacts to the project site, two software are utilized to analyze the stormwater flow processes when merely 10% of the project area is incorporated with StormPav. Firstly, Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is used to simulate the project-wide stormwater flow, in which reductions between 22% - 6% in terms of peak flow rates are predicted compared to conventional drains when subjected to 5 – 180 minutes of 10-year Average Recurrent Interval (ARI) design rainfall. Secondly, SolidWorks Flow Simulation (SWFS) simulates the detailed flow processes within the StormPav system, in which it is found 0.5 – 1.3 m/s of velocities are predicted around the inlets and outlet that conform to the local stormwater management standard. Besides, SWFS allows visualization of velocity and streamline profiles across the StormPav system that conventional SWMM could not provide.

AI-based design of urban stormwater detention facilities accounting for carryover storage

Rapid urbanization in metropolitan areas easily triggers flashy floods. Urban drainage systems conveying stormwater out of cities are key infrastructure elements for flood mitigation. This study develops an intelligent urban flood drainage system accounting for carryover storage through optimizing the multi-objective operation rules of pumping stations for effectual flood management in Taipei City. The Yu-Cheng pumping station constitutes the study case, and a large number of datasets collected from 17 typhoon/storm events are adopted for model construction and validation. Three objective functions are designed to minimize: (1) the sum of water level fluctuations in the flood storage pond (FSP); (2) the sum of peak FSP water levels; and (3) the mean absolute difference of pump switches between two consecutive times along operation sequence. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is applied to searching the Pareto-optimal solutions that optimize the trade-off between the objectives. We next formulate the optimal operation rules through a two-tier sorting process based on a compromised Pareto-optimal solution. The comparison of the simulated results obtained from both the optimal operation rules and current operation rules indicate that the optimal operation rules outperform current operation rules for all three objectives, with improvement rates reaching 43% (OBJ1), 3% (OBJ2) and 71% (OBJ3), respectively. We demonstrate that the derived intelligent urban flood drainage system can serve as reliable and efficient operational strategies for urban flood management and flood risk mitigation.

Use of detention basin for flood mitigation and urban requalification in Mesquita, Brazil.

Unplanned urbanization is one of the main factors responsible for worsening flood-related problems in cities, increasing the frequency of flooding and flooding depths, consequently degrading both the natural and built environment. Considering this, the use of engineering techniques that reduce runoff and promote urban requalification are an efficient option for managing rainwater. This paper presents a case study of a flood control project using a storm water detention pond, designed to allow multiple uses of an urban space. The operation of the system is evaluated by an urban flow-cell model, known as MODCEL. This application seeks the best configuration for the layout of 'Celso Peçanha' Detention Basin, considering the local restrictions imposed by the City of Mesquita - Brazil, and optimized to damp storm flows resulting from rainfall events with return periods up to 50 years. The solution proposed considers the possibility of social urban space uses in flood control projects, revitalizing degraded areas and giving them multiple functions.

Assessing the Impact of Urban Development and On-Site Stormwater Detention on Regional Hydrology Using Monte Carlo Simulated Rainfall

Urban development is a contributor to increased peak runoff and adverse hydrologic effects in regional catchments. On-Site Stormwater Detention (OSD) is a common way to mitigate these problems, however it is well known that OSD can have the opposite effect when it is installed at inappropriate locations. Parameter uncertainty and the need for a probabilistic approach to hydrograph generation are also factors that add to concerns regarding our reliance on OSD for the protection of regional hydrology. This study contributes to awareness of these issues and a practical solution to the problem. A hydrologic model for Monte Carlo simulation of regional catchment hydrographs has been developed using interrelated modules based on previous studies. A sample of ten regional catchments has been modelled with three simulation scenarios: i) status quo, ii) a land parcel of varying sizes is urbanised at varying locations within the regional catchment, and iii) the urbanised land parcel includes OSD. The focus on the results has been the identification and analysis of two key parameters that influence the regional catchments’ peak runoff, being the size and location of the urbanised land parcel. A regression analysis of the model results has revealed recurring patterns that have been used to develop new equations for predicting the mean impact of urbanisation and OSD on regional catchment peak runoff. The study highlights the significance of rainfall pattern uncertainty and the importance of considering land parcel location in considering the need for OSD as part of urban land development projects.

ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE FOR SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN YOGYAKARTA

<strong>Aim: </strong>This study investigates the development of a sustainable groundwater management strategy in Yogyakarta province through groundwater recharge technologies. This study also compares technologies used in the province and the one already implemented in Perth due to its similar nature in site geology and hydrogeology. <strong>Methodology and Results: </strong>Primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed. Water depth and hydraulic conductivity data were analyzed using permeameter and GIS program. GIS image analysis of water depth and hydraulic conductivity suggested that the placement of potential aquifer recharge sites would be best suited in the north-east part of the province, slightly outside the study area, to provide water for all. Two recharge schemes of an infiltration basin and an injection well with storm water detention tank were proposed. The injection well was decided upon, despite its higher cost, due to the impermeability of soils in Yogyakarta and possible water seepage to the environment. Similar to Perth’s Hartfield park scheme, an injection well would directly bypass these soil layers to recharge the aquifers with rainwater and storm water. Hartfield Park injects 4400 kL of water/year. <strong>Conclusion, significance and impact study: </strong>The findings of this study indicate aquifer recharge is a possible solution to overcome Yogyakarta’s high abstraction. Further studies recommend that injection well trials are further developed in terms of location, depth and sizing.

ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE FOR SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN YOGYAKARTA

Aim: This study investigates the development of a sustainable groundwater management strategy in Yogyakarta province through groundwater recharge technologies. This study also compares technologies used in the province and the one already implemented in Perth due to its similar nature in site geology and hydrogeology. Methodology and Results: Primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed. Water depth and hydraulic conductivity data were analyzed using permeameter and GIS program. GIS image analysis of water depth and hydraulic conductivity suggested that the placement of potential aquifer recharge sites would be best suited in the north-east part of the province, slightly outside the study area, to provide water for all. Two recharge schemes of an infiltration basin and an injection well with storm water detention tank were proposed. The injection well was decided upon, despite its higher cost, due to the impermeability of soils in Yogyakarta and possible water seepage to the environment. Similar to Perth’s Hartfield park scheme, an injection well would directly bypass these soil layers to recharge the aquifers with rainwater and storm water. Hartfield Park injects 4400 kL of water/year. Conclusion, significance and impact study: The findings of this study indicate aquifer recharge is a possible solution to overcome Yogyakarta’s high abstraction. Further studies recommend that injection well trials are further developed in terms of location, depth and sizing.

Design of Micropool for Stormwater Detention Basin

AbstractA micropool is a small wet pool placed in front of the outlet structure installed at a stormwater extended detention basin. An extended detention basin is sized with a user-specified drain ...

A review on the effects of land use on water quality and use: a case study of River Romi in Kaduna State

Rapid changes in land use have been shown to have high impact on water quality and use. Access to portable water is necessary for all life and therefore, it is of paramount importance to investigate issues surrounding water availability and its usage. In this review, the effects of land use on the water quality of the River Romi in Kaduna State, Northwest Nigeria have been reviewed. This river is being utilised as a source of water for domestic and industrial consumption as these needs are not being met with any alternatives by the Nigerian government. However, literature has shown that rapid population increase and industrialisation have resulted in high levels of water contamination. Consequently, both physicochemical and biological parameters are above acceptable limits reported by researchers. It is recommended that best management practice (BMP) that uses different techniques such as source control, permeable paving using pervious concrete, storm water detention, storm water infiltration and vapour- transpiration in the treatment of wastewater be employed to reduce waste concentration going into the River, thereby lowering the risk of public health issues. Furthermore, it is recommended that Nigerian government agencies strictly impose regulatory sanctions to ensure effective waste management disposal. Keywords: Land-use, Population, River Romi, Waste Water, Water quality

Improved reliability of stormwater detention basin performance through water quality data-informed real-time control

Stormwater detentions basins are designed to capture stormwater to reduce and delay peak flows and to improve water quality. A novel technology proposed to improve basin performance is real-time, active control of the basin outflow, in so-called “smart” stormwater systems. Existing studies demonstrate the performance of active controls that respond in real-time to basin water level, detention time, and rainfall forecast for one or a small number of rainfall events. We hypothesize that the performance of these active controls can be improved by incorporating real-time water quality data into the control algorithm. In addition, we hypothesize that active control performance depends on hydrologic variability, specifically the frequency and intensity of runoff inputs. In this paper, we test these hypotheses using a numerical modeling framework for systems-level reliability analysis of active and passive stormwater basin outflow control using a Monte Carlo method. The analysis is performed using the urban hydrology model EPA-SWMM driven by stochastic rainfall time-series generated from the Modified Bartlett-Lewis Rectangular Pulses Model. Water quality-informed real-time active control algorithms are developed, tested, and shown to display an improvement over traditional, passive (no control) systems and other storage-based active controls for water and pollutant capture. Seasonal and duration curve analysis showed that water level- and water quality- informed control performance varied for different storm return periods and this variability could partly be attributed to the fraction of time the valve is closed. In addition, control performance was sensitive to rainfall variability, generally decreasing as storms become less frequent and more intense. Therefore, control system performance may depend on seasonal and longer time-scale variability in climate and rainfall-runoff processes. We anticipate this study to be a starting point to incorporate theories of reliability to assess detention basin and conveyance network performance under more complex real-time control algorithms and failure modes.

Third-Order Polynomial Normal Transform Applied to Multivariate Hydrologic Extremes

Hydro-infrastructural systems (e.g., flood control dams, stormwater detention basins, and seawalls) are designed to protect the public against the adverse impacts of various hydrologic extremes (e.g., floods, droughts, and storm surges). In their design and safety evaluation, the characteristics of concerned hydrologic extremes affecting the hydrosystem performance often are described by several interrelated random variables—not just one—that need to be considered simultaneously. These multiple random variables, in practical problems, have a mixture of non-normal distributions of which the joint distribution function is difficult to establish. To tackle problems involving multivariate non-normal variables, one frequently adopted approach is to transform non-normal variables from their original domain to multivariate normal space under which a large wealth of established theories can be utilized. This study presents a framework for practical normal transform based on the third-order polynomial in the context of a multivariate setting. Especially, the study focuses on multivariate third-order polynomial normal transform (TPNT) with explicit consideration of sampling errors in sample L-moments and correlation coefficients. For illustration, the modeling framework is applied to establish an at-site rainfall intensity–duration-frequency (IDF) relationship. Annual maximum rainfall data analyzed contain seven durations (1–72 h) with 27 years of useable records. Numerical application shows that the proposed modeling framework can produce reasonable rainfall IDF relationships by simultaneously treating several correlated rainfall data series and is a viable tool in dealing with multivariate data with a mixture of non-normal distributions.

On-site stormwater detention for Australian development projects: Does it meet frequent flow management objectives?

On-site stormwater detention (OSD) is a conventional component of urban drainage systems, designed with the intention of mitigating the increase to peak discharge of stormwater runoff that inevitably results from urbanization. In Australia, singular temporal patterns for design storms have governed the inputs of hydrograph generation and in turn the design process of OSD for the last three decades. This paper raises the concern that many existing OSD systems designed using the singular temporal pattern for design storms may not be achieving their stated objectives when they are assessed against a variety of alternative temporal patterns. The performance of twenty real OSD systems was investigated using two methods: (1) ensembles of design temporal patterns prescribed in the latest version of Australian Rainfall and Runoff, and (2) real recorded rainfall data taken from pluviograph stations modeled with continuous simulation. It is shown conclusively that the use of singular temporal patterns is ineffective in providing assurance that an OSD will mitigate the increase to peak discharge for all possible storm events. Ensemble analysis is shown to provide improved results. However, it also falls short of providing any guarantee in the face of naturally occurring rainfall.

Stochastic analysis of storm water quality control detention ponds

Storm water detention ponds are recognized as an effective type of treatment facility for urban storm water management purposes. This paper presents methodologies for the development of an analytical stochastic model describing the hydrologic operation of storm water quality control detention ponds with outflows controlled by orifices. The concept of effective storage capacity is proposed to properly represent a pond’s storage in its stochastic water balance equation. The accuracy of the analytical stochastic model (ASM) is verified for many different hypothetical design cases. It is shown that the ASM for detention pond systems can provide accurate results for almost all possible design conditions. Implemented easily into a spreadsheet, the ASM provides an easy-to-use and computationally-efficient tool for analyzing the hydrologic performance of detention pond systems. The ASM can be used separately as a planning or design tool or together with continuous simulation models to help verify simulation results or reduce the number of simulation runs.

An Analysis of LSPIV‐Based Surface Velocity Measurement Techniques for Stormwater Detention Basin Management

AbstractStormwater detention basins are significant components for the sustainable management of urban stormwater, aiming to control stormwater quantity (prevent from flooding) and quality (trap particulate pollutants by settling). The design and management of such facilities need knowledge of the hydrodynamic characteristics and the sedimentation zones for cleaning purposes. Large‐scale particle image velocimetry (LSPIV), mostly applied in riverine environments, has been proven as a low‐cost, highly efficient, and convenient image‐based methodology for surface velocity measurement. In this study, LSPIV technology is employed to investigate free surface velocity in a field stormwater detention basin. The method is first evaluated by comparing its results with those obtained by acoustic Doppler velocimeter at pilot scale. Then, the technique is applied to better understand the main flow field and to explain spatial sediment distribution within an extended stormwater detention basin. Results illustrate two main flow patterns, which are consistent with observations and preliminary simulated results. LSPIV‐based free surface velocity field measurements can be used to evaluate numerical models and as a support to predict sediment deposition zones in stormwater detention basins and to help for their retrofit and management.

Dimensioning of Required Volumes of Interconnected Detention Tanks Taking into Account the Direction and Speed of Rain Movement

This article is aimed at defining the impact of the direction and velocity of waves of rainfall as they pass over interconnected stormwater detention tank systems. The simulations were conducted for a real urban catchment area as part of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) 5.1 programme. The results permit us to conclude that the direction and velocity of a moving wave of rainfall have a significant influence on the required volumes of interconnected stormwater detention tank systems. By comparing the modelling test results for stationary rainfall and rainfall moving over the urban catchment area, it has been demonstrated that differences in the required volume of the detention tank located at the terminal section of a stormwater drainage system are inversely proportional to the adopted value of the diameter of the outfall channel for upstream storage reservoirs. In extreme cases, the differences may be up to several dozen percentage points. Furthermore, it has been proven that the arrangement of the stormwater detention tanks in relation to one another and the adopted diameter of the outfall channel are key factors in identifying the degree to which the detention tanks are hydraulically dependent on one another.

Chemophysical Evaluation of Green Sorption Media for Copper Removal in Stormwater Runoff for Improving Ecosystem and Human Health

Green sorption media, which includes the utilization of renewable and recycled materials, can be used as a means for nutrient and copper removal in various low-impact development facilities. In this study, a green sorption media mixture consisting of recycled tire chip, expanded clay, and coconut coir was physiochemically evaluated for copper removal potential in stormwater runoff to deepen the understanding of its application potential. Isotherm, reaction kinetics, and life expectancy tests were conducted using both the media mixture and the individual components of the green sorption media. In addition, the media mixture was analyzed to determine its life expectancy. Isotherm test results revealed that the media mixture follows the Freundlich model and that the coconut coir had the highest affinity for copper. Distinct dynamic adsorption models were explored to determine the most suitable model for implementation based on a column test data set. Five dynamic adsorption models, including the Thomas, Clark, Bohart-Adams, Wolborska, and modified dose-response models, were investigated and the media mixture data collected in the column test were fitted into these five models, leading to the selection of the best model with the highest correlation. The modified dose-response model outperformed others in terms of the overall media mixture and the coconut coir. Life expectancy estimation showed that the media mixture has a life span of 2.13 years with the chosen influent conditions and can be applicable for improving the performance of water quality management in stormwater detention and retention ponds, bioswale, and other stormwater best management practices.

Water quality and greenhouse gas fluxes for stormwater detained in a constructed wetland

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been extensively used to deal with stormwater runoff and prevent flooding, as well as to improve water quality. However, some studies indicate that runoff from CWs can be a source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere, as well as have increased levels of organic matter and nitrogen that may affect the environment and water quality of receiving waterways. We collected water samples at five different locations within a constructed stormwater detention wetland and determined dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrate (NO3−), as well as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations and fluxes. Results showed that the water had high levels of DOC and NO3−. Analysis of DOC quality showed that the organic matter is mainly derived from soil and plant litter, but it has some contribution from microbial sources as well. Additionally, the water was supersaturated with CO2 and CH4 with respect to the atmosphere, which resulted in high evasion fluxes of 4.1 g CO2-C m−2 d−1 and 45 mg CH4-C m−2 d−1. N2O flux was low, 36.6 μg N2O-N m−2 d−1, and varied between uptake and emission throughout the study period. Consideration of water quality and GHG emissions is key to evaluate the environmental performance of stormwater management systems.