Related Stories Research Articles

Automatic Story Evolution Wikification from Social Data

We present the generation of a new and dynamic data asset that captures the evolution of a story from different perspectives. In contrast to news articles that are ranked by relevance and freshness in a search engine or a static Wikipedia article that provides an overview of the event or topic, our solution consists of the automatic construction of a wiki-like document that highlights the salient items of a topic as it evolves over time, with related pivots that allow the user to explore related stories. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by processing a dataset comprising millions of English language tweets generated over a one year period.

Barriers to Cross-state Movement for Disabled People and Their Families: A Social Problem

Research on geographic mobility in the US has neglected disabled people, missing their experiences of abridged citizenship as their desires to move across states are frustrated by social policy barriers. To illustrate how meso- and macro-level factors impact individual lives, I review three publicly-reported stories of Medicaid home and community-based services (HCBS) users. To advance research in this area, I analyzed these three stories and developed an original conceptual model, Moves in Context. The model attends to the individual cross-state move trajectories of disabled people, and HCBS users, in particular. Moves in Context focuses on the individual journey (i.e., impetus, ability, and success of move; and the influence of the move story) in relation to both social position/personal resources and social structure/ideology. Through the model, I introduce and explain intrastate confinement, a term to describe the geographic immobility resulting from policy variations across states. I conclude with a discussion of the broader implications of both the Moves in Context model and intrastate confinement for further research on disabled people and interrogating other social problems.

Stories of trauma in family therapy with refugees: Supporting safe relational spaces of narration and silence.

With the sharp increase of refugees' arrival and resettlement in western communities, adequate mental health care forms a pivotal dimension in host societies' responses to those individuals and communities seeking protection within their borders. Here, clinical literature shows a growing interest in the development of family therapy approaches with refugees, in which therapeutic practice engages with the pivotal role of refugee family dynamics in posttrauma reconstruction and adaptation in resettlement and aims at supporting posttrauma reconstruction through strengthening capacities to restore safety, meaning and connectedness within family relationships. In this article, we focus on the narrative restoration of meaning as central mode of posttrauma reparation and explore its specific dynamics and relational complexities in the context of therapeutic practice with refugee families. Hereto, we integrate theoretical and clinical scholarly work on trauma narration and its intersection with empirical findings on trauma communication in refugee families. Furthermore, we develop case reflections to illustrate different processes of engaging with trauma narration in refugee family therapy. This analysis develops an understanding of the multivoiced ways in which refugee families engage with traumatic suffering through different modes of expression that may entail both narration and silence and explores how family therapeutic practices can engage and mobilize voices of narration and silence as relational stories of restoration.

Digital archives, e‐books and narrative space

In this paper we are concerned with the capacity of digital media to enable publics to tell their own environmental stories using digital broadcast archives (DBAs). We consider how digital media afford different ways of telling stories in relation to digital media archives. Central to this discussion is our experience of writing e‐books as part of the AHRC‐funded project “Earth in Vision: BBC coverage of environmental change 1960–2010.” The e‐book format has been adopted in order to explore some of the possibilities for writing environmental history and politics using DBAs.

Farm Animal Assisted Intervention with Individuals with Dementia: An Exploratory Study

An exploratory Animal Assisted Intervention study was conducted employing farm animals with individuals living with dementia living in a residential environment to assess if the intervention had any impact on behaviour. Fifteen individuals met the eligibility criteria but only 10 were able to participate in more than 67% of the sessions that consisted of petting, grooming and walking the animals; singing animal related songs, learning about the animal's history, species and breed; training the animal; reminiscing about past human-animal interactions and relationships; and reflecting on the animal's behaviours and story in relation to their own self. Individuals engaged in three one hour sessions for each of eight weeks. Outcomes were either positive or neutral with increased restful sleeping, decreases in verbally aggressive behaviour and depression and being less resistive to care was documented. The outcomes were sufficient to warrant a larger scale investigation working with farm animals and this population.

Mestizaje e identidad en Buenos Aires, Argentina. Experiencias desde la búsqueda individual de datos genéticos

Since the late nineteenth century, people in Argentina consider to be a homogeneous society of white-European culture and phenotypic traits, with Buenos Aires as an epicenter. This perception contrasts with the rest of Latin America, where ideologies mostly focus on being mestizo . In the last decades these discussions began to be approached through genetic ancestry studies. In this article we work with interviews and genetic analysis results of 40 participants of the project “Genetic Ancestry and Identity”, to contextualize the social processes that underlie this concept and to relate the individual genetic data to the history of society. The participants related stories of indigenous and Afro-descendant populations, often hidden or incomplete. In these stories it is possible to perceive both the imposition and the lack of foundation of the narrative of white Argentina. This opens the way to consider a Mestizo Argentina, diverse and heterogeneous.

The African Dreams of Migration: Donato Ndongo's “El sueño,” Langston Hughes, and the Poetics of the Black Diaspora

ABSTRACTPerhaps the first text about immigration in Spain, “El Sueño” (1973) by Donato Ndongo-Bidyogo Makina (Niefang, Equatorial Guinea, 1950), narrates a Senegalese man's difficult journey via patera (rickety boats used to cross the Mediterranean) from Africa to Europe. Throughout the short story, suggestive allusions to the poems “Harlem” (“Dream Deferred”) and “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” by Langston Hughes (1902–67) articulate displacement and movement and thus connect Ndongo's story to concepts integral to the African Diaspora. The essay examines the term “diaspora” through analyses of Ndongo's short story in relation to Hughes's poetry. Here, the term “diaspora” does not only refer to human migrations, but also to a literary geography that moves beyond the Middle Passage and slavery to construct new continuities between Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Effectively, the narrator of “El sueño” invokes Hughes's depictions of the unarticulated dream, spectral rivers, and fraught mobility to render a vision of frustration and torment with dire consequences for Africans. Indeed, Ndongo's hazy, nightmarish “sueño” sheds light upon the ongoing significance of diaspora. Specifically, he reveals the harsh realities Africans seeking refuge endure as they attempt to access “Fortress Europe.”

Entwined Tellings and the Fragility of the Unique

This article considers how we put together stories about the (violent) past, emphasising how stories emerge through our selective attentions that are themselves necessarily dependent on the modes by which the past is sustained, whether those be traces or material supports that sign(post) the past, or through the care and words of human subjects. Taking as its focus the author’s experience of chasing stories from the Chacabuco ex-detention centre in the Atacama desert, Chile, the article argues that one’s receptivity to stories of ‘what happened’ requires both passivity to receive and creativity, since nothing – neither art, nor memorials, or even human subjects – truly ‘speaks for itself’. As researchers, we facilitate the way stories – often as in this case, shocking, horrific stories, but also humorous, wonderful stories of human kindnesses and sociality – are passed on. Like a game of cat’s cradle, we must receive that entangled crystalline past carefully, for we will turn and entwine it such that new relations and connections appear, and others may be lost from sight. Such a process reminds us of an inherent responsibility; the art of allowing related stories to acknowledge the multiple subjects and struggles for which they are told while affirming the fragility of each unique existent.

The Story/Discourse Distinction

The Story/Discourse Distinction Emma Kafalenos (bio) James Phelan is the best reader of first-person fiction I know. But in his work on character narration he deprives himself of a major resource: the story/discourse distinction. Further, in his essay on character–character dialogue and probability to which this issue of Style is devoted, he proposes that the story/discourse distinction blinds theorists to the role of character–character dialogue as narration. "Characters," he says, "fall on the story side of the binary distinction" ("Multiple Channels of Communication"). He is wrong about this; characters fall on both sides of the distinction. Character narration and character–character dialogue are aspects of discourse. Probability (probable impossibilities and improbable possibilities), in contrast, is an aspect of story. [End Page 39] Story is the content plane: who does what, when, and where. Discourse is the expression plane: a representation of story in language or some other medium. The section headings in Gérard Genette's Narrative Discourse (note the word "discourse" in the title) name aspects of discourse: order, duration, frequency, focalization, and voice.1 The Russian Formalists (c. 1915–30), who were the first to describe the two trajectories, were interested primarily in discourse—including character–character dialogue. According to D. W. Fokkema, the Formalists devoted most of their attention to the formal aspects of literature. In the field of narratology they investigated the way in which the various episodes of a story are connected; they examined the technique of the frame-story and the relations, often family relations, between characters. Their primary interest was to discover the technique of how a story was made. The conversation between characters is not interpreted in isolation, but seen as a means for advancing the action by introducing new material. (160) The character–character dialogue that the Formalists recognize can forward the plot is an aspect of discourse, as is the intermingling of the golfer's, Luster's, and Benjy's voices that Phelan perceives is complex communication. The Formalists seem to have conceived of story as preexisting discourse. In some of the examples they studied, story even had a prior existence as a folktale, which was then retold in a new, presumably more interesting, more aesthetically pleasing discourse. That is not the case for the French Structuralists for whom story and discourse are synchronic. In Seymour Chatman's description, for instance, Structuralism "does not assume that either telling or told 'precede' each other: they are coexistent, cotemporal parts of the model" ("On Deconstructing Narratology," 14). And now that we have seen the repeated questioning of the possibility of communication by twentieth-century thinkers Ferdinand de Saussure, Roman Jakobson, Roland Barthes, Jacques Derrida, and others,2 theorists can now argue, as I do, that discourse precedes story. When I read a narrative, what I perceive is the discourse. In the process of reading the discourse, I construct the story. One reason that the temporal position of story in relation to discourse matters is that it affects the communication diagram. For me, the communication diagram has two parts, text and reader. For Phelan, "the two constants in the communication [are] the somebody who tells and the somebody who [End Page 40] listens," author and reader ("Authors, Resources, Audiences"). His diagram begins with the author and ends with the reader. And he is right that "theorists who want to reject the implied author as the constructor of the text have far more in common with rhetorical theorists than those who want to reject the implied author [as I do] because they believe meanings arise primarily out of text-audience interactions" (#4 in "Chart"). At issue is the epistemological status, in the story a given reader constructs, of the elements that are not specifically stated in discourse. Among these unstated elements are the rhetorical intentions of the author, the implied author, and (with exceptions) the narrator. In much of his published work, Phelan analyzes unreliability by comparing what a narrating character says to what Phelan claims that the author or the implied author intended readers to understand. Poetics is the study of how works achieve the effects they do. Famously, Aristotle determines the effects of plays he admires...

Between State Building and Local Cooperation: Russian Rule in the Kingdom of Poland, 1864–1915

Between State Building and Local CooperationRussian Rule in the Kingdom of Poland, 1864–1915 Malte Rolf (bio) In 1896, an anonymous “Warsaw publicist” in the German city of Leipzig published a revealing commentary on the nature of Russian rule over its Polish subjects. According to this author, conditions in the Polish provinces were dire. The region was awash with lawlessness. Corrupt officials acted at will through an overbearing bureaucracy. Local society was completely demoralized. In the decades that followed the January uprising of 1863–64, he argued, “despotism” had become “second nature for the representatives of [tsarist] power.”1 Not only did this abuse cause the suffering of Poland’s citizens; it also had a “corrosive effect … on Russia’s own internal development.” For “as long as despotism exists in Poland,” the author continued, “respect for the law in Russia is also impossible.”2 The Warsaw publicist’s dramatic polemic thus characterized one of the most important territories of the Russian Empire as little more than a “breeding ground for arbitrary rule” (rassadnik proizvola).3 For a contemporary Polish critic to offer this view of the tsarist order is perhaps not terribly surprising. More startling, however, is the extent to which historians have agreed with this dim picture ever since, and not just of Russian Poland in the late imperial era but of the entire so-called “123 dark years” of tsarist rule over the [End Page 385] country more generally.4 This perspective largely denies the reality of multiple and varied forms of engagement between the state and the local population throughout the long 19th century. It also effectively dismisses the no less remarkable flexibility and variety of options for political maneuvering that remained available to the kingdom’s population, even in the aftermath of the January uprising of 1863–64. Most of all, this narrative tends to keep us from looking more carefully into the structures and actors of imperial rule that shaped the politics of empire at the regional and local level. This article aims to revise this approach through a careful focus on the activities of Russian central institutions and their representatives in the Kingdom of Poland during the late imperial decades. To do this, I begin by assembling an overview of the leading figures of the state bureaucracy in the region, which exposes the structure and complex practices of the imperial administration.5 I then provide a detailed analysis of the Warsaw city administration to highlight the inner dynamics of the government apparatus, focusing in particular on two areas: interactions between official decision makers in the imperial capital and in the region; and the varied contacts that unfolded between state bureaucrats and Warsaw’s Polish-Jewish civil society. As my research suggests, these state-society relations were characterized not only by confrontation but by various forms of cooperation as well. [End Page 386] A great break to this pattern, however, occurred with the revolution of 1905, which ushered in a period of rising pressure on the imperial system. To trace this profound turn in imperial politics, I follow the story of state-society relations across the 1905 divide to examine the postrevolutionary political configuration and the changing significance of the state bureaucracy in the years just before World War I. After 1906 conflicts in Poland cast a growing shadow over the overall structure of the empire—full proof, it would seem, of the critical feedback loop between Poland and Russia to which the Warsaw publicist had alluded so evocatively a decade earlier. My goal in digging into the Warsaw case is not, however, merely to expose the intricacies of imperial power in a troublesome imperial region. The broader patterns that defined tsarist rule in the imperial periphery in general around the turn of the 20th century deserve greater attention from historians, and in this respect, Poland has special importance. Among other things, the Kingdom was always a significant proving ground for the empire, a kind of laboratory where the authorities modeled practices for securing power and integrating local populations. The study of imperial rule in the Polish provinces thus offers an opportunity to examine techniques that St. Petersburg employed with regard to the incorporation...

Melville in the Anthropocene: Organized by the Melville Society and the Association for the Study of Literature and the Environment (ASLE)

Melville in the AnthropoceneOrganized by the Melville Society and the Association for the Study of Literature and the Environment (ASLE) Meredith Farmer, CHAIR and Helena Feder Kathryn Yusoff's recent work on anthropogenesis and Timothy Clark's Ecocriticism on the Edge offer two radically different conceptions of the Anthropocene. For Clark the term pushes us to recognize "the limits of cultural representation as a force of change in human affairs" in a world that is also clearly shaped by "meteorological, geographical and microbiological factors," along with other "scale effects." And thinking about the importance of non-human scales is ultimately "chastening" for "us" (Ecocriticism 21). Meanwhile Yusoff draws on the work of Donna Haraway and Elizabeth Grosz to address problems in the idea of the Anthropocene. For her the term should offer a "new origin story and ontics for man" that "radically rewrites material modes of differentiation and concepts of life" by turning from bio-political thinking to "a more nuanced notion of 'geological life'" ("Anthropogenesis: Origins and Endings in the Anthropocene" 3). This reading of the Anthropocene interrogates the ways that imagining "man" as "world-maker" potentially obfuscates "climate racism, social injustice in fossil fuels, and differentiated histories of responsibility" through "homogenization," or the production of an imaginary collective 'we' of the Anthropocene" (7). "Melville in the Anthropocene" assembled critics who reconsidered Melville in an environmental frame at the same time that they were critical about what, exactly, "the Anthropocene" means. [End Page 149] Ethics, Islands, and the Anthropocene: Bartleby and the Politics of Measurement Helena Feder, East Carolina University Bartleby's oft-quoted preference not to has evolved from a phrase of philosophical significance for literary critics to being subject matter for philosophers. Reading Bartleby as an island, I argue that the inhospitality of the tale becomes a dramatization of the geology of embodiment in the Anthropocene. "Bartleby, the Scrivener" makes a larger place for the inhuman inside us, one that insists on knowledge's entanglement with ethics and with the politics of measurement. ". . . but drowned the infinite": Wakened Bodies, Oceanic Being, Melvillean Anthropocene Ryan Heryford, California State University, East Bay This paper traces the journey of Melville's Pip who, upon jumping out of a whale boat for the second time, finds that while his body is recovered by the Pequod, his almost drowned soul has been "carried down alive to wondrous depths." I read Pip's submarine visions and his subsequent illegible testimony on board the ship alongside an archive of diasporic narratives where oceans often come to represent violence, loss, and historical trauma. This paper thus departs from many contemporary readings of Moby-Dick, which either celebrate Melville's ocean as a post-national site of global citizenry or signal its uninhabitable apartness from human community. Such renderings are predicated on an amnesiac universalism that obscures the ocean's historical dimensions and its differing relations to those who have crossed it in diaspora, enslavement, or refuge. Pip's incoherence throughout the remainder of Moby-Dick not only points to Melville's discursive limits as a white author but also aligns his novel with decolonial poets and philosophers like Édouard Glissant and Aimé Césaire, whose writings look toward the ocean as a site of diffracted cultural memory and a testimony to injustices yet unresolved. Such connections remain pressing in light of this current geological epoch, in which an oceanic presence whose human casualties are often determined by the lingering paradigms of colonization and enslavement draws ever-closer because of climate change. To find legibility and coherence in Pip's oceanic recovery requires that we look to an eclipsed story of eco-human relations that refuses to separate our species survival from ongoing struggles for decolonization and social justice. [End Page 150] "Has the crater but shifted?": Geology and Racial Violence in Melville's Battle-Pieces Carie Schneider, University of Arizona This paper situates a close reading of Melville's poems "Misgivings," "The Coming Storm," and "The Apparition" and the prose "Supplement" to Battle-Pieces within the paradigm of nineteenth-century geology. These poems share the geological language of the Vesuvius metaphor in the "Supplement" and together suggest that the threat of violence still simmering...

Preserving and Promoting Malay Folklores and Legends Using Interactive Motion Comic: The Fang King (Raja Bersiong)

The Malay folklore is something that our ancestor inherits to us for so long now. Nowadays, Malaysian folklore is beginning to fade from the face of our country due to the western media that’s beginning to dominate the world. Youngsters nowadays prefer to watch western movies and western related stories rather than our own folklore. Not only that, youngsters nowadays is keen towards the western culture due to the innovation of modern technology such as tablets, smartphones, and other devices. There are three important objectives in this research. First is to determine the suitable Malaysian folklore to be converted into an interactive comic. Second is to give a new experience to the audience to enjoy and attract youngsters nowadays. The third is to test the effectiveness of this interactive comic to the young generation from age 13 to 15 years old. This interactive comic is for youngsters who nowadays don’t know about the Malaysian folklore and to prevent it from fading from the eyes of our country. As a conclusion, this research is to help preserve and protect our Malaysian folklore from extinction by using modern technologies.

¿El retorno del narrador? Reflexiones sobre la lectura benjaminiana de Kafka

Walter Benjamin encuentra en la figura de Kafka la posibilidad del retorno del narrador aún en tiempos en los que anuncia el fin de la narración. Abordamos esta aparente paradoja, dilucidando los “pequeños trucos” kafkianos que aunque situando sus relatos en sintonía con los cuentos trastocan la narración tradicional haciendo que pueda subsistir bajo las condiciones de vida modernas. Si bien la astucia es otro elemento presente en los cuentos y en la narrativa de Kafka, ésta no parece residir en sus personajes sumidos en el aplazamiento y la impotencia ante la arbitrariedad. Procuramos develar la peculiar astucia kafkiana a partir del vínculo que Benjamin establece con la astucia de Ulises –en el relato “El silencio de las sirenas”– como uno de los antepasados de Kafka en la antigüedad. En este recorrido, tal vez Kafka aparezca como un gran narrador cuya prosa fulgura en las postrimerías de la narración.

Roald Dahl’s look at the British Empire through his two short stories “Poison” and “Man from the South”

The aim of this paper is to analyze two of Roald Dahl’s short stories, “Poison” and “Man from the South”, beyond the classical approach to Dahl’s fiction. If Dahl’s adult fiction is most often read in terms of its extraordinary plots, as well as its macabre nature and unexpected endings, my intention is to look into both stories in the light of postcolonial studies. Not only is this approach justified on account of the setting where the stories take place, India and Jamaica, once part of the British Empire; the pertinence of such a reading is underlined by the presence of a number of elements that are commonly found in colonial travel narratives and which therefore place Dahl’s stories in relation with a very different literary tradition, colonial literature.

The Legal Challenges of International Electronic Contracts in Iraq

The electronic commerce activities raise an emerging legal challenges and problems based on the existing legal systems in Iraq. The traditional commercial relations make the commercial activity on the basis of offer and acceptance relies on the commitment of the seller. For example, to deliver the sales physically on one hand and the buyer has to pay the price either in cash or by using tools that are alternative to direct payment-in cash through trade securities or other means of conventional banking fulfillment. However, it is a different story in relation to electronic commerce transactions. The difference is not only in the concept of the commercial activity but also in the tools of its practice and the nature of relations arising under its umbrella. Most activities in the e-commerce activities is carried out online i.e. through the internet or information network. The use of technology is dominant, creating new challenges against the existing legal systems in Iraq. The aim of this article is to study the challenges and problems with regards to electronic contracts in Iraq. It is found that the current law governing the e-commerce in Iraq is the main obstacle for Iraqi consumer to conclude such contracts. It is interesting to note the growing importance of e-commerce contract among Iraqis in their daily life. The article suggests amendment to the current legislation governing e-commerce to facilitate the growth of online transaction in Iraq.

Abuelita Storytelling: From Pain to Possibility and Implications for Higher Education

Abstract: In this article, storytelling between an abuelita and abuelito and their adult grandchild serves as a site of intergenerational communication of teachings and knowledge. These communications include the preservation of cultural and historical memory, painful experiences dealing with internal and external forms of social marginalization, and the reimagining of possibilities. The author draws on two key educationally related stories more than thirty years apart shared by his abuelita to reveal how educational dreams and aspirations were thwarted and abetted. From these stories, implications for the use of intergenerational storytelling in the higher education classroom as a vehicle toward resisting social oppression are explored.

Nuclear landscapes

This article brings together the geographic literature on nuclear topics, and draws out the geographical dimensions of broader scholarship on ‘nuclearity’, to consider the premise of a nuclear landscape, and to offer a partial history of such landscapes. Places such as New Mexico’s Trinity Site have become iconic, at least in the United States, and a study of nuclear landscapes must consider the cultural force of spectacular weapons tests and related origin stories. But critical scholars have also looked beyond and below the distractions of mushroom clouds, to additional and alternative landscapes that are obscured by secrecy and relative banality.

Negotiating and Exploring Relationships in Métis Community-Based Research

Adding a Métis voice to the larger discourse on Indigenous (Métis, First Nation, and Inuit) health research, this work shares experiences and insights gained in relationship building from a community-based Métis research project entitled, Converging Methods and Tools: A Métis Group Model Building Project on Tuberculosis. A collaborative partnership between PhD student Amanda LaVallee, the Métis Nation – Saskatchewan (MN-S) Health Department and two independent health researchers, the project, conducted from 2010 to 2012, incorporated a System Dynamics participatory methodology called Group Model Building (GMB), with Métis research methods, ethics, and knowledge, to build a model of tuberculosis (TB) experience in Saskatchewan Métis communities. This article examines the co-author’s experiences with these collaborative methodologies and with the other partners in the research project, as well as the relational research stories that were essential to the practice of Metis community-based research. Moving beyond discussion of objectivity toward transparency about our presence within the research relationship, this work offers our collaborative experience as a success, and provides inspiration and insight on how to engage in ethical, competent, culturally appropriate, and relevant community-based research.

Sensing energy: Forming stories through speculative design artefacts

The artificial world is part of an on-going negotiation of meaning, manifesting in social practice. From a sustainability perspective it is thus important to critically examine what norms are imprinted into the artificial, as well as to imagine, materialize and suggest artefacts that could afford more sustainable stories and practices to form. The project Sensing Energy is an attempt to explore how design could contribute to a re-imagination of everyday life and society, as well as what imaginaries (artefacts and related stories) could come out of such an endeavour. A critical and speculative design programme comprising the three leitmotifs Natureculture, Micro-sizing modernity, and Focal things and practices, provided a frame and foundation for a series of design experiments. The resulting artefacts were presented at two different workshops in which participants were asked to form stories that integrated one or more of the design experiments into their everyday life. Based on the material from the workshops we can conclude that the design experiments worked well as parts of or catalysts for new stories of the everyday.

Dynamic Performance Analysis of Composite Frame with Concrete-filled Steel Tubular Columns Based on Nonlinear Beam-column Fiber Element

The three-dimensional elements method is imperfect in computational efficiency to simulate the behavior of structural systems based on elastoplastic theory. A finite element model (FEM) using beam element was performed to simulate the composite frames with concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) columns, and the separate modulus approach and the uniform modulus approach were used to the beam elements, respectively. The results from the two methods are verified with the experimental results of the CFST members and the numerical curves, respectively. The two validated models were used to perform the model analysis and elastic dynamic time history analysis under three different frequent earthquake waves for a 13 story composite frame with CFST columns, respectively. The top story displacement and acceleration-time history responses, the relative story drifts and the maximum dynamic magnification coefficients of the frame were contrasted with different two models. The results shown that the separate and uniform modulus approach are similar generally for the dynamic characteristics of composite frame under frequent earthquake.