Storage Pipelines Research Articles

Abstract 4743: A population-based approach to address clinical cancer care: The national genomics platform

Abstract Our understanding of the genetic basis for cancer is advancing at a rapid rate due to the application of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. It is becoming common to sequence tumors and patients in an attempt to find actionable mutations that could offer the patient a more targeted and effective treatment. However, the genomics of cancer is very complex and only a handful of actionable mutations have been characterized. Larger-scale studies are needed to understand the pathogenic spectrum of cancer variants and deliver reliable clinical decision-making support to providers. Several large-scale sequencing projects are underway to collect NGS data on tumors (e.g. TCGA, ICGC, and TARGET) but a national platform for analysis, interpretation, and reporting does not exist. We propose that a consolidated informatics platform for the collection of outcomes data with genomics and clinical data would accelerate research and provide patients with the opportunity for personalized cancer treatment. In addition, with 1,665,540 new cancer cases predicted in the US for 2014, a national-scale genomics platform is needed, capable of sequencing 3 million genomes per year, storing exabytes of data, while supporting over 20,000 oncologists, researchers, and analysts. At Lockheed Martin, we deliver highly scalable and reliable information systems for a variety of missions and citizen services. Here, we will present our vision for a national cancer genomics platform to include NGS data collection, cost-efficient storage, scalable and modular processing pipelines, and collaborative analytics and data sharing capabilities, within a compliant privacy and security framework. In conclusion, by leveraging the scale of clinical cancer sequencing and capturing these data into a case management system for translational research, this platform provides data at-scale needed for finding actionable mutations, designing effective treatments and implementing prevention strategies, faster. Citation Format: Ogan Abaan, Amrita Basu, Noah Brown, Bret Light, David Deal, Michael Hultner. A population-based approach to address clinical cancer care: The national genomics platform. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4743. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4743

Abstract 4875: HIVE Proteomics: Integrated, cloud-based RNA-Seq and proteomics analysis of prostate adenocarcinoma samples

Abstract Automated bottom-up proteomics workflows implemented with modern mass-spectrometry instrumentation can readily generate millions of peptide fragmentation spectra from cell-lines and clinically derived samples. The tandem mass-spectra promise to reveal wild-type and somatic mutations, insertions, and deletions and alternatively spliced isoforms translated to functional protein isoforms in tumor samples. However, the available reference proteomes represent a poor analysis substrate for the observation of protein evidence of genomic and transcript variation. The advent of cheap and fast RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) provides an elegant solution to the lack of sample-specific reference proteomes. We anticipate that the falling cost of RNA-Seq will prompt an increasing number of proteomics labs to use contract next-gen sequencing (NGS) services to obtain RNA-Seq data to derive sample-specific reference proteomes. In contrast to public repositories of genomic variation, sample-specific RNA-Seq data captures transcribed rare, individual, cell-type, and sample-specific genomic variation. RNA-Seq-based transcripts also provide sample-specific information on observable proteins. Furthermore, paired RNA-Seq and proteomics data links gene expression and protein abundance, enabling the study of gene regulation linked to protein abundance dynamics. However, the analysis of multi-gigabyte paired mass-spectra and RNA-Seq datasets pose significant scientific and logistical challenges. Few proteomics labs have the personnel, archival data storage, computational resources, or informatics pipelines needed. The cloud-based genomics analysis platform High-performance Integrated Virtual Environment (HIVE) will provide turn-key integrated proteomics and RNA-Seq analyses to the wider proteomics community in a secure, trackable, sharable, and scalable computing platform. We will then use this integrated proteomics_RNA-Seq analysis pipeline to identify high-value mutations in prostate adenocarcinoma samples, thereby demonstrating the utility of the platform while also generating key data for future investigations. Citation Format: Hayley Dingerdissen, Raja Mazumder. HIVE Proteomics: Integrated, cloud-based RNA-Seq and proteomics analysis of prostate adenocarcinoma samples. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4875. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4875

Calibration of an Averaging Pitot Tube for Gaseous CO2Flowmetering

In this paper, an averaging pitot tube (APT) with flow conditioning wing (FCW) geometry is used as a practical sensing device to measure and characterize the flow of single-phase gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2). This technique demonstrates a simple, cost-effective, and potentially accurate option toward the measurement, accurate accounting, and characterization of CO2 in carbon capture and storage pipelines. The metrological performance of the flow sensor is verified using air medium before being applied for gaseous CO2. With a Coriolis mass flowmeter acting as a secondary calibration reference to further validate the performance of the APT-FCW flow sensor, both metering instruments were evaluated against a weighing scale apparatus. From the experimental and calibration data with air, the APT-FCWs average $K$ -factor and linearity error are found to be 0.5091 and 0.725%, respectively. With operating conditions remaining unaltered in this particular flow measurement application and a target metering error within ±1%, the errors achieved for the Coriolis meter and the APT-FCW are better than ±0.6% and ±1.2%, respectively. Total uncertainty estimations under the stipulated environmental and working conditions are within ±1% and ±1.5% for the Coriolis meter and APT-FCW, respectively. The test results and other performance evaluation of the instruments are also discussed.

The Experimental Research on Horizontal Underground Tank Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing

Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing is widely used to inspect and characterize defects in storage tank floors, pipelines and other structures. In this paper, magnetic flux leakage testing technology is applied to the horizontal product oil underground tank wall inspection. The artificial defects were prefabricated on the tank wall such as corrosion pits, grooving and other artificial defects to simulate the corrosion, cracks and other actual defects in actual working conditions. The experimental research of the mutual influence between magnetic flux leakage and defects’ parameters were carried out, such as the depth and width of cracks, and depth and diameter of corrosion pits. Then the relationship between the defect’s parameter and magnetic field amplitude was obtained. The experimental results showed that, whether corrosion or crack, the depth is a very important factor affecting the leakage magnetic field amplitude. Especially for crack, width, length and the inclination angle between crack and magnetic field had great influence on the detection of the cracks, and too small angle to lead to misjudgment and undetected of crack. Therefore, single direction inspection may lead to undetected in engineering practice.

Economic analysis of using above ground gas storage devices for compressed air energy storage system

Above ground gas storage devices for compressed air energy storage (CAES) have three types: air storage tanks, gas cylinders, and gas storage pipelines. A cost model of these gas storage devices is established on the basis of whole life cycle cost (LCC) analysis. The optimum parameters of the three types are determined by calculating the theoretical metallic raw material consumption of these three devices and considering the difficulties in manufacture and the influence of gas storage device number. The LCCs of the three types are comprehensively analyzed and compared. The result reveal that the cost of the gas storage pipeline type is lower than that of the other two types. This study may serve as a reference for designing large-scale CAES systems.

A Realization of Large Capacity, High-Speed Data Acquisition and Storage System

With the rapid development of the high-speed digital signal processing in radar, spaceflight electronics and communication areas, faster acquisition rate and larger storage capacity in data acquisition and storage system are required. A interleaved sampling architecture is present to improve the acquisition rate, in which the NAND flash is used as the storage medium and pipeline structure is adopted to improve storage capacity and storage rate.

The Application of Acoustic Emission Technology in Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation Equipment

Acoustic emission (AE) testing (AET) is an effective, nondestructive testing (NDT) method which is widely used throughout the petrochemical industry. It especially plays an important role in inspecting of atmospheric storage tank floor corrosion, oil and gas pipeline leakage and pressure vessel cracking. The AET methods and evaluation of storage tank, pipeline, sphere and other equipment in oil and gas storage and transportation system are reviewed in this paper, and the development trends of AE technique also be introduced. This technique has important significance in ensuring the security.

Investigating the Effect of Water Content in Supercritical CO2 as Relevant to the Corrosion of Carbon Capture and Storage Pipelines

Steel coupons were exposed to a supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) environment in which water contamination was deliberately added over the range from 100 ppmw to 50,000 ppmw. Exposure was carried out in a laboratory scale autoclave at 8 MPa and 40°C for 7 days. Contaminant water in CO2 permits the speciation of carbonic acid (H2CO3), which can itself be a threat to durability, but also permit further contaminants to segregate to the aqueous acid phase. A systematic investigation of corrosion in supercritical CO2 over a range of water concentrations is lacking in the literature, despite being a significant elementary issue. Herein, weight-loss tests were performed, and subsequent scanning electron microscopy suggested all specimens displayed some extent of corrosion. The main corrosion mechanism observed was uniform corrosion. Supplementary optical profilometry suggested that water concentration has a small effect on any pitting corrosion that occurred. In general, increased mass loss was observed with an increase in water concentration beyond ~1,000 ppmw H2O, concomitant with a rate of change in the H2CO3 concentration.

Investigating the effect of salt and acid impurities in supercritical CO2 as relevant to the corrosion of carbon capture and storage pipelines

A series of corrosion exposure tests were performed in a supercritical CO2 environment used to represent the potential conditions for carbon capture and storage (CCS) pipelines. Impurities from various CO2 capture processes are potentially present, which segregate to the aqueous phase, hence combining with any free water present in the pipeline. Herein, salt (NaNO3, Na2SO4, NaCl) and acid (HNO3) impurities were added, along with 10g of water, to an autoclave at 7.6MPa and 50°C (supercritical CO2) for a 7 day steel specimen exposure. The tests conducted in supercritical CO2 were also compared with aqueous tests in atmospheric conditions. Weight loss and optical profilometry revealed that corrosion rates for all samples are significant, along with the potential for localised attack. The corrosion mechanism differs for each solution tested. The work herein contributes to a holistic appraisal of understanding the corrosion of CO2 pipelines.

Developing a new equation of state for carbon capture and storage pipeline transport

As the development of more advanced capture and storage technologies continues along with gradual scale-up of demonstration projects, the imminent deployment of commercial-scale carbon capture and storage is becoming increasingly likely. The transport stage needs to undergo similar development as there is much that needs to be better understood. In particular, there is a need for an equation of state which can accurately describe the physical behaviour of mixtures of carbon dioxide with impurities during the transport stage of carbon capture and storage in a simple, effective way. Presented here is the early development of a new, analytic equation of state, specifically designed to be highly accurate within the window 0 to 30.9782 ℃ and up to 150 bar (the anticipated usual region of operation for carbon capture and storage pipelines). In this paper, the potential of the proposed equation of state is demonstrated with descriptions for the pressure (from which density can be directly calculated) and phase behaviour of pure CO2. Comparisons with the Peng–Robinson equation of state are made in order to demonstrate the potential of the model, which has both simplicity similar to that of the Peng–Robinson equation and accuracy similar to that of the Span–Wagner equation. Presently, it is found that inside this window, the maximum percentage error of the new equation in the description of pressure for the case of pure carbon dioxide is not more than approximately 2.53%, compared with 40.85% for the Peng–Robinson equation, whilst for the description of phase behaviour, it is not more than 2.41%, compared with 18.23% for the Peng–Robinson equation.

Research for the SSD-Based Storage Technology of Mass Remote Sensing Image

According to the problem that the mass remote sensing image cannot be stored rapidly in the traditional storage system, the new SSD-based storage technology for mass remote sensing image is proposed and analyzed. The technology consists of image blocking technology, parallel bus storage technology and pipeline storage technology between flash channels, which makes the real-time storage of mass remote sensing image possible. The results of theoretic analysis show that the proposed technology in this paper can improve the storage speed for remote sensing image remarkably.

The AGIPD detector for the European XFEL

The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD) is a hybrid pixel detector with bump-bonded silicon sensor, which is being developed for the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL). The XFEL provides photons in an energy range between 0.2 and 24.8 keV [1]. XFELs unique time structure comprises bunch trains at a repetition rate of 10 Hz, where each train consists of 2700 bunches with a temporal separation of 220 ns. Each bunch itself consists of ∼ 1012 photons impinging in less than 100 fs. The challenges posed by this time structure will be addressed using a charge integrating device with dynamic gain switching and the possibility to store the analog signals on at least 200 storage cells. Up to now, three different prototype chips have been built, in order to investigate the different blocks of the final AGIPD chip. This paper will report on the results of the characterization of the first two prototype chips, namely AGIPD0.1 and AGIPD0.2. While the investigations on AGIPD0.1 focus on the readout chain (dynamic gain switching, linearity, etc.), the tests of AGIPD0.2 concentrate on the measurements involving the bump-bonded silicon sensor, such as the possibility of resolving single photons and pixel-to-pixel variations as well as the performance of the analog storage pipeline.

More than coal - Towards a broader role for CCS

Abstract In the eyes of energy analysts and bureaucrats as well as media and environmental NGO’s, CCS now appears to be synonymous with “clean coal”, meaning coal fired power plants with CCS. While recognising the role of coal–emitting nearly 42 percent of man-made CO 2 globally–we want to focus on other aspects of CCS that we find are just as, or more important in actually driving the deployment of CCS in the coming years. One of these factors is what we see as an evolving “industry norm” to inject, into geological formations, CO 2 extracted from high- CO 2 natural gas in gas refineries or LNG plants. A second trend driving CCS in the petroleum sector is the need to produce increasingly acid natural gas (CO 2 and/or H 2 S rich) and heavier oil. This will certainly accelerate the number of petroleum related CCS-projects in the next decades and thus be valuable for geo-storage learning. A third and already important factor is the use of CO 2 for enhanced oil recovery (CO 2 -EOR). Today CO 2 -EOR is mostly limited to USA - with nearly one hundred operating projects–and a small but increasing number in other countries. In the period to 2030 and beyond, it is the view of the authors that CO 2 -EOR will fan out across the sedimentary basins of the world. These three factors will not only add to our knowledge of geological storage of CO 2 , but also be important drivers to develop storage sites, pipeline networks, shipping routes and other infrastructure components for CO 2 . There are in fact some profitable CCS-projects or at least projects with modest needs for subsidies. With the present electricity-from-coal focus of CCS, it is easy to forget the potential role of other branches of industry with large point sources of CO 2 . The branches of iron and steel, cement, petrochemicals, refining, fertiliser, biomass-to-energy are examples we should focus more on. This lack of broad focus is regrettable for two reasons. Firstly, some of these are CO 2 sources which lend themselves to CCS by having higher CO 2 concentrations or higher pressures than power plant flue gas, resulting in potentially lower capture cost. Secondly we need these branches of industry to learn CCS-capture technologies from each other, to progress their own demo-projects and become familiar with the practices of geo-store companies. The main focus in this paper is learning geo-storage by taking available CO 2 -streams rather than creating such streams through billion dollar investment projects. One such example is that hydrogen today is largely produced and distributed by pipelines and other methods by a small group of specialised industrial gas companies. The connection between these companies and CO 2 -storage operators are, however, nearly non-existent. Hydrogen–except for pre-combustion to electricity - has been put on the back-burner in connection with CCS. We here argue for focussing more on hydrogen from fossil fuels with CCS aimed at end-use in industry.

Development of quality objectives for contaminated sites: state of the art and new perspectives

Local soil contamination, mainly associated with industrial facilities (both in operation and after closure), uncontrolled (industrial and/or municipal) waste landfills, mining and diffused leaching underground storage tanks and pipelines, is an actual and relevant environmental priority in Europe. Different approaches have been applied in the European countries during the past few years to develop the quality objectives for contaminated sites according to the following three categories: the limit value criterion for soil and groundwater; the absolute risk analysis for a given contaminated site; and the comparative (or relative) risk analysis among different potentially contaminated sites. The present paper gives, together with a synthetic state of the art of the contaminated site management situation at different EU countries, a view on the current experience, problems and regulatory requirements in Italy on these possible soil and groundwater quality approaches, also with comparative considerations to other significant European and international strategies.

06/02544 Hydrogen interaction and stress-corrosion in hydrocarbon storage vessel and pipeline weldingsRogante, M. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2006, 31, (5), 597–601

06/02544 Hydrogen interaction and stress-corrosion in hydrocarbon storage vessel and pipeline weldingsRogante, M. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2006, 31, (5), 597–601

A High-Throughput Mammalian Protein Expression, Purification, Aliquoting and Storage Pipeline to Assemble a Library of the Human Secretome

In the post-human genome-sequencing era, the availability of recombinant proteins has become crucial for the identification of proteins with therapeutic potential. Based upon bioinformatic coding predictions of the genes for putative secreted proteins, we established a high-throughput protein pipeline (HTPP) for the production of a subset of the human secretome. The HTPP was based on a transient expression system in HEK293-EBNA cells at 100 to 500 mL culture scale, combined with an automated affinity purification procedure targeting >75% purity. This was followed by a semi-automated protein sample logistics to provide biologists with quality-controlled and 96 well formatted protein aliquots amenable to cell-based assays. Over a 4-year period, beginning in 2001, we performed over 7,500 transfections representing over 2,200 registered proteins, including both novel and reference proteins, at an average production of 280 proteins/month with a peak production of 320 proteins/month. All these proteins have been tested in more than 50 different cell-based assays. This article describes the major process steps and highlights the optimization required to maintain novel protein production while supporting both stock replenishment and scale-up productions.

Performance Evaluation of (Ethylene-co-Vinyl Acetate) Copolymers as Pour Point Reducing Agents for Petroleum Middle Distillates

Petroleum, as well as its middle distillate fractions (boiling between 150–400°C), shows a tendency to crystalize paraffin molecules whenever temperature is lowered below the cloud point. Paraffin deposition may occur in storage tanks, pipelines, or conduits, this leading to the impairing of fluid pumping, even with filter plugging of diesel engines. Such drawback may be overtaken by the addition of chemical compounds aiming at inhibiting paraffin deposition. Such inhibitors are not universally effective, since they are operational for a certain molecular weight interval only. This work relates the performance evaluation of commercial poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) samples of varied molecular weights resulting from mechanical shear experiments. Samples included one kind of diesel oil and three kinds of base lube oils: light neutral, medium neutral, and heavy neutral or bright stock oils. Results indicated that mechanical shear was effective only for samples containing 10% w/w of vinyl acetate. Additive performance as lube oil pour point reducing agents is a function of the copolymer composition only for samples the molecular weight of which is compatible with the molecular weight of the oil paraffins.

Damage Assessment Using Acoustic Emission

Acoustic Emission is widely used in the oil and petrochemical industry on storage tanks, pressure vessels and pipelines. Its unique capabilities are now being increasing utilised in the assessment of civil structures. All highway bridges in the UK are assessed at 2 yearly intervals, which comprises of a visual survey often carried out from ground looking up at the structure. At 6 yearly intervals the structure is closely examined visually and the engineer has the option to carry out non-destructive testing if there is suspicion of a defect. These inspections are crucial, a small defect missed in one assessment due to its size or obscured location, may grow at an increased rate proportional to its size. By the time the defect has been identified it may have already compromised the integrity of the structure and involve costly remedial works. Acoustic Emission (AE) can be used in two broad strategies; ○ Global monitoring to assess large areas ○ Local monitoring for known or suspected defects This paper reviews the uses of these two strategies, illustrating results of an extensive laboratory testing program and two case studies of these AE strategies.

GPSS SCADA Replacement Project

The UK Government's pipeline and storage system (GPSS) is a multi-product petroleum network comprising storage terminals, pipelines, pump stations, and pipeline-ingress and-egress facilitites. This paper presents the replacement project of the old control systems by a SCADA system. The following aspects are described : system overview, the hardware, system configuration, inputs and outputs, communications, pipelin-specific software (parcel tracking, leak detection, sequence control), pipeline scheduling.

Telecommunications issues of intelligent database management for ground processing systems in the EOS era

Future NASA Earth science missions, including the Earth Observing Systems (EOS), will generate vast amounts of data that must be processed and stored at various locations around the world. This article presents a stepwise-refinement of the Intelligent Database Management (IDM) system of the Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC-one of seven regionally-located EOSDIS archive sites) architecture to showcase the telecommunications issues involved. This architecture is developed into a general overall design. It is shown that the current evolution of protocols is sufficient to support IDM at Gbps rates over large distances. It is also shown that the network design can accomodate o flexible data ingestion storage pipeline and a user extraction visualization engine, without interference between the two.