Compressed Air Storage Research Articles

Performance of isobaric adiabatic compressed humid air energy storage system with shared equipment and road-return scheme

• Novel isobaric adiabatic compressed humid-air energy storage system was investigated. • Water spray absorbs compression heat and controls compressed air outlet temperature. • Shared equipment and road-return scheme of energy storage/release system is employed. • Optimal system efficiency occurs at compression outlet parameters of 10 MPa/320 °C. • System efficiency reaches 72.6% and theoretic energy storage density is 17.2 kWh·m −3 . To cope with the inherent problem when intermittent renewable energies of solar and wind are connected to the grid, a novel isobaric adiabatic compressed humid air energy storage system was proposed and investigated. This system adopts a single stage dual-usage compressor-expander with synchronous rotating multi-cylinder to replace two separate multi-stage turbine type machines. The temperature of the compressed air is controlled by water spray before compression. The shared equipment with road-return stratagem of thermal oil energy storage/release system is employed. A hydro-assisted isobaric adiabatic compressed air storage system is formed with an underground cavern such as abandoned coal mine as the lower reservoir and a surface reservoir as the upper reservoir, and the nylon cloth pipe system is arranged in the underground cavern to store compressed air around water. By establishing the thermodynamic model of the system, the influences of the outlet pressure and temperature of compression on the system performance were analyzed determined respectively by the depth of the underground cavern and the working temperature of the thermal oil of the energy storage system. The results show that the round-trip efficiency varies slightly with the compression outlet pressure. Under the conditions of compression outlet parameters of 10 MPa/320 °C and the isentropic efficiencies in compression and expansion are 85%, the round-trip efficiency reaches 66.6% and the theoretical energy storage density is 16.5 kWh·m −3 .

Performance Assessment of Low-Temperature A-CAES (Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage) Plants

The widespread diffusion of renewable energy sources calls for the development of high-capacity energy storage systems as the A-CAES (Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage) systems. In this framework, low temperature (100°C–200°C) A-CAES (LT-ACAES) systems can assume a key role, avoiding some critical issues connected to the operation of high temperature ones.In this paper, two different LT-ACAES configurations are proposed. The two configurations are characterized by the same turbomachines and compressed air storage section, while differ in the TES section and its integration with the turbomachinery. In particular, the first configuration includes two separated cycles: the working fluid (air) cycle and the heat transfer fluid (HTF) cycle. Several heat exchangers connect the two cycles allowing to recover thermal energy from the compressors and to heat the compressed air at the turbine inlet. Two different HTFs were considered: air (case A) and thermal oil (case B). The second configuration is composed of only one cycle, where the operating fluid and the HTF are the same (air) and the TES section is composed of three different packed-bed thermal storage tanks (case C). The tanks directly recover the heat from the compressors and heat the air at each turbine inlet, avoiding the use of heat exchangers.The LT-ACAES systems were modelled and simulated using the ASPEN-Plus and the MATLAB-Simulink environments. The main aim of this study was the detailed analysis of the reciprocal influence between the turbomachinery and the TES system; furthermore, the performance evaluation of each plant was carried out assuming both on-design and off-design operating conditions. Finally, the different configurations were compared through the main performance parameters, such as the round-trip efficiency.A total power output of around 10 MW was set, leading to a TES tank volume ranging between 500 and 700 m3. The second configuration with three TES systems appears to be the most promising in terms of round-trip efficiency since the energy produced during the discharging phase is greater. In particular, the round-trip efficiency of the LT-ACAES ranges between 0.566 (case A) to 0.674 (case C). Although the second configuration assures the highest performance, the effect of operating at very high pressures inside the tanks should be carefully evaluated in terms of overall costs.

Economic Evaluation of Implementation of Power-to-Gas: Application to the Case of Spain

An economic analysis of the implementation of the power-to-gas (PtG) system between 2030 and 2055 is presented at a large scale. The capacity of the PtG system is adapted to two scenarios in Spain (Bailera and Lisbona 2018), corresponding to growing scenarios of 1.73 and 1.36%/y of its electricity market. The total power capacity of the PtG system has been fixed to 12.7 and 3.84 GW, respectively, at the end of 2055. The levelized cost of storage (LCOS) of the implementation of PtG has been evaluated. Assuming uncertainties in the current cost projections for CAPEX and OPEX, LCOS estimations are between 136 and 686 EUR/MWh with a payback time of 16 years in the best scenario for a reference electricity purchase of 100 EUR/MWh and a CO2 penalty of 100 EUR/ton. A sensitivity analysis and the viability dependence versus energy purchase and CO2 penalty certificates is shown. This work sheds some light for the comparison of PtG implementation costs in comparison with other storage options, such as batteries, pumped-storage hydroelectricity or compressed air storage for future energy scenarios.

Comparative analysis of hybrid energy storage based on a gas–gas system and a conventional compressed air energy storage based on a recuperated gas turbine round trip efficiency, exergy losses, and heat exchanges start-up losses

This paper presents a novel hierarchical gas turbine cycle cooperating with a hybrid compressed air energy storage and thermal energy storage. Conventional compressed air energy storage systems cannot use heat storage because they require recuperated gas turbines to achieve high efficiencies. The novelty of the proposed solution lies in the original combination of compressed air energy storage and heat storage using a system of two gas turbines, the so-called gas–gas system. Moreover, a detailed mathematical model of CAES with TES is presented including an original approach to modelling of CAES charging and discharging processes and recuperative heat exchanger start-up losses. The paper analyses also the influence of the main design parameters, such as electrical power, gas turbine inlet temperature, compressed air storage capacity and discharge time, main heat exchanger mean logarithmic temperature difference, and heat loss in thermal energy storage on machinery and cycle performance. The results of the analysis show, among other: the energy efficiency, carbon dioxide emissions per unit of input and output electric energy, and the main heat exchanger start-up losses during the round trip of charge/discharge cycle. Compared with a reference compressed air energy storage based on a recuperated gas turbine cycle, the proposed cycle achieves 73% less CO2 emission per unit input electric energy and 45% less CO2 emission per unit of output electric energy, while the round trip efficiency is lower by 0.8 pp. The start-up heat loss of the main heat exchanger is reduced by 34%.

Design and energy characteristic analysis of a flexible isobaric strain-energy compressed-air storage device

Considering the problems of traditional compressed-air storage devices, such as low energy efficiency, low energy density, and portability challenges, a flexible, isobaric strain-energy compressed-air storage device based on a hyperelastic rubber material was proposed. The device was composed of a flexible internal expandable rubber airbag and a rigid external shield. The main influencing factors of the charging and discharging processes of the gas storage device (peak pressure, expansion pressure, and contraction pressure) were explored and analyzed, and the effects of these factors on the pressure were verified. The fluctuation rates of the expansion and contraction pressures of the gas storage device were 0.5% and 0.4%, respectively, indicating that the gas storage device had good isobaric and stable energy storage and release characteristics. A mathematical model describing the energy storage efficiency of the device was developed based on the first law of thermodynamics. Furthermore, the charging and discharging characteristics of the device were tested. Experimental results showed that the average energy storage efficiency of the device reached 76.9%, and the volume energy density was 309.48 kJ/m3, which is twice that of a traditional rigid gas storage tank.

Improvement of a liquid air energy storage system: Investigation of performance analysis for novel ambient air conditioning

Liquid air energy storage (LAES) is a grid-scale energy storage technology that utilizes an air liquefaction process to store energy with the potential to solve the limitations of pumped-hydro and compressed air storage. A challenge it faces itself is its high compression work during the charging process. Thus, attempts to increase the performance of the system need to include reducing the compression work. This study investigates the possible performance improvement of a LAES system through inlet air dehumidification and cooling. A simulation is performed on a 40 MW/320 MWhe LAES system which uses a desiccant wheel dehumidifier and a cooling coil for inlet air conditioning. The results show that the system can save 9521 MWhe in compression work annually which will translate to $761,680 annual cost savings in charging the system. The maximum performance improvement achieved during the summer period when the ambient conditions are unfavorable is 11.7%. Financial analysis also shows that the simple payback period of the desiccant wheel dehumidifier modification is 11.5 years and the levelized cost of storage (LCOS) of the LAES system is $237/MWh which is competitive compared to other storage systems.

Various methodologies to improve the energy efficiency of a compressed air energy storage system

AbstractIntermittency characteristic of renewable energy sources can be resolved using an energy storage technology. The function of the energy storage system is to store the excess energy that is produced from various renewable energy sources during the off‐peak hours and releases the same energy during the peak hours. The energy that is produced from the renewable energy sources can be stored in different forms such as Mechanical, Electrical, Electrochemical, Thermal, Chemical energy etc. Among all these forms of stored energy, a CAES technology under the Mechanical form of energy is the most cost effective for the bulk energy storage purpose. It involves a combined operation of various components such as Compressor/Expander, Gas turbine, combustion chambers, heat exchangers, generator unit, and underground compressed air storage. This article focuses to review the detail of various CAES systems such as D‐CAES, A‐CAES, I‐CAES etc. Additionally, it presents various technologies that are used to improve the energy efficiency and applicability of the CAES system. It is found that a maximum RTE of the C‐CAES, A‐CAES, and I‐CAES are 54%, 71%, and 80%, respectively. In addition, the RTE of the modified CAES systems such as LP‐CAES, PH‐CAES, and SC‐CAES are about 90%, 80%, and 60 to 80%, respectively.

Performance analysis of an integrated pumped-hydro and compressed-air energy storage system and solar organic Rankine cycle

This research presents the performance study of a new energy storage system, i.e. Pumped-Hydro and Compressed-Air storage system, coupled with organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and Linear Fresnel solar reflector (LFR). The proposed cycle is capable of generating electricity and heat as well as storing storage. The LFR receives solar energy and turns it to the thermal power. The heat obtained from this way is used to supply heat to the evaporator of the ORC, and this system generates power. This power is then fed to the storage system pump. In the result section, the performances of storage system, solar and ORC systems, as well as coupled process are examined. The effect of key parameters such as operating pressures of the storage system, inlet temperature and pressure of organic fluid of the turbine of ORC, solar system inlet temperature and solar irradiance on process operation is examined. Furthermore, it is assumed that the solar collector works in the weather conditions of Esfahan (in Iran). The findings showed that the energy required by the pump and the energy level in the vessel for the isothermal process are 3.24 and 2.43 MJ/m3, respectively. These values were 2.79 and 2.09 MJ/m3, respectively, for the isentropic process. In addition, the system storage efficiency is equal to 60%. Furthermore, the isentropic process compared to isothermal process requires less solar collector area.

An enhanced role understanding of geothermal energy on compressed air energy storage in aquifers considering the underground processes

Compressed air energy storage in aquifers (CAESA) can be a widespread low-cost application in large-scale energy storage technology that balances the power system generated by wind and solar energy. In the underground part of CAESA, a favorable deep saline aquifer with suitable permeability and porosity is utilized as the compressed air storage space, and the wellbore acts as a channel for cyclic injection and production. However, the geothermal energy corresponding to geothermal temperature distribution is commonly non-negligible in deep underground engineering. Aiming at enhancing the role understanding of geothermal energy on CAESA, the wellbore-aquifer coupled models for the entire underground processes substantiated with evidence of different geothermal gradients are developed and simulated. The air trends accumulate upwards on the top of the aquifer and move further away from the wellbore under higher geothermal temperature conditions due to the air expanding and a lighter density. And the better cushion effect and pressure support result in the small pressure fluctuation upon the air injection and production in the daily cycle. Comparative roles of geothermal energy on pressure and air distribution, the rising air production temperature heating by a high-temperature aquifer is more pronounced. In addition, the energy performance results show that the geothermal energy supplement is remarkable, even result in energy recovery from wellhead larger than the injection energy. With different geothermal temperature distributions, the energy efficiency difference in underground processes can reach 15%. The results enhance the understanding of underground processes impacted by geothermal temperature distribution. It can also help to correct the geothermal energy resources position in the site selection and provide a coupling system.

Life cycle assessment of compressed air, vanadium redox flow battery, and molten salt systems for renewable energy storage

Energy storage systems critically assist in the implementation of renewable energy sources. However, greenhouse gas emissions associated with the energy storage methods have received insufficient attention, especially for arid climate implementation. This paper considers three energy storage techniques that can be suitable for hot arid climates namely; compressed air energy storage, vanadium redox flow battery, and molten salt thermal storage and performs a comprehensive life cycle assessment analysis to comparatively evaluate the environmental impacts per kWh of energy. The results show that, when solar photovoltaic electricity is stored, the redox-flow battery has the highest global warming potential, corresponding to 0.121 kg CO2 eq./kWh, whereas the molten salt has the least with a value of 0.0306 kg CO2 eq./kWh. In contrast, the lowest ozone layer depletion is observed for the compressed air storage unit with a value of 7.24×10−13 kg R11 eq./kWh. In sensitivity analysis, it is found that using solar photovoltaic electricity for the considered energy storage methods rather than grid electricity critically reduces the associated environmental impacts, emphasizing the importance of implementing more renewables in the grid mix. The global warming potentials of compressed air and vanadium redox flow battery decrease by 0.599 and 0.420 kg CO2 eq,/kWh, respectively in case photovoltaic electricity is stored instead of grid electricity. It is also found that the production stage of the storage systems accounts for the highest share of carbon footprint.

Accumulated and transient exergy analyses of pneumatic systems with isochoric and isobaric compressed air storage tanks

AbstractLow energy efficiency is one of the most significant shortcomings of industrial pneumatic systems. The isobaric air storage tank is a new concept for improving the energy efficiency of pneumatic systems. In this study, comprehensive accumulated and transient exergy analyses are conducted to provide insight into the energy‐saving mechanism of isobaric air storage tanks. The results show that the system exergy efficiency can be improved by replacing the isochoric tank with an isobaric one. There is negligible exergy destruction in both storage tanks. However, the storage tank can bring about significant influences on other components. The isobaric tank can effectively improve the exergy efficiencies of the compressor, cooler, and regulator. Besides, there is a huge potential to improve system exergy efficiency by taking advantage of the wasted exergy from the pneumatic cylinder.

Seepage and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Gas Leakage under the Condition of CAES Air Reservoir Cracking

The contradiction between supply and demand of energy leads to more and more attention on the large-scale energy storage technology; Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) technology is a new energy storage technology that is widely concerned in the world. The research of coupled heat transfer and seepage in fractured surrounding rocks is the necessary basis to evaluate the operation safety and effectiveness of CAES. Current studies point to the possibility of cracking in concrete liner seals, but the thermodynamic processes and leakage characteristics of compressed air in the presence of cracking and the heat transfer characteristics of seepage have not been addressed and reported. In order to investigate the leakage, the gas seepage and heat transfer law in fractured rock when the hard rock CAES gas reservoir seal cracks, the COMSOL fracture Darcy module, and the non-Darcy Forchheimer model are used as the constitutive seepage. The global ODE is used to calculate the thermodynamic process of compressed air in gas storage with coupled seepage and heat transfer process. The pressure and temperature of compressed air are obtained as the unsteady boundary of the seepage heat transfer model. A program for calculating the seepage and heat transfer characteristics of fractured surrounding rock in the CAES gas reservoir is established. On this basis, with the proposed Suichang CAES cavern as the background, the seepage and heat transfer characteristics of the fractured surrounding rock of the gas storage are studied. The results showed that when there are fewer cracks in the lining and surrounding rock of the air reservoir, the air pressure decreases due to a small amount of air leakage after 30 operation cycles, and the leakage rate of each cycle is 0.7% of the gas storage capacity, but it still meets the engineering requirements. If the plant is operating under these conditions, the charging rate will need to be increased by 1.2 kg/s per cycle charging stage. In the discharging and power generation phase, the high-pressure air that previously percolated into the rock mass cracks could flow back into the air storage through the lining cracks. Therefore, it is incorrect and unreliable to consider the gas which flows out from the inner surface of the lining as unusable. When the lining crack width is less than 0.3 mm, the seepage flow is Darcy flow and the non-Darcy effect can be ignored; when the lining crack width is greater than 0.5 mm, the non-Darcy effect of seepage cannot be ignored. The gas velocity in the surrounding rock fracture medium is on the order of 0.01 m/s with an influence range of over 100 m, and the gas velocity in the pore medium is on the order of 10-6 m/s with an influence range of 50 m. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between the thermodynamic properties of compressed air and the seepage heat transfer process in compressed air storage underground reservoirs, as well as the gas leakage process in the event of liner seal cracking.

Mathematical Modelling of a System for Solar PV Efficiency Improvement Using Compressed Air for Panel Cleaning and Cooling

The efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels is greatly reduced by panel soiling and high temperatures. A mechanism for eliminating both of these sources of inefficiencies is presented by integrating solar PV generation with a compressed air system. High-pressure air can be stored and used to blow over the surface of PV panels, removing present dust and cooling the panels, increasing output power. A full-system mathematical model of the proposed system is presented, comprised of compressed air generation and storage, panel temperature, panel cleaning, and PV power generation. Simulation results indicate the benefit of employing compressed air for cleaning and cooling solar PV panels. For a fixed volume of compressed air, it is advantageous to blow air over the panels early in the day if the panel is soiled or when solar radiation is most abundant with the highest achievable flow rate if the panel is clean. These strategies have been shown to achieve the greatest energy captures for a single PV panel. When comparing the energy for air compression to the energy gain from cleaning a single PV over a two-week period, an energy ROI of 23.8 is determined. The system has the potential to eliminate the requirement for additional manual cleaning of solar PV panels.

Design and energy saving analysis of a novel isobaric compressed air storage device in pneumatic systems

Compared with traditional isochoric storage of compressed air in pneumatic systems, isobaric storage possesses many advantages. In this study, a novel isobaric compressed air storage device is proposed by introducing compressed gas energy storage and a nonlinear cam transformation mechanism. The critical profiles on both sides of cam are deduced and the mathematical model of a typical pneumatic system is established under different control modes. A parametric analysis is also conducted to reveal how the energy-saving performance can be affected by several factors. The results show that this new isobaric compressed air storage device presents favorable constant-pressure characteristic and energy-saving performance. With a pneumatic system working pressure of 0.4 MPa, 18% energy savings can be achieved and the compressed air pressure is stable within 2.14%. The working pressure of system has a significant effect on the energy-saving performance and the energy-saving rate decreases with the increasing working pressure. The proposed novel isobaric compressed air storage device provides a new way to reduce pressure and energy consumption of pneumatic systems.

Thermo-Economic Modeling and Evaluation of Physical Energy Storage in Power System

In order to assess the electrical energy storage technologies, the thermo-economy for both capacity-type and power-type energy storage are comprehensively investigated with consideration of political, environmental and social influence. And for the first time, the Exergy Economy Benefit Ratio (EEBR) is proposed with thermo-economic model and applied to three different storage systems in various scenarios, including pumped storage, compressed air energy storage and flywheel energy storage. The impact of the total system efficiency, annual utilization hour, life time, and other key factors are also analyzed. The results show that the EEBRs of pumped storage and compressed air energy storage under peak load shaving condition and flywheel energy storage under frequency modulation service condition are all larger than zero, which means they are all thermo-economically feasible. With extra consideration of political, environmental and social impact, the exergy cost could reduce by about 25% and the EEBR doubles. The sensitivity analysis indicates the similarity and diversity of influence to EEBR between capacity-type and power-type energy storage systems. The former is that energy efficiency is the dominated factor for all three storage systems. The latter is that the difference of exergy benefit mode causes variety in other major factors. For energy-type storage system, like pumped storage and compressed air storage, the peak-to-valley price ratio is very sensitive in energy arbitrage. For power-type storage system, like flywheel storage, the mileage ratio is in leading position in auxiliary service benefit by mileage. In the three cases studied, the pumped storage has the best thermo-economy; the compressed air energy storage is the second, and the flywheel energy storage is the third. The main reason is that the pumped storage has the least non-exergy cost, and flywheel has the most.

Exergy Analysis of Adiabatic Liquid Air Energy Storage (A-LAES) System Based on Linde–Hampson Cycle

Efficiently storing energy on a large scale poses a major challenge and one that is growing in importance with the increasing share of renewables in the energy mix. The only options at present are either pumped hydro or compressed air storage. One novel alternative is to store energy using liquid air, but this technology is not yet fully mature and requires substantial research and development, including in-depth energy and exergy analysis. This paper presents an exergy analysis of the Adiabatic Liquid Air Energy Storage (A-LAES) system based on the Linde–Hampson cycle. The exergy analysis was carried out for four cases with different parameters, in particular the discharge pressure of the air at the inlet of the turbine (20, 40, 100, 150 bar). The results of the analysis show that the greatest exergy destruction can be observed in the air evaporator and in the Joule–Thompson valve. In the case of air evaporator, the destruction of exergy is greatest for the lowest discharge pressure, i.e., 20 bar, and reaches over 118 MWh/cycle. It decreases with increasing discharge pressure, down to approximately 24 MWh/cycle for 150 bar, which is caused by a decrease in the heat of vaporization of air. In the case of Joule–Thompson valve, the changes are reversed. The highest destruction of exergy is observed for the highest considered discharge pressure (150 bar) and amounts to over 183 MWh/cycle. It decreases as pressure is lowered to 57.5 MWh/cycle for 20 bar. The other components of the system do not show exergy destruction greater than approximately 50 MWh/cycle for all considered pressures. Specific liquefaction work of the system ranged from 0.189 kWh/kgLA to 0.295 kWh/kgLA and the efficiency from 44.61% to 55.18%.

Performance analysis of a novel hybrid solar photovoltaic - pumped-hydro and compressed-air storage system in different climatic zones

It has been proven that the future of energy demands for human society is related to renewable energy sources such as solar energy. However, the operation of solar energy systems is associated with some challenges, such as naturally uncertainty, instability, and intermittently at different hours of the day, which has caused problems with their widespread use. One of the most innovative ways to overcome these challenges is to use energy storage systems. The Pumped-Hydro and Compressed-Air (PHCA) system is a new energy storage system which can be coupled with power generation from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the performance of the PHCA system is coupled with power generation from photovoltaic (PV) system from the energy and exergy points of view. The proposed energy system is able to generate electricity and storing energy. The solar PV system absorbs solar energy and converts it to the electricity. This electrical energy is then fed to the pump of storage system. Then, the required energy is produced by the turbine of storage system when needed. To examine the energy system performance, two different scenarios are considered: the first determines the required number of solar PV panels for a constant capacity of the PHCA storage system. In the latter, the storage system volume is determined for a solar PV system with a capacity of 1 kW. To evaluate the energy system performance the climatic conditions of two different cities in the Middle East (Dubai and Yazd) are considered. The results of the scenario I revealed that, the required pump work, which must be supplied by solar PV system, is equal to 3.69 and 4.0 MJ/m3 for isentropic and isothermal processes, respectively. In such a context, the total efficiency of the energy system is equal to 63.75%. In addition, the total exergy destruction of energy system for isentropic process is 8.36% and 8.39% less than that isothermal process in Dubai and Yazd, respectively. From scenario II, it was fond that the storage system should have a fixed capacity of 7.79 and 7.19 m3 for isentropic and isothermal processes, respectively. Based on research findings engineers must establish the right balance between the storage system and the solar system according to the energy needs for storage, storage volume, storing water method, and hours of operating and geological requirements.

Stirling-powered solar dish collector with compressed air energy storage system

At present time, the SE applied to solar dish reflectors is not competitive compared to other concentrated solar power technologies because Stirling CSP equipment has complex and expensive engines and does not have a proper energy storage system. This paper introduces Stirling solar dish technology, proposes a layout of a simple SE with compressed air storage system, and examines the total performance of the equipment.

Atmospheric and Turbocharged Experimental Investigation of Heavy Vehicle Compressor Air Inlet Line

Reciprocating compressors, which come from the past to the present and whose development is parallel to internal combustion engine technolo-gies, find themselves a large share in this field in line with the innovative studies on it. The stored compressed air demanded in the heavy vehicle segment, where almost all diesel engines are used, is serviced for two main tasks such as brake and suspension system. Therefore, the engine to be used during the compressor selection; efficiency, performance and service maintenance period are very important while meeting the de-mands and what applications are used such as long-distance vehicle, construction site vehicle, transport vehicle, garbage truck, coach.In this paper, experimental studies were carried out on a Scania brand diesel vehicle by feeding the air brake compressor from the engine tur-bocharger intercooler with an improved interconnection and convention-al atmospheric feeding. Temperature and pressure values obtained via sensors from the data collection system, performance information ob-tained from the vehicle CAN module and exhaust emission measurement results measured by opacimeter for both cases are presented.

ANALYSIS OF MODERN DEVELOPMENTS OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS WITH THE SPECIFIC TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The article considers the characteristics of common composite materials. The following have been used for industrial use: carbon plastics – composites based on high-strength carbon fibers, organometallic plastics – allora, thermoplastics – polyester ether ketone and polyphenylene sulfide, fiberglass. By structure, composites are divided into several classes: fibrous, layered, dispersed, compacted and nanocomposites. The main advantage of any composite material is that it can be given the specific technical and technological characteristics. Due to changes in the composition, structure, size of reinforcing elements and technology of materials, the properties of composites can vary widely, from soft, plastic to hard, brittle. The strength of the material depends on the geometric characteristics of the fibers, the greater the ratio of length to diameter, the stronger it is. It is the size of the reinforcing elements that determines the direction of use of the composite, they affect the rheological and structural and mechanical properties of the material. The designed properties determine the reliability of the structure, which is important when using these materials in the development of military, aerospace equipment, weapons.The introduction of innovative technologies for the formation of products from composite materials has simplified the production process and obtained dimensional monolithic structures. This contributed to their introduction in the field of shipbuilding, in particular, in the construction and modernization of submarines, ships and boats. Composite materials, in addition to elements of superstructures and fairings of acoustic antennae, are used to make rudders, stabilizers, propellers, fragments of shaft lines, rocket shafts, fairings for lifting mast devices, compressed air storage tanks, constructions of separate ship warfare and technical means, etc.