Length Of Storage Research Articles

Lipid Oxidation and Colour Stability of Lamb and Yearling Meat (Muscle Longissimus Lumborum) from SheepSupplemented with Camelina-Based Diets after Short-,Medium-, and Long-Term Storage.

This study investigated the impact of feeding pelleted diets containing camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) hay (CAHP) or camelina meal (CAMP) as a supplement compared with a control pellet (CONP) diet, without vitamin E fortification. The fatty acid profile, retail colour, and lipid oxidative stability of lamb and yearling meat (m. longissimus lumborum) stored for short-, medium-, or long-periods (2 days (fresh), 45 days and 90 days) under chilled to semi-frozen conditions were determined. The CAMP diet altered key fatty acids (p < 0.05) in a nutritionally beneficial manner for human health compared to the other diets, with increased total omega-3, decreased omega-6 fatty acids and decreased omega-6/omega-3 ratio of muscle. Muscle vitamin E concentration was lower (p < 0.05) for both camelina diets (CAMP and CAHP) when compared with the CONP diet, with the average concentrations less than 1 mg/kg muscle for all three treatments. Animal type and storage length were factors that all affected (p < 0.05) colour and lipid oxidative stability of meat. These results emphasise the importance of vitamin E concentration in meat stored for extended periods under semi-frozen conditions to maintain desirable meat colour during retail display, and to avoid off-flavour development of the cooked meat.

Prediction of dairy powder functionality attributes using diffuse reflectance in the visible and near infrared (Vis-NIR) region

The potential of Vis-NIR for the non-invasive determination of physicochemical attributes of dairy powders was investigated for fast assessment of dairy powder quality. Three scanning techniques were compared for the collection of Vis-NIR data, including a portable, a benchtop and a hyperspectral imaging device. Models were developed with commercial dairy powders varying in batch, brand, type and length of storage and tested in a completely independent dataset. Moderate to good performance was achieved for tapped density, insolubility index, surface free fat, moisture content and bulk density (RP2: 0.65–0.88, 0.80–0.85, 0.77–0.87, 0.71–0.86 and 0.71–0.72, respectively). Analysis using variable of importance in projection and selectivity ratio show the uniqueness of each prediction model for the different physicochemical attributes. Three scanning techniques investigated present different opportunities for on-line implementation of this system.

Effect of Storage Temperature and Postharvest Tuber Treatment with Chemical and Biorational Inhibitors on Suppression of Sprouts During Potato Storage

Abstract Consumption of ware potatoes in the tropics may be enhanced by storage under conditions that inhibit sprouting, most important of which is the temperature. The effects of storage temperatures (10 °C and 23 °C) and two alternatives to the chlorpropham (CIPC): 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene (DMN) and peppermint oil (PMO), a biorational inhibitor, were evaluated for tuber sprout suppression at postharvest. Tubers of three cultivars – ‘Asante’, ‘Kenya Mpya’, and ‘Shangi’ – with different dormancy lengths were assessed. Storage temperatures and suppressant effects on tuber sprouting, sprout length and sprout numbers per tuber were investigated in replicated storage experiments. Significant differences in sprout inhibition were observed between the two temperatures with suppressive effects higher at 10 °C than in 23 °C. CIPC had the greatest suppressive effect on tuber sprout inhibition at both temperatures. After 24 weeks of storage, the suppressive effects of CIPC at 10 °C was 100% on the three cultivars, whereas all the nontreated tubers sprouted after six (‘Shangi’), twelve (‘Asante’), fourteen (‘Kenya Mpya’) weeks of storage. At 23 °C, the effectiveness of CIPC followed the dormancy period of the cultivars, with ‘Shangi’ recording significantly more sprouted tubers followed by ‘Asante’ and ‘Kenya Mpya’. The inhibition of sprouting by DMN and PMO varied with storage temperatures and cultivars, but were significantly greater than the nontreated tubers. At 10 °C, the effectiveness of DMN treatment was equal to that of CIPC for ‘Kenya Mpya’ resulting in 100% inhibition. In the PMO treatments, complete inhibition of sprouting was observed for 18 weeks on cultivars ‘Asante’, ‘Kenya Mpya’ and 14 weeks on ‘Shangi’. At 23 °C, PMO suppressed sprouts for 14 weeks on ‘Asante’ and ‘Kenya Mpya’ and on ‘Shangi’ for 8 weeks. Storage temperature effects on sprout length and numbers varied with inhibitor type and cultivar. These findings showed that in potato tuber storage, inhibitors can replace low temperature but to an extent depending on the cultivar dormancy character and storage length, thus enabling greater consumption of potatoes in tropical regions.

Storage characteristics, digestibility and nitrogen balance in west african dwarf sheep fed preserved elephant grass, caged layer waste and cassava peel diets during dry season

The storage characteristics, digestibility and nitrogen balance of three experimental diets consisting of elephant grass at 45, 40 and 35%, and caged layer waste at 25, 30 and 35 %, respectively with fixed quantity of cassava Deels and sawdust ash at 28 % und 2 %, respectively were assessed using West African Dwarf sheep. Result showed that there was a significant (P&lt;0.05) reduction in the nutrient composition of the feed in terms of DM, CP, ash, NFE, Pand K while the contents of EE, NDF, ADF, ADL, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn were not influenced (P&gt;0.015) by the length of storage. Apparent digestibility of DM, CP, ash and NDF was high but not significantly affected by the composition of the experimental diets. However, digestibilities of CF, ADF and ADL were significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in rams offered diets 1 and 2 than the rams fed diet 3. Nitrogen balance in the rams fed the experimental diets was high (69.04 to 74.90% of intake) but similar (P&gt;0.05) among the treatments. It was concluded that the experimental diets have good potentials for dry season feeding of small ruminants.

High-moisture corn grain silage inoculated with Propionibacterium acidipropionici and Lactobacillus plantarum in different storage times

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, growth of microorganisms, and the aerobic stability of high-moisture corn grain silage inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum + Propionibacterium acidipropionici. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement with four replications (50 experimental units) and the treatments were: use or not of microbial inoculant (2 x 105 colony forming unit (CFU) g-1 Lactobacillus plantarum + Propionibacterium acidipropionici) and the storage length for 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14 d. Aerobic stability of silage was evaluated at 28 and 56 d of storage length. The lactic acid bacteria population was influenced by storage length and the greatest values were estimated at 8 d of storage length. Regardless of inoculant application, no enterobacteria were present from 3 d post-ensiling. With respect to mold growth, an interaction between inoculant and storage length was observed wherein molds were most abundant after 3 d of storage in silage that received inoculant. However, at 14 d of storage the use of bacterial inoculant reduced the occurrence of molds. pH values obtained after 3 d of ensiling were less than 4.0 for all the treatments. The high-moisture corn grain silage possessed good fermentative quality. Further, adequate pH values were achieved from the third day of ensilage and were not influenced by the presence of bacterial inoculant.

Long-Term Cryopreservation Does Not Affect Quality of Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Grafts: A Comparative Study of Native, Short-Term and Long-Term Cryopreserved Haematopoietic Stem Cells

Cryopreserved haematopoietic progenitor cells are used to restore autologous haematopoiesis after high dose chemotherapy. Although the cells are routinely stored for a long period, concerns remain about the maximum storage time and the possible negative effect of storage on their potency. We evaluated the effect of cryopreservation on the quality of peripheral stem cell grafts stored for a short (3 months) and a long (10 years) period and we compared it to native products.The viability of CD34+ cells remained unaffected during storage, the apoptotic cells were represented up to 10% and did not differ between groups. The clonogenic activity measured by ATP production has decreased with the length of storage (ATP/cell 1.28 nM in native vs. 0.63 in long term stored products, P < 0.05). Only borderline changes without statistical significance were detected when examining mitochondrial and aldehyde dehydrogenase metabolic activity and intracellular pH, showing their good preservation during cell storage. Our experience demonstrates that cryostorage has no major negative effect on stem cell quality and potency, and therefore autologous stem cells can be stored safely for an extended period of at least 10 years. On the other hand, long term storage for 10 years and longer may lead to mild reduction of clonogenic capacity. When a sufficient dose of stem cells is infused, these changes will not have a clinical impact. However, in products stored beyond 10 years, especially when a low number of CD34+ cells is available, the quality of stem cell graft should be verified before infusion using the appropriate potency assays.

Comparative studies on the yield of some herbaceous legumes and effects of storage on the quality of their pellets

Dry matter yield of herbaceous legumes and effects of storage length of their pellets on the chemical composition were investigated. A two phased field and laboratory experiment were conducted. In the first experiment, the yield of the forage legumes using a 5 x 2 factorial experiment consisting of five herbaceous legumes (Lablab purpureus, Mucuna pruriens, Centrosema molle, Centrosema pascorum and Calopogonium mucunoides) and two harvesting ages (6 and 12 weeks after sowing) laid out in a split-plot design was determined. The second experiment was the selection of herbaceous legumes with higher yields from Experiment 1 using a 3 x 4 factorial experiment consisting of the three herbaceous legumes (L. purpureus, C. mucunoides and M. pruriens) used to make pellets and four storage lengths (0 i.e. fresh, 30, 60 and 90 days). Treatments in both experiments were replicated three times. Results showed that legumes harvested 12 weeks after sowing (WAS) had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher dry matter yield (2.73 t ha-1) than legumes at 6 WAS, while Lablab purpureus1 produced the highest (P &lt; 0.05) dry matter yield (2.94 t ha ) of the legumes evaluated.. The physical characteristics of the herbaceous legumes pellets such as colour, odour and moldiness at different storage length showed that they were between fair and good pellets. The L. purpureus and M. pruriens had higher (P &lt; 0.05) CP content than C. mucunoides. Differences in the CP content of pellets with the storage lengths employed was not significant (P &gt; 0.05). Higher oxalate, phytate and saponin contents were found in mucunoides pellets than in other legumes pellets while the tannin content was in the order of M. pruriens (43.63 mg kg-1) &gt; L. purpureus (26.00 mg kg-1) &gt; C. mucunoides (20.31 mg kg-1). In conclusion, increasing age at harvest increased the yield of the legumes, while increasing storage duration decreased the CP content but increased the NDF, ADF and saponin content of the pellets.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK DAUN KELOR (Moringa oleifera Lamk) TERHADAP KUALITAS MIKROBIOLOGI DAN ORGANOLEPTIK DAGING SAPI

Beef is one type of meat that is quite popular with almost all Indonesian people, especially in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Storage of beef at room temperature and open space can accelerate the occurrence of decay in meat. This is because the complete nutritional content and high water content in meat can be a good medium for the growth of pathogenic bacteria or spoilage bacteria. One of the efforts that can be done to prevent meat rot is to do a natural preservative method by utilizing plant parts that contain antimicrobial compounds. Moringa leaves are one part of the plant which is known to have antimicrobial compounds. This study aims to determine the effect of Moringa oleifera Lamk leaf extract on the microbiological and organoleptic quality of beef. This research is an experimental laboratory research. A total of 48 thigh beef (Biceps femoris) beef samples were tested in this study using a completely randomized factorial pattern design, namely concentration factors of 0% (K0), 5% (K1), 10% (K2), and 15% (K3) extract Moringa leaf and long storage factor at room temperature are 0 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 18 hours and repeated three times. The parameters tested were color quality, texture, aroma, initial decay test, pH test, and total plate count (TPC) test. The results showed changes in the color, aroma, and texture of the meat. The Eber test shows the K3 group can last up to 18 hours. There was a very significant difference between the concentration of Moringa leaf extract on the length of storage of meat and the pH value of meat (P&lt;0,01). Moringa leaf extract concentration factors and meat storage duration significantly influence the TPC value (P&lt;0,01). The TPC value in the K3 group is below the SNI contamination limit for storage room temperature less than 18 hours.

Stability of synthetic cathinones in clinical and forensic toxicological analysis—Where are we now?

Understanding the stability of analyzed drugs in biological samples is a crucial part for an appropriate interpretation of the analytical findings. Synthetic cathinones, as psychoactive stimulants, belong to a major class of new psychoactive substances. As they are subject to several degradation pathways, they are known to clinical and forensic toxicologists as unstable analytes in biological samples. When interpreting analytical data of synthetic cathinones in biological samples, analysts must be aware that the concentration of analytes may not accurately reflect the levels at the time they were acquired owing to many factors. This review provides (i) an overview of the current scientific knowledge on the stability of synthetic cathinones and/or metabolites in various human biological samples with a focus on factors that may deteriorate their stability-such as storage temperature, length of storage, matrix, pH, type of preservatives, concentration of analytes, and the chemistry of the analytes-and (ii) possible solutions on how to avoid such degradation. The PubMed database as well as Google Scholar was thoroughly searched to find published studies on the stability of synthetic cathinones since 2007 by searching specific keywords. A total of 23 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Synthetic cathinones that carry methylenedioxy or N-pyrrolidine ring showed higher degradation resistance over other substituted groups. Acidification of samples pH plays a crucial role at increasing the stability of cathinones even with analytes that were frequently considered as poorly stable. This review also provides several recommendations for best practice in planning the experimental design, preservation, and storage conditions in order to minimize synthetic cathinones' degradation in human biological samples.

Penambahan alfa-tokoferol dalam pengencer susu skim - kuning telur terhadap kualitas spermatozoa domba Sapudi yang disimpan pada suhu 5°C

Spermatozoa in fresh semen of Sapudi ram has a limited life span. The storage of semen in cold temperatures (5 °C) is intended to prolong the spermatozoa's life. However, storage in cold temperatures can lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This condition reduces the quality of spermatozoa. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of alphatocopherol supplementation in skim milk-egg yolk extender on viability, motility, and plasma membrane integrity of Sapudi ram spermatozoa. Fresh semen derived from Sapudi ram was divided into four treatment groups. Control treatment (P0): semen was added in the extender of skim milkegg yolk without alpha-tocopherol. Three other treatments: P1, P2, and P3 semen were added in skim milk-egg yolk extender with the supplementation of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 gram alpha-tocopherol/ 100 mL extender, respectively. The results showed that the viability, motility, and integrity of the spermatozoa plasma membrane decreased gradually according to the storage length. Supplementation of skim milk-egg yolk extender with 0.5 gram of alpha-tocopherol/100 mL (P2) was able to maintain spermatozoa quality longer (p &lt;0.05) than the control group. It can be concluded that alpha-tocopherol with a concentration of 0.5 g/100 mL of skim milk-egg yolk extender effectively maintains the quality of Sapudi ram spermatozoa in storage at 5 ° C.

In active filing management for preparation of use from legal aspects in general hospital Dr. H. Soewondo Kendal 2020

Management of inactive medical record document storage in accordance with the provisions of the Archival Law number 43 of 2009 Article 48 is an active archive that is stored for 2 years and the archive is inactive for 5 years, destruction of files outside of the procedure is an inappropriate act. Inactive medical record document sorting for general disease groups in dr. H. Soewondo Kendal experienced a file loss of 4.41%, the default file was miss 0%. This study aims to analyze the management of inactive medical record documents for the preparation of legal use values. This type of research is qualitative research with a cross-sectional approach through observation and interviews. The results showed that the arrangement of inactive medical record documents was grouped by type of disease according to the archive retention schedule so that they could be easily and quickly tracked and retrieved. While the archive retention schedule per disease group is to determine the length of storage so that the standard procedure for organizing medical record documents that are not actively reviewed is legally useful. Management of inactive medical record documents needs to be supported by resources in the form of standard structuring procedures in addition to archive retention schedules. This procedure should be set forth in the input, process and output standards as a guideline for filing officers. Technical guidance is needed so that the archivist's understanding of inactive file management is uniform, so as to reduce the incidence of misfiles.

Effects of processing, moisture, and storage length on the fermentation profile, particle size, and ruminal disappearance of reconstituted corn grain.

Our objective was to examine the effects of processing, moisture, and anaerobic storage length of reconstituted corn grain (RCG) on the fermentation profile, geometric mean particle size (GMPS), and ruminal dry matter disappearance (DMD). Dry corn kernels were ground (hammer mill, 5-mm screen) or rolled, then rehydrated to 30%, 35%, or 40% moisture, and stored for 0, 14, 30, 60, 90, 120, or 180 d in laboratory silos. Rolled corn had an increased GMPS compared with ground corn (2.24 and 1.13 mm, respectively, at ensiling). However, there was a trend for an interaction between processing and moisture concentration to affect particle size, with GMPS increasing with increased moisture concentration, especially in ground corn. Longer storage periods also slightly increased GMPS. Processing, moisture, and storage length interacted to affect the fermentation pattern (two- or three-way interactions). Overall, pH decreased, whereas lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and NH3-N increased with storage length. RCG with 30% moisture had less lactic acid than corn with 35% and 40% moisture, indicating that fermentation might have been curtailed and also due to the clostridial fermentation that converts lactic acid to butyric acid. Ensiling reconstituted ground corn with 30% of moisture led to greater concentrations of ethanol and butyric acid, resulting in greater DM loss than grain rehydrated to 35% or 40% of moisture. Ammonia-N and in situ ruminal DMD were highest for reconstituted ground corn with 35% or 40% of moisture, mainly after 60 d of storage. Therefore, longer storage periods and greater moisture contents did not offset the negative effect of greater particle size on the in situ ruminal DMD of rolled RCG. Nonetheless, RCG should be ensiled with more than 30% moisture and stored for at least 2 mo to improve the ruminal DMD and reduce the formation of ethanol and butyric acid.

Influence of hybrid, moisture, and length of storage on the fermentation profile and starch digestibility of corn grain silages

The ensiling process, as well as the hybrid type and moisture content of corn grains, can affect the fermentation profile and nutrient digestibility of grain silages. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of hybrid type, grain moisture content at harvest, and length of storage on the fermentation profile, DM digestibility (DMD), and starch digestibility (StarchD) of corn grain silages. We evaluated corn grains harvested at three moisture contents: at approximately 500 g/kg DM (500DM); high-moisture corn at approximately 700 g/kg DM (HMC); and dry grain at approximately 800 g/kg DM, reconstituted to approximately 700 g/kg DM (RC). At RC and HMC, the flint hybrid had an average of 24 % higher (P < 0.05) zein content than that of the soft hybrid prior to ensiling, but after 7 d of ensiling, there were no differences in zein content between hybrids. The StarchD at 12 h and 24 h was negatively correlated with the zein content (P < 0.01, R² = - 0.84 and R² = - 0.87, respectively) and positively correlated with the concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen (P < 0.01, R² = 0.81 and R² = 0.77, respectively) and SP (P < 0.01, R² = 0.88 and R² = 0.80, respectively). After 60 d of ensiling, the DMD and StarchD at 24 h were similar for all silages, independent of the hybrid type or moisture content. After 7 d of ensiling, the RC silages had a higher (P < 0.05) pH (4.90 vs. 4.24), ethanol content (9.29 vs. 5.29 g/kg DM), and 2,3-butanediol content (8656.71 vs. 782.76 mg/kg DM) than those of the HMC silages. After 21 d of ensiling, the RC silages had a higher (P < 0.05) DM losses (58.3 vs. 21.4 g/kg) and acetone content (78.11 vs. 4.60 mg/kg DM) than those of the HMC silages. After 60 d of ensiling, the RC silages had a higher (P < 0.05) butyric acid content (1355.48 vs. 7.98 mg/kg DM) than that of the HMC silages. In conclusion, ensiling HMC and RC for 60 d reduced the negative effects of high vitreousness on the DMD and StarchD due to the proteolysis of the prolamin matrix.

Evaluation of Storage Length to Blood Component Platelet Concentrate Quality in the Blood Bank, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia

Evaluation of Storage Length to Blood Component Platelet Concentrate Quality in the Blood Bank, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia

Sanitizer efficacy in reducing microbial load on commercially grown hydroponic lettuce.

Most hydroponic lettuce growers harvest and package their marketable-size lettuces with an intact root ball. With a high microbial load on the peat moss substrate, there is a risk of microbial transfer onto the edible portion during packaging and throughout the product's shelf life. Since the produce is believed to have no contact with the substrate, no sanitizer wash is performed before packaging and storage. Aerobic plate count (APC) results suggested that reduction in count was influenced by both sanitizer application and storage time. Peroxyacetic acid significantly reduced APC count on leaves, roots, and substrate, with a 1.8 log CFU g-1 initial reduction on the leaf. Fungi and APC levels increased with storage time, with the greatest APC increase in the roots. Leaves had the lowest coliform bacteria (CB), with chlorine slightly reducing CB count. Unlike APC, CB levels decreased during storage on the substrate and root samples. No Listeria positive was confirmed by agglutination test. Further evaluation of different commercial substrates reveals that Com4, a drier-compacted plug, had the least ability to support growth/survival of all microbial populations enumerated relative to the spongy, wet black plugs. The ability of peat moss substrates to host microorganisms is influenced by the physical properties of the product. Sanitizer wash efficacy is dependent on the initial microbial load and the length of storage. Chlorine and peroxyacetic acid are effective in reducing microbial populations on the leaves of hydroponically grown lettuce without affecting visual quality during shelf life. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Perubahan Bilangan Peroksida pada Blending VCO-Ekstrak Likopen Buah Tomat Berdasarkan Perbandingan Rasio dan Lama Penyimpanan

Utilizing of lycopene extract in VCO has serve as antioxidant agent that protected VCO from oxidation process during storage. Belnding of VCO and tomato lycopene extract has been done that purpose to determine changes in peroxide number in the mixture of VCO-lycopene extract tomatoes based on comparison of ratios and length of storage. Peroxide contents from the mixture of tomato extract with VCO were determined using a spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 500 nm. The results showed that the best results were obtained at a ratio of 40: 3 (v/w) with peroxide numbers 0.08 meq O2/ kg, 1.38 meq O2/ kg, 1.84 meq O2/ kg, 3.21 meq O2/ kg, 3.46 meq O2/ kg and 3.83 meq O2/ kg respectively. Peroxide numbers increased with increasing storage time, the highest increase occurred at week 3 at a ratio of 40: 1 (v/w) which was equal to 9.62 meq O2/ kg. The addition of lycopene was better at reducing the VCO oxidation process than without the addition of lycopene.&#x0D; Keywords: peroxide value, VCO, lycopene, duration of storage, ratio comparison

Volume-dependent effect of stored red blood cells: A secondary analysis of the Age of Blood Evaluation trial.

An increased risk of complications, including death, has been associated with stored red blood cell (RBC) units in observational studies but not in randomized trials. We aimed to evaluate for volume-dependent effects attributable to length of RBC storage in a secondary analysis of the Age of Blood Evaluation (ABLE) trial. In the 2510 critically ill adults from the ABLE trial randomized to receive RBC units stored not more than 7 days or the oldest compatible RBC units, we estimated the hazard ratio (HR) for death by intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital discharge and by days 28, 90, and 180, within subgroups defined by the number of RBC units received. Extended Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model the HR. A volume-dependent effect of storage age on survival was present for death by 90 and 180 days, but not earlier endpoints. The HR for death by 90 days was 0.55 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11-0.98, fresh vs standard) after transfusion of 6 RBC units but 1.45 (95% CI, 1.06-1.98) after transfusion of 1 RBC unit. In this exploratory analysis, volume-dependent effects related to RBC storage were documented in the ABLE trial. The harms associated with small volumes of fresh RBC units and large volumes of older RBC units should be further explored.

Effect of gamma irradiation and subsequent cold storage on the development and predatory potential of seven spotted ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus (Coleoptera; Coccinellidae) larvae

Seven spot ladybird beetle, (Coccinella septempunctata) is a widely distributed natural enemy of soft-bodied insect pests especially aphids worldwide. Both the adult and larvae of this coccinellid beetle are voracious feeders and serve as a commercially available biological control agent around the globe. Different techniques are adopted to enhance the mass rearing and storage of this natural enemy by taking advantage of its natural ability to withstand under extremely low temperatures and entering diapause under unfavorable low temperature conditions. The key objective of this study was to develop a cost effective technique for enhancing the storage life and predatory potential of the larvae of C. septempunctata through cold storage in conjunction with the use of nuclear techniques, gamma radiations. Results showed that the host eating potential of larvae was enhanced as the cold storage duration was increased. Gamma irradiation further enhanced the feeding potential of larvae that were kept under cold storage. Different irradiation doses also affected the development time of C. septempuntata larvae significantly. Without cold storage, the lower radiation doses (10 and 25 GY) prolonged the developmental time as compared to un-irradiated larvae. Furthermore, the higher dose of radiation (50GY) increased the developmental time after removal from cold storage. This study first time paves the way to use radiation in conjunction with cold storage as an effective technique in implementation of different biological control approaches as a part of any IPM programs

Genomic Stability for PCR Detection of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus and Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Poultry Dust Samples Stored Under Different Conditions.

Dust collected from the poultry house has been increasingly used as a population-level sample to monitor the presence of pathogens or to evaluate the administration of live vaccines. However, there are no guidelines for the storage of this sample type. This study investigated the stability of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), a DNA virus, and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), an RNA virus, in poultry dust kept under temperature and moisture conditions that mimic on-farm and laboratory storage. Dust samples were collected from chicks spray vaccinated with a live IBV vaccine and inoculated with a field ILTV strain via eye drop. Samples were stored under different moisture conditions (dry = 2% moisture, moist = 22%-71% moisture) and temperatures (-20, 4, 25, and 37 C) for different durations (0, 7, and 14 days, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 mo) in a factorial arrangement, followed by quantitative PCR for detection of virus genome copies (GC). The length of storage, moisture level, and storage temperature affected the viral genome load for ILTV and IBV but did not affect the number of positive samples for each virus. All treatment combinations were ILTV positive for at least 4 mo. In dry dust samples, all storage temperatures or durations had quantifiable ILTV or IBV GC. Moisture addition had a detrimental effect on viral genome load, causing an overall reduction of 0.3 log 10 for ILTV GC (7.29 and 6.97 log 10, P = 0.0001), and 1.3 log 10 for IBV GC (5.95 and 4.66 log 10, P = 0.0001), which are unlikely to have biologic significance. In conclusion, dry dust can be stored at any temperature up to 37 C for at least 4 mo without loss in qPCR detection of ILTV or IBV GC. Collection or storage of moist dust should be avoided, or air drying prior to storage is recommended if only moist dust is available.

Washed red cells: theory and practice.

Washing of red cells is sometimes performed to reduce allergic reactions due to contaminating plasma proteins or to reduce the concentration of potassium accumulating in the supernatant of red cells during storage as an alternative to transfusion of fresher red cells in patients at risk of hyperkalaemia. There are a variety of methods for washing red cells, and the laboratory data suggest that variables such as age of red cell before washing, washing method and solution, storage medium and length of storage time after washing can all effect the final red cell quality. Studies suggest that washing removes 90-95% plasma, but the proportion of units below 0·05mg/dl IgA (equivalent to IgA deficient) is variable dependent upon methods used. Although potassium levels are reduced immediately following washing, the rate of leakage following subsequent storage is method-dependent, requiring careful consideration of shelf life if potassium reduction is the goal. Other markers of red cell quality such as haemolysis are negatively impacted by washing so a reduced shelf life compared to standard red cells is appropriate, especially following irradiation. Data from animal models and clinical studies on possible additional benefits of washing, such as reduced lung or kidney injury, are mixed, ranging from some benefit to some harm, and further studies are warranted.