Stop Time Research Articles

Shortcut Model for Batch Preferential Crystallization Coupled with Racemization for Conglomerate-Forming Chiral Systems.

Kinetically controlled preferential crystallization (PC) is a well-established elegant concept to separate mixtures of enantiomers of conglomerate-forming systems. Based on a smaller number of laboratory investigations, the key parameters of an available shortcut model (SCM) can be estimated, allowing for a rapid and reliable process design. This paper addresses a severe limitation of the method, namely, the limitation of the yield to 50%. In order to exploit the valuable counter enantiomer, the crystallization process is studied, coupled with a racemization reaction and a recycling step. It will be shown that the process integration can be performed in various ways. To quantify the different options in a unified manner and to provide a more general design concept, the SCM of PC is extended to include a kinetic model for the enzymatically catalyzed reaction. For illustration, model parameters are used, which characterize the resolution of the enantiomers of asparagine monohydrate and the racemization rate using an amino acid racemase. The theoretical study highlights the importance of exploiting the best stop time for batch operations in order to achieve the highest process productivity.

Synthesis of Driving Cycles Based on Low-Sampling-Rate Vehicle-Tracking Data and Markov Chain Methodology

The authors of this paper propose a Markov-chain-based method for the synthesis of naturalistic, high-sampling-rate driving cycles based on the route segment statistics extracted from low-sampling-rate vehicle-tracking data. In the considered case of a city bus transport system, the route segments correspond to sections between two consecutive bus stations. The route segment statistics include segment lengths and maps of average velocity, station stop time, and station-stopping probability, all given along the day on an hourly basis. In the process of driving cycle synthesis, the transition probability matrix is built up based on the high-sampling-rate driving cycles purposely recorded in a separate reference city. The particular emphasis of the synthesis process is on satisfying the route segment velocity and acceleration boundary conditions, which may be equal to or greater than zero depending on whether a bus stops or passes a station. This enables concatenating the synthesized consecutive micro-cycles into the full-trip driving cycle. The synthesis method was validated through an extensive statistical analysis of generated driving cycles, including computational efficiency aspects.

Otomotiv Endüstrisinde Kullanılan Derin Çekme Kalıplarında Yeni Bir Optimizasyon Yaklaşımı

Drawing die complexity is higher than conventional stamping operations, nowadays. It needs to decrease stamping die operation numbers for a part to reduce project budget consumption. Therefore, frequency of tearing, thinning, crack occurrence increase while this amendment. Force, blank cutting, blank location on the drawing die and process optimization were investigated to decrease tearing, thinning and crack occurrence in Transit bodyside inner panels which have over 110 mm. deep drawing process. Formability was improved at the end of this study. Thus production scrap, stoppage time of stamping line were decreased over 90%. This study was conducted at Ford Otosan.

Services Performance Analysis for Online Transportation and Public Transportation in Kupang City

This study intends to determine the service performance of online transportation and public minibus transportation in Kupang city, using the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method. From the research results, there are several variables related to the performance of online transportation that falls into the "low priority" category, namely the availability of light fire extinguishers, cleanliness facilities, and affordability of the price. As for public minibus, there are several variables that fall into the "top priority" category, namely the identity of the driver and the behavior of the driver and vehicle crew. Some variables fall into the “low priority†category, namely safety equipment, health facilities and stop times at the terminals.

CXCR4 promotes the stop signal and degranulation of cytotoxic T cells infiltrating influenza-infected lungs

Abstract Cytotoxic T cells can promote protective immunity or exacerbate lung damage during influenza infections. Fine-tuning the functional activity of cytotoxic T cells in situ within influenza-infected lungs is a potential strategy to balance immunity and immunopathology. Using a murine model of influenza, we found that CXCR4 expression strongly correlated with cytotoxic T cell degranulation and that inhibition of CXCR4 reduced the degranulation of cytotoxic T cells in vitro and in vivo. Live tissue imaging revealed that influenza-specific T cells had prolonged dwell times when they were in regions with high levels of influenza antigen. Inhibition of CXCR4 led to increased T cell speed and decreased stop times in influenza-high areas. Moreover, inhibition of CXCR4 expedited the recovery of flu-infected mice. These data identify CXCR4 as a positive regulator of the stop-signal in lung-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and suggest that targeting this pathway could enhance recovery from influenza-induced weight loss.

Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of topical tranexamic acid, epinephrine, and lidocaine in stopping bleeding in non-traumatic epistaxis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study.

Nasal packing is used to stop bleeding in cases of epistaxis. Different topical drugs are preferred to these packs in the emergency department. In this study, we aimed to compare the efficacy of lidocaine, epinephrine and tranexamic acid (TXA) in stopping bleeding in patients with epistaxis. Patients with non-traumatic epistaxis were evaluated in three treatment groups as topical lidocaine, epinephrine, and TXA. These treatments were applied prospectively in a double-blind manner and randomized manner. The bleeding stop times of the patients were recorded with bleeding time parameters. A total of 108 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 55.7±17.7 years. When the bleeding stop times were compared between the groups, there was no statistically significant difference (lidocaine vs. epinephrine, p=0.870; lidocaine vs. TXA, p=0.502; and epinephrine vs. TXA, p=0.242). The systolic blood pressure value statistically significantly differed between the lidocaine and epinephrine groups (p=0.034) and between the epinephrine and TXA groups (p=0.003). There was also a statistically significant difference between the diastolic blood pressure values of the epinephrine and TXA groups (p=0.020). We found that nasal packing with lidocaine, epinephrine and TXA was not superior to each other in terms of stopping bleeding time.

A Reconsideration of the Word, Image, and Event of Frozenism: A Correlation Study for the Meaning of the Ice and Frozen Image

This Frozenism project was started to explore a new visual language, which evolved into the big idea of the meaning of the properties of frozen through ice. The concept of Frozenism has developed into ‘a conceptual approach that can be interpreted in various ways’ by combining words with various meanings and has been expanded to combine with various images and events. After creating a frozen typeface with different ice shapes, a new visual language was developed by combining various ice shapes, words, and images. Many social issues, words, images, and events related to ‘environment and war’, which are closely related to ‘life and death’, were selected and combined with ice to deliver various meanings and messages to viewers. In Frozenism, the ice expands, shatters, and creates new meanings for words, images, and events. Paper cutout letters, images, and objects are frozen within small and large ice blocks. The image of ice reflects three different aspects of the word: protection (to keep, to preserve), stillness (to lock, to hold), and death (to stop). The ice and the act of freezing externalize the concept of preserving a fragment, holding an event, and stopping a moment in time. When a word, image or event is isolated in ice, it requires a different approach from the viewer: a reconsideration of the word, image, and event. As a result, the poetic visuals of Frozenism struggle to extend, create, and even stop time. The conceptual words, images, and events in ice encourage viewers to minutely analyze the world they live in and the effects they have on the surrounding environment and society.

Determining Optimal Release and Testing Stop Time of a Software Using Discrete Approach

In the last 20 years researcher’s proposed to determine the optimal release and testing termination time considering the calendar time or continuous approach. However, it has been shown in the literature that it is better to develop the model by considering the number of test cases executed to remove faults. This is possible by using the discrete modelling approach developed in the software reliability literature. In the existing discrete software reliability literature, no work has been done in the direction of separating the release and testing termination time. In this work, we have developed a discrete framework to determine the optimal release and testing termination time under budgetary constraints. The numerical illustration suggests that it is better to release the software after executing a lesser number of testing periods. Also, the total cost in the proposed strategy is significantly less as compared to the existing discrete release time literature.

Optimization of urban rail transit station spacing for minimizing passenger travel time

Urban rail transit, regarded as the backbone of urban public transportation, can effectively solve the problems of urban traffic congestion and automobile exhaust pollution. However, due to improper planning, unreasonable station location often appears, which seriously affects the service access and mobility of rail transit. In order to improve the station spacing and passenger transport efficiency, a calculation model of station spacing for minimizing passenger travel time was established. In order to enhance the adaptability of the model in different cities, the grid road network and radial road network are considered when establishing the model. The results show that the station spacing is related to the passenger access/egress speed, the passenger travel distance, the maximum train running speed, the train stop time and the train acceleration. The influence of these parameters on the station spacing is obtained through the control variate method, and there are indeed obvious differences under different road network conditions. The research results can provide theoretical reference for station planning of new lines. Since the station spacing of the operated lines cannot be changed, this study can provide reference for skip-stop operation.

Design of a Falling Ball Speed Measuring Instrument in Viscosity Experiment Using Arduino UNO ATmega

Viscosity experiments in universities generally use falling ball method with manual observations. Measuring travel time of iron ball from one point to another manually using a stopwatch can cause a large error. This problem can be solved by designing a digital falling ball viscometer using infrared and photodiode configured with Arduino. Infrared and photodiode pairs are placed in the top and bottom glass tubes to detect the movement of iron ball so that it produces a change in voltage. This voltage change is used to mark start and stop times in time measurement. The time measurement obtained is then used to calculate speed of the ball through the formula for distance between sensors divided by time. Data obtained is then entered into viscosity formula of falling ball method to obtain viscosity value of fluid (oil). The digital falling ball viscometer is accurate when error obtained is less than 5%. The results obtained are the error of the digital viscometer measurement results are better than the error of the manual viscometer. The highest error obtained from the digital viscometer is 4%, while the lowest is 1%. This indicates that the digital falling ball viscometer has a high enough accuracy so that data obtained is in accordance with the reference and can be used as a viscosity experiment tool using falling ball method.

Objective assessment of laparoscopic targeting skills using a Short-Time Power of Difference (STPOD) method

PurposeTo ensure that the use of surgical training tools results in improvement of surgical skills, it is necessary to be able to measure and assess surgeons’ skills. We established the Short-Time Power of Difference (STPOD) method as an evaluation tool for evaluating targeting technique. The STPOD method evaluates the distance from the actual movement of the forceps to the shortest linear path between two points in a short time period. We examined the effectiveness of the STPOD method as a new forceps kinematic analysis.MethodsSix residents were categorized as novices and six urologists as experts. All participants performed box trainer training and LapPASS® Simulator training. During the procedure, objective scores (time, distance, and STPOD) were recorded. STPOD (Power) evaluated motion smoothness and STPOD (Stop) evaluated the stop time of the forceps.ResultsSTPOD (Stop) on the right side of the experts was significantly lower than that of the novices in the box trainer. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the distances of left side and STPOD (Power) between the experts and the novices in the simulator. In the correlation of parameters between the box trainer and the simulator, time showed the strongest correlation, STPOD (Power) and distance showed a mild correlation.ConclusionWe showed the construct validity of STPOD (Power) and STPOD (Stop) using both the box trainer and the simulator. This method is a good evaluation tool for assessing a physician’s skill; however, there are much more complex motions that are performed in actual surgery. Future studies are needed to focus on evaluation in an environment closer to actual surgery and comparing with other existing methods.

The Enchanting Swab Cleaner

Abstract: Cleaning residences and the environment has become more difficult due to today's hectic routine. There are cleaners in the market now that demand humans to bend and remove spots from the floor by sprinkling their liquid to clean it. As a result, there is a pressing need to implement a cleaner that is as efficient as possible. This project has used a cost-effective way for cleaning the desired region. Hazardous locations can be cleaned using this cleanser, reducing human risks. This is accomplished by incorporating a new concept into an existing one. A pipe is attached to the lip of the bottle by the cleaner's design. Which of the following will be Which will be aided by the motor at the end of the pipe, which will pressurise the liquid and sprinkle it where it is needed. When used with a detergent cleaner, the microfiber method removed more bacteria than cotton string mops. The addition of a disinfectant had no effect on the microfibre system's germ removal. When a cotton string mop was employed, however, the use of disinfectant greatly improved germ elimination (95 percent vs 68 percent , respectively). When compared to a traditional view system, the testing results utilising a scale model show that the proposed view system can reduce work time, stoppage time, and help operators swap views more frequently and relieve their concentration from a single view. These findings imply that the proposed view system has the potential to improve productivity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the upper limb's musculoskeletal risk variables (repetitions, posture, and forces) during domestic floor mopping duties.

A bidirectional quasi-moving block cellular automaton model for single-track railways

In this paper, a bidirectional quasi-moving block cellular automaton model for single-track railways is proposed to simulate the impact of quasi-moving block on the passing capacity of single track railway. The rules of train departure, meeting, entering the station and running in the section are formulated and the Naqu–Lhasa section of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway is taken as an example for simulation. The results show that, under the quasi moving block, with the changes of the mixed ratio and stop time of freight train, the passing capacity is improved compared with the currently adopted automatic inter-station block. Besides, it is found that the passing capacity is the largest under equal station spacing conditions, indicating that the distance between stations should be minimized in the preliminary line design.

Application of Spearman’s Method for the Analysis of the Causes of Long-Term Post-Failure Downtime of City Buses

The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the categories of bus downtime caused by the necessity of their repair on the availability indicator. A retrospective study covering 12 years of bus operation was carried using the selected municipal transport company as an example. The share of the selected categories of downtime in the total time of vehicle downtime was analyzed. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used for the analysis. The research covered seven makes and types of buses and six categories of downtime. A ranking of the downtime categories was developed according to the criterion of the statistical dispersion of stoppage time as a measure of their unpredictability. It was shown that categorized unavailability was strongly dependent on the rank of downtime and loosely dependent on the age of buses. In practical applications, the test results may be useful in improving the fleet maintenance processes, selecting the make of new buses or development of models for safety margin availability.

DETERMINATION OF TENSION FOR ARAMID AND CARBON YARNS WHILE WEAVING INDUSTRIAL FABRICS

Resulting from researches conducted to determine tension for para-aramid, meta-aramid, and carbon multifilament yarns during their contact with the operative parts of the weaving looms as part of the industrial fabrics formation process, we have found out that in threading areas the tension is increasing driven by variation of values of the friction forces in the contact area. It has been proven that tension degree of para-aramid, meta-aramid, and carbon multifilament yarns before industrial fabric formation area is influenced by (1) tension before cylindrical guide surface of an operative part, (2) radius of the cylindrical guide surface curve of the operative part, (3) contact angle between yarns and cylindrical guide surface of an operative part, (4) mechanical, physical and structural properties of para-aramid, metaaramid, and carbon multifilament yarns. It allowed (yet at the initial stage of design of technological process of industrial fabric formation) to determine para-aramid, meta-aramid, and carbon multifilament yarns tension before formation area depending on (1) form of threading line for yarns at the weaving loom, (2) mechanical, physical and structural properties of para-aramid, meta-aramid, and carbon multifilament yarns and industrial fabrics. The paper contains experimental research of interaction of para-aramid, metaaramid, and carbon multifilament yarns and cylindrical guide surfaces of the operative parts of automatic weaving looms. Based on experimental researches regression dependencies have been obtained between para-aramid, meta-aramid, and carbon multifilament yarns tension value after cylindrical guide surfaces of the operative part and (1) tension before cylindrical guide surface of the operative part, (2) radius of the cylindrical guide surface curve of the operative part, (3) contact angle between yarns and cylindrical guide surface of the operative part. Consecutive application of these regression dependencies allows to determine para-aramid, meta-aramid, and carbon multifilament yarns tension before industrial fabrics formation area. Analysis of regression dependencies allowed to find out values of technological parameters when para-aramid, meta-aramid, and carbon multifilament yarns tension before industrial fabrics formation area will be of minimum value. It will allow to minimize tension of para-aramid, metaaramid, and carbon multifilament yarns while manufacturing resulting in (1) yarn breakages reduction, (2) better productivity of weaving looms due to reduced stoppage time, (3) improved quality of manufactured industrial fabrics. Therefore, we can argue that suggested technological solutions are practically attractive. In view of this, it is reasonable to say that it is possible to directionally regulate the process of para-aramid, meta-aramid, and carbon multifilament yarns tension change while manufacturing industrial fabrics on the weaving looms through selection of values of guides’ geometrical parameters.

Simulation Analysis of Bus Passenger Boarding and Alighting Behavior Based on Cellular Automata

Bus passengers’ boarding and alighting behavior is important content when researching bus operation efficiency. This paper uses an improved cellular automata (CA) model and introduces four dynamic parameters to study individual behavioral characteristics of bus passengers’ boarding and alighting behavior. The research on the relationship between the macro pedestrian flow formed by the interaction between the individual passengers and the stop time of the bus station was realized. Then it was modeled for different situations, and the general update rules of CA were set based on realistic situations. The passenger boarding and alighting behaviors of the No. 245 bus route in Nanchang, China were simulated, and the simulation results of four different door layouts and passenger boarding and alighting modes were compared. It was found that when the passenger loading rate in the bus reaches 65%, the passenger boarding rate has an obvious tendency to slow down; the width of the door has a direct relationship with the passenger alighting efficiency, and the bus stopping time can be reduced by adjusting the width of the alighting door; a strategy which allows passengers board on the bus via the alighting door may effectively reduce the bus stopping time when there are many passengers boarding on the bus. Using strategy four, simulation research found that Bus No. 245 can reduce the stopping time by 40–50% in some station scenarios. Research results show that the CA model has certain practical value and can provide a theoretical reference for public transportation control and management.

Inland waterway network mapping of AIS data for freight transportation planning

AbstractTravel demand models (TDMs) with freight forecasts estimate performance metrics for competing infrastructure investments and potential policy changes. Unfortunately, freight TDMs fail to represent non-truck modes with levels of detail adequate for multi-modal infrastructure and policy evaluation. Recent expansions in the availability of maritime movement data, i.e. Automatic Identification System (AIS), make it possible to expand and improve representation of maritime modes within freight TDMs. AIS may be used to track vessel locations as timestamped latitude–longitude points. For estimation, calibration and validation of freight TDMs, this work identifies vessel trips by applying network mapping (map-matching) heuristics to AIS data. The automated methods are evaluated on a 747-mile inland waterway network, with AIS data representing 88% of vessel activity. Inspection of 3820 AIS trajectories was used to train the heuristic parameters including stop time, duration and location. Validation shows 84⋅0% accuracy in detecting stops at ports and 83⋅5% accuracy in identifying trips crossing locks. The resulting map-matched vessel trips may be applied to generate origin–destination matrices, calculate time impedances, etc. The proposed methods are transferable to waterways or maritime port systems, as AIS continues to grow.

РЕЖИМ ПОДЪЕМА ВОДОЛАЗОВ НА ПОВЕРХНОСТЬ ПОСЛЕ ДЛИТЕЛЬНОГО ПОГРУЖЕНИЯ НА ГЕЛИОКИСЛОРОДНОЙ СМЕСИ НА ГЛУБИНУ 500 м

Modified US navy Tables of decompression and stop times were used to provide theoretical grounds for reckoning of ascent rate to the surface after saturation dives to 500 on a heliox mixture lasting 18 days, 12 hrs and 35 minutes. According to calculation, dynamics of helium tension in the slowest body tissues points to oversaturation, the risk of gas bubble formation and development of decompression sickness symptoms. This risk can be averted fully by decelerating the standard ascent rate in half.

Game value for a pursuit-evasion differential game problem in a Hilbert space

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>We consider a pursuit-evasion differential game problem with countable number pursuers and one evader in the Hilbert space <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ l_{2}. $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> Players' dynamic equations described by certain <inline-formula><tex-math id="M2">\begin{document}$ n^{th} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> order ordinary differential equations. Control functions of the players subject to integral constraints. The goal of the pursuers is to minimize the distance to the evader and that of the evader is the opposite. The stoppage time of the game is fixed and the game payoff is the distance between evader and closest pursuer when the game is stopped. We study this game problem and find the value of the game. In addition to this, we construct players' optimal strategies.</p>

Investigation of the effect of bonding factors on strength of porcelain bond to soft metal alloys after application of thermal cycle

The chemical bond between the metal and the porcelain component is likely to fail in metal-porcelain restorations. This is due to the thick oxide layer that Cr-Co alloys create. This study aimed to investigate the effect of metal conditioner on controlling the oxide layer formed on the surface of the Sintron alloy and the strength of the metal-porcelain bond. In this in vitro study, 33 samples were divided into three groups based on surface treatment (n = 11). In all three groups, an oxide layer was created. In the first group, Shofu metal conditioner, in the second group, metal conditioner of Creation, and in the third group, no metal conditioner was applied. All samples were then subjected to 3000 heat cycles between 5° and 55°C with a stop time of 5 s. The specimens were then placed in a universal testing machine for shear bond testing. A force was applied between the alloy and the porcelain by a 5 kN load cell at the speed of 1 mm/min until a fraction occurred. Intergroup comparison was made by the one-way analysis of variance followed by the Tukey's multiple comparisons test (α = 0.05) . The mean shear bond strength of the first group was 34.93 MPa and the mean shear bond strength of the second group was 31.37 MPa. The mean shear bond strength of the first and the second group was significantly higher than the third group (23.37 MPa) (PV < 0.001). The use of metal conditioners between ceramill Sintron alloy and porcelain (Vita VMK MASTER) led to increasing the bond strength.