Stopping Zone Research Articles

Identifying patterns of change in traffic flows’ parameters depending on the organization of public transport movement

This study examines the issue of traffic organization on sections of city streets, in which there are public transport stop zones of different configurations (with a drive-in pocket and along a traffic lane). Accordingly, the object of research is the parameters of traffic flows; the subject is the regularities in their change on such specific sections of the street-road network, taking into account the configuration of stops, the number of traffic lanes, and priority conditions for the movement of public transport. The task addressed in this work was the quantitative assessment of the efficiency of traffic management in public transport stop zones. It was also important to compare different configurations of street segments in terms of their impact on delays of private and public transport. As a result of the research, the speed and time characteristics of the traffic flow and their dependence on its composition and intensity for different number and specialization of traffic lanes, as well as the location of the public transport stop, were determined. The resulting quantitative indicators of delays of all types of transport for each modeling option made it possible to determine the best of them according to the criterion of minimal time loss. This applies to both private and public transport, as the values of delays may differ from each other by 10–50 %. An applied aspect related to using the scientific result is the possibility of justifying the number of traffic lanes, or their allocation for public transport, as well as determining the appropriate configuration of stops. This constitutes the prerequisites for the transfer of the scientific results to the relevant interested structures in the field of transport, which are responsible for the organization and safety of traffic under urban conditions

Study on Service Quality and Priorities of Pedestrian Path Development in Malioboro Area to Support Sustainable Urban Mobility

This article aims to study the service quality and prioritize the development of pedestrian paths in the Malioboro area to support sustainable urban mobility. Malioboro is one of the commercial and tourist centers in Yogyakarta city, historically known for its pedestrian-friendly pathways. Challenges such as pedestrian circulation issues, inadequate pedestrian facilities, conflicts between pedestrians and motorized vehicles, and problems with drop-off and stop zones for less organized transportation contribute to the low service quality in the Malioboro area. This study adopts a quantitative approach using direct observation and a questionnaire distributed to 132 pedestrian path users. The collected data is analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) to understand the existing conditions, quality, and priority of pedestrian path services in the Malioboro area. The study results indicate that the service quality of pedestrian paths in Malioboro faces several challenges. Factors such as motor vehicle traffic density, lack of quality pedestrian infrastructure, and pedestrians' unsafe behavior contribute to the low service quality. The pedestrian satisfaction analysis using the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) revealed a satisfaction rate of 69.19%, categorizing it as "adequate." However, improvements in pedestrian path services are necessary based on the significance of the Malioboro area and its high appeal to pedestrians. The goal is to achieve good or even perfect satisfaction in terms of service quality. An analysis of interests was conducted, resulting in the identification of four quadrants with distinct characteristics. These quadrants serve as a valuable guide for enhancing the quality of pedestrian path services. Quadrant 1 encompasses attributes such as crossing facilities, CCTV surveillance, protection from weather conditions (rain, heat, cold), and parking convenience. Despite their high importance, these variables received low satisfaction ratings from respondents. Enhancing both the quantity and quality of these variables is crucial. Policymakers should pay special attention to these four variables and implement concrete measures to surpass the "adequate" assessment and attain better pedestrian service satisfaction. By implementing these measures, it is expected that Malioboro can serve as an example in supporting sustainable urban mobility by providing good and safe services for pedestrians. This study can also provide guidance and input for the government and relevant stakeholders in decision-making regarding pedestrian path infrastructure development in similar areas.

Хищные птицы и ветроэнергетика в Казахстане: какие перспективы для орлов?

Хищные птицы и ветроэнергетика в Казахстане: какие перспективы для орлов?

Simulation testing of traffic flow delays in bus stop zone

Traffic flows are subject to certain delays due to the maneuvering of buses entering and leaving the stop. The study of how these delays change depending on the frequency of arrival of buses to a stop and, the change of lanes on the road, the intensity of the traffic flow on the road is important in organizing traffic and planning the movement of buses along the route. The article uses simulation models built in the PTV VISSIM program to estimate the delay time of the traffic flow on 2, 3, and 4 lane roads for 4 different values of the intensity of the traffic flow and 5 different values of the bus arrival frequency at the stop. The results obtained are analyzed. The changing nature of traffic flow delays in various scenarios has been studied.

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ШИРИНЫ ОХРАННОГО ЦЕЛИКА МЕЖДУ ДЕМОНТАЖНОЙ КАМЕРОЙ И ДЕЙСТВУЮЩИМИ ВСКРЫВАЮЩИМИ ВЫРАБОТКАМИ

The article presents the results of studies carried out on the 7-7a formation at the Raspadskaya mine in Kuzbass. The width of the guard column of inclined workings has been clarified by calculations. The parameters of the reference rock pressure in the stop zone of the cleaning face are determined, which is the most important factor in the further formation of the dismantling chamber by the cleaning face.

Detachment levels of Colombian caribbean mud volcanoes

Regional analysis of mud volcanoes demonstrates the regional extension of these processes in Northern Colombia. Mud volcanoes are active systems that manifest the characteristics of the underlying sedimentary sequences on the surface, as well as the presence of hydrocarbons. These may which provide information about the oil systems and the characterization of new migration paths. New data acquired during field geology studies, along with the evaluation of acquired aerial images by dron, allowed to observe variations in terms of morphology and neotectonic process, being distinctive between mud volcanoes formed in different structural domains. Mud volcanoes formed in areas of basement without thrust faults (back stop zone) are usually circular, connected to the basement by regional faults. Other mud volcanoes formed in older and younger deformed belts tend to present ellipsoidal shapes, with drainages patterns that suggest local stress fields associated with regional strike slip movements of major faults. The analysis of U/Pb ages in detrital zircons extracted from mud volcanoes and outcropping sedimentary sequences in the Colombian Caribbean, together with the analysis of foraminiferal and palynomorph faunas, suggest different levels of detachment. Clay mineralogy and geochemistry indicate that mud volcanoes formed in the back stop and the Northern part of the San Jacinto deformed belt have sludge material originated in sedimentary sequences with contributions from continental basement rocks, while the mud volcanoes located in the central and Southern parts of the studied area tend to show sediments provided from deepest stratigraphic levels, derived from less evolved magmatic sources (dioritic basements). Gas and water analysis obtained from studied mud volcanoes suggest that the old deformed belt, Paleocene accretionary wedge and back stop areas, have evidences of thermogenic oil systems, while in the domain of the younger deformed belt the tendency is to indicate evidences of microbial process.

Findings from a Survey on Bus Stop Design

The bus stop is the first point of contact between the passenger and the bus service. The spacing, location, and design of bus stops significantly influence transit system performance and customer satisfaction. At present, relatively few transit agencies have comprehensive reference material available to assist in bus stop location and design. In recognition of the importance of bus stop location and design, the Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) sponsored research to develop guidelines for locating and designing bus stops in various operating environments. These guidelines can assist transit agencies, local governments, and others (e.g., developers) in locating and designing bus stops that consider bus patrons’ convenience, safety, and access to sites, as well as safe and efficient transit operations and traffic flow.Mail-out surveys were conducted as part of the TCRP bus stop location and design guidelines project. The mail-out surveys, which were an initial task of the project, were used to determine current practices and areas of concern regarding bus stop design for transit agencies and states. Less than half of the responding transit agencies currently use guidelines or manuals, which indicates a need for the document being developed. Furthermore, almost every agency has moved a bus stop to improve traffic operations and more than half have redesigned a curbside stop to a bus bay or nub design.Transit agencies are typically responsible for establishing routes, stop spacing, stop location (near side, far side, or midblock), type of stop (curbside, bus bay, or nub), bus stop signs, and amenities (such as street furniture). Functions jointly shared by transit agencies and cities, counties, and states include selecting the length of the bus stop zone, selecting pavement design at bus stops, removal of parking for bus stops, bus stop relocation due to traffic, and bus priority measures. Selecting and maintaining traffic control devices is primarily a city function. The categories considered during the bus stop location and design process are (in descending order): bus operations, area type or land use, passenger safety, roadway features, and traffic conditions.

Criteria for Assessing the Safety and Functionality of Tram Stops

The selection of criteria in the developed methods of analysis and evaluation has a significant impact on the implemented decision-making processes. For this reason, the very process of identifying the correct criteria is a research challenge worth undertaking. The conducted literature review shows that in the methodology of assessing tram and bus stops, the researchers focus primarily on aspects related to safety. Assessment of the functionality of tram stops becomes no less important. However, a literature review shows that this range of stops is sporadically mentioned in publications. Meanwhile, from a practical point of view, the aspects related to ensuring the required functionality in the tram stop zone are as important as the safety of passengers. That is why we surveyed experts who perform official functions in cities with a tram transport system. The conducted research was aimed at: (1) assessment of the elements and selected parameters of the stop infrastructure in terms of their impact on the safety and functionality of stops; (2) assessment of the inter-relationship between safety and functionality criteria when analyzing individual factors. The article aims to present the results obtained during the structured interviews and their interpretation. The obtained research results and their classification constitute not only scientific material, but they can also be used by people and organizations involved in the design, evaluation, and modernization of tram stops. The obtained results should also be analyzed by teams developing urban standards for transport infrastructure.

Measurement and Analysis of the Noise Level in Selected Zones of Bus Stops in the City of Radom

The noise from means of transport is one of the main factors of environmental noise pollution and is one of the factors having an effect on human health. The article presents the problem of noise emitted by urban means of transport. The work focuses on analysis of the acoustic climate in the bus stop zone. In order to estimate the noise level, research was conducted in selected points in one of the Polish cities - Radom. The obtained results allowed assessment of the impact of transport on the noise level in the area of selected bus stops.

Anomalies of Acoustic Wave Scattering Near the Cut-off Points of Continuous Spectrum (A Review)

Several anomalies of wave scattering that occur in acoustic waveguides with cylindrical or corrugated rigid walls at frequencies close to the cut-off points (thresholds) of continuous spectrum are considered. The notion of threshold resonances generated by “almost standing waves”, which cause no energy transfer to infinity, is introduced. For corrugated waveguides, examples are presented to illustrate the opening of spectral gaps (wave stopping zones) and eigenvalues near their edges and common or degenerate thresholds. Weinstein’s and Wood’s anomalies are described, which occur above and below the thresholds and manifest themselves in “almost complete” reflection and transmission of waves, and in disproportionally fast variation of the diffraction pattern, respectively. Examples of complete wave transmission (“invisibility of obstacle”) are discussed along with the procedures of sharpening and smoothing of Wood’s anomalies, specifically, formation of eigenvalues embedded into the continuous spectrum and corresponding trapped waves. The Sommerfeld, Umov–Mandelshtam, and limiting absorption principles are compared along with the specific features of their application at thresholds.

Real drive cycles analysis by ordered power methodology applied to fuel consumption, CO2, NOx and PM emissions estimation

In this work three fuel consumption and exhaust emission models, ADVISOR, VT-MICRO and the European Environmental Agency Emission factors, have been used to obtain fuel consumption (FC) and exhaust emissions. These models have been used at micro-scale, using the two signal treatment methods presented. The manuscript presents: 1) a methodology to collect data in real urban driving cycles, 2) an estimation of FC and tailpipe emissions using some available models in literature, and 3) a novel analysis of the results based on delivered wheel power. The results include Fuel Consumption (FC), CO2, NOx and PM10 emissions, which are derived from the three simulators. In the first part of the paper we present a new procedure for incomplete drive cycle data treatment, which is necessary for real drive cycle acquisition in high density cities. Then the models are used to obtain second by second FC and exhaust emissions. Finally, a new methodology named Cycle Analysis by Ordered Power (CAbOP) is presented and used to compare the results. This method consists in the re-ordering of time dependant data, considering the wheel mechanical power domain instead of the standard time domain. This new strategy allows the 5 situations in drive cycles to be clearly visualized: hard breaking zone, slowdowns, idle or stop zone, sustained speed zone and acceleration zone. The complete methodology is applied in two real drive cycles surveyed in Barcelona (Spain) and the results are compared with a standardized WLTC urban cycle.

Abstracts from the SCT 40th Annual Meeting (2019)

Purpose: Many clinical trials of promising interventions fail to see anticipated effects at follow-up. To avoid carrying out a full trial when the tested treatment is likely to be inefficacious, researchers may include one or more interim analyses, assessing for trial futility before the final analysis, discontinuing the trial early if interim effects are less than expected. The current approach tests whether the trial is likely to show futility, not whether the treatment is likely to be inefficacious. Treatments that show efficacy but with wide confidence bounds around efficacy estimates may be stopped inappropriately for futility. We present an alternative approach which focuses on the expected efficacy of the treatment. The approach uses “futility regions” to determine whether to stop trials of treatments that are unlikely to show a clinically important effect at interim—a stopping rule which requires interim interval estimates to lie entirely within a “stopping zone” (current approaches only require estimates to cross into the region of null/futile effects). We contrast this with extant methods, highlighting how the proposed approach focuses on a clinically relevant question, and protects against undue stopping because of imprecise estimates. For a researcher wanting to gather evidence of efficacious treatments, this is a desirable characteristic; trials with precise interim estimates of null effects should be stopped, whereas those with imprecise estimates that include useful effect magnitudes should be allowed to continue. Method: We created a simulation study, testing 1000 permutations of six different parallel-design trial scenarios, all featuring one interim analysis, and stopping only for futility. The scenarios demonstrate a range of effect sizes and variances. We implemented four types of interval-based stopping rules—using Frequentist and Bayesian approaches—and compared their performance to the more commonly used O’Brien-Fleming and Pocock designs. We used a range of stopping rules, 15 in total, to demonstrate the limits of the approaches in the different trial scenarios. Results: All approaches discriminated well between trials with a final null effect, and those with a final large treatment effect. However, when the trial variance was different to that expected at the design stage, the interval-based approaches demonstrated favorable characteristics—continuing more permutations with imprecise but promising estimates, and stopping more of those with precise estimates of clinically trivial or null (futile) effect sizes (table). Empirical Bayesian approaches showed enhanced precision compared to the other methods, due to their property of allowing interim estimates to inform the prior distributions of the final effect estimate. Conclusion: A simple implementation of adaptive trial methodology, featuring only one interim analysis and using a modified version of interval estimate stopping rules demonstrated preferable performance characteristics for the researcher seeking to stop only trials that precisely estimate null effects than more current approaches. These characteristics have the benefit of producing two possible meaningful trial endpoints: completed trials that had continued to show promise at interim, and stopped trials with precise estimates of a null effect. This contrasts with a trial which stops early with an imprecise estimate of effect, about which few conclusions can be drawn.

Synthesis and properties of SiO2 photonic crystals modified by DNA

Background: Photonic crystals are structures characterized by periodic modulations of the refractive index with a period commensurate with the wavelength. This periodicity is associated with the existence of a complete band gap in the spectrum of the electromagnetic states of the crystal. The stop zone is called the band gap for the highlighted direction in the crystal. Globular photonic crystals are called three-dimensional photonic crystals, which consist of the same diameter globules. The pores between the globules in the opal allow one to change the refractive index and optical contrast of the material. The task of controlling the stop-zone frequency limits of a globular photonic crystal without changing its physical structure is of practical interest. The easiest way to control the stop-zone parameters is to fill the pores of the photonic crystals with materials with different refractive indices, for example, DNA. Control of the optical parameters of a globular photonic crystal can be used for the creation of optical detectors, sensors, test systems, a quantum biocomputer as well as analyzing and studying a conformational state of DNA. Objectives: the creation of SiO2 globular photonic crystals modified by DNA and studying of the influence of DNA on their optical properties. Materials and Methods: Ethyl alcohol, distilled water, ammonium hydroxide, tetraethoxysilane and DNA were used to synthesize SiO2 photonic crystals. Aqueous DNA solution was used to infiltrate the photonic crystals. We used a visible range spectroscopy for optical experiments and a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for numerical calculations. Results: SiO2 globular photonic crystals modified by DNA were synthesized with 195 nm globules. The reflection spectra of the obtained photonic crystals were measured. A red-shift of the stop-zone maximum after the infiltration of photonic crystals with DNA molecules was found. The electric field distribution was calculated for the photonic crystal with 200 nm globules. Conclusions: FDTD calculations in the linear mode show that the presence of point defects in the structure of the photonic crystal influences the amplification of the local electric field in the interglobular space of the photonic crystal, which houses the DNA molecule at infiltration. The DNA infiltration into the pores of a photonic crystal changes the effective refractive index of the system by 5.99%. Synthesis SiO2 photonic crystals with DNA leads to the formation of a more ordered structure at the macro levels. Thus, DNA serves as a template-like structure for photonic crystals to be assembled on. In this case, the effective refractive index of the system increases by 6.01%.

Unauthorized Vehicle Parking Detection and Auto-Locking using an Arduino and a Relay

As the populace expands step by step, the quantity of vehicles are additionally expanding and this prompts numerous mishaps and traffic clogs. In this bustling world, individuals consistently use to leave vehicles at confined or no parking zones. At the point when a vehicle has been left at no parking territory, the street gets smaller and cause traffic clog. Enormous number of traffic police are sent to check the unlawful stopping and fine the proprietors with the goal that they would not stop again in no stopping zone, yet it is anything but a successful arrangement. In this manner, different advancements have been utilized for the identification of vehicles that are left at no leaving zone. In this proposed framework, vehicles which are parked at restricted area is being detected and locked using a relay.

Innovative countermeasures for red light running prevention at signalized intersections: A driving simulator study

The change interval, which includes the yellow and all-red times, plays a crucial role in the safety and operation of signalized intersections. During this interval, drivers not only need to decide to stop or go but also have to interact with drivers both in front and behind, trying to avoid conflicting decisions. Red light running and inconsistent stopping behavior may increase the risk for angular and rear-end crashes. This study aims to investigate the effect of different innovative countermeasures on red light running prevention and safe stopping behavior at signalized intersections. Five different conditions were tested inviting sixty-seven volunteers with a valid driving license. The conditions include a default traffic signal setting (control condition), flashing green signal setting (F-green), red LED ground lights integrated with a traffic signal (R-LED), yellow interval countdown variable message sign (C-VMS), and red light running detection camera warning gantry (RW-gantry). Drivers in each condition were exposed to two different situations based on the distance from the stop line. In the first situation, drivers were located in the indecision zone while in the second situation they were located in the likely stopping zone. A series of logistic regression analyses and linear mixed models were conducted to investigate the overall safety effects of the different countermeasures. The probability of red light running (RLR) was significantly reduced for R-LED in both analyses (i.e. in the total sample, and in the sample of crossed vehicles). Moreover, a clearly inconsistent stopping behavior was observed for the flashing green condition. Furthermore, a unit increase in speed (kph) at the onset of yellow interval significantly increases the probability of RLR by 5.3 %.The study showed that R-LED was the most effective solution for improving red light running prevention and encouraging a consistent stopping behavior at the intersection. In conclusion, the R-LED and the RW-gantry treatments are recommended as effective tools to improve safety at signalized intersections.

Waves in a Plane Rectangular Lattice of Thin Elastic Waveguides

We study the spectrum of a thin (with the relative width h ≪ 1) rectangular lattice of elastic isotropic (with the Lame constants ⋋ ≥ 0 and μ > 0) plane waveguides simulating joining seams of a doubly periodic system of identical absolutely rigid tiles. We establish that the low-frequency range of the essential spectrum contains two spectral bands (passing ones for waves) of length O(e−δ/(2h)), δ > 0. Above these bands there is a gap of width O(h−2) (stopping zones for waves) and then, in the mid-frequency range, above the cut-off value μπ2h−2 of the continuous spectrum of the infinite cross-shaped waveguide, there is a family of spectral bands of length O(h); moreover, between some of these bands there are opened up gaps of width O(1). The character of the wave propagation depends on whether the frequencies are below or above the cut-off value. In the first case, the oscillations are strictly concentrated near the lattice nodes and the edges are practically immovable. In the second case, the oscillations are localized on the lattice edges, i.e., the nodes are left at relative rest. We show that single perturbations of nodes or edges can cause the appearance of points of the discrete spectrum under the essential spectrum or inside the gaps; moreover, an infinite collection of identical perturbations of nodes can also change the essential spectrum. Bibliography: 78 titles. Illustrations: 5 figures.

Safety Assessment of Tram Stops

Abstract The safety of public transport stops is the subject of numerous studies in large agglomerations around the world. This is due to the fact that it is a passenger exchange zone where collisions and accidents involving people getting on or off public transport vehicles most often occur. For this reason, the purpose of the article is to present the results of the safety assessment of the stop zones for two selected tram lines in Wroclaw. The assessment of tram stops is based on an indicator that takes into account three parameters that affect the safety level of the tram stop zone - the location and infrastructure of the tram stop, its availability and traffic in the tram stop zone. The analysis of stops has been prepared on the basis of direct observation. As a result of the assessment process, these stops were indicated, whose safety index was the lowest. The improvement solutions for them should be prepared at first.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ВЗРЫВНОЙ ОТБОЙКИ РУДЫ В ПОЛОГИХ МАЛОМОЩНЫХ ЗАЛЕЖАХ

Актуальность исследования объясняется тем, что большинство руд цветных, благородных и редких металлов добывается в сложных условиях, где применение высокопроизводительной техники невозможно. Выбор варианта отработки таких рудных тел осуществляется в результате компромисса между производительностью добычи и качеством добываемой руды. Эффективнее других сплошная отбойка руд уступами по руде. Другие варианты являются более затратными по причине проходки специальных выработок для обойки руды. Целью исследования является доказательство того, что альтернативные варианты добычи руды в тех же условиях могут конкурировать с базовым вариантом по показателям производительности и качества, будучи значительно более безопасными, исключая нахождение работающих в открытом выработанном пространстве. Основным методом исследования является моделирование показателей отработки в экспериментальных блоках при соблюдении условий на конкретном месторождении. Полученные показатели систематизируются и интерпретируются графически. Результаты. Приведены результаты моделирования вариантов сплошной системы разработки: вариант с отбойкой руды усту­пами из очистного пространства сравнивается с вариантом с отбойкой руды из буровых выработок: подэтажных штреков и восстающих. Установлены количественные показатели альтернативных вариантов. Определено, что трудоемкость проходки буровых выработок компенсируется удобством доставки руды и относительной безопасностью работ. Доказано, что варианты сплошной и камерно-столбовой систем разработки, использующие фактор бурения в рудном массиве из специальных выработок и отбойки руд направленным действием взрыва, экономически целесообразнее и безопаснее. Выводы. При мало различающихся показателях сравниваемых вариантов увеличивающаяся трудоемкость проходки специальных буровых выработок для отбойки руды компенсируется снижением затрат на доставку руд при создании рудного вала использованием направленного действия взрыва.

Road safety assessment in preferential bus lanes through field analysis and microsimulation of traffic conflicts

Preferential bus lanes are a widely use strategy to promote travelers to use public transport instead of private cars. Considering its relevance in the urban transportation planning and operation, it is crucial to evaluate them in terms of the operation and safety externality. We performed a road safety assessment in preferential public transport lanes with complex driving environment using a preventive approach on the 7 th Avenue, in Bogota (Colombia), between 39 th Street and 45 th Street. A detailed study of traffic conflicts was carried out under the guidelines of the Swedish technique, which uses the Time to accident and Conflicting speed to establish the severity of a conflict. A traffic conflict is defined as an incident where, if two road users on collision course maintain their speed and trajectory constant, the crash between them will be imminent. With the field information, we calibrated a VISSIM microsimulation model that correctly replicates its traffic operation. Using the SSAM tool, we validated the base model to identify the simulated traffic conflicts in VISSIM and compared them with the observed conflicts. Under the calibrated environment, we developed and assessed three different scenarios of countermeasures to reduce the number of conflicts observed. As a result, we found that the safest scenario is the one established in the regulations that normalize the operation in preferential lanes, currently not obeyed by most users. Based on our results, we recommend an adjustment in the normative measures, including regulating the stopping time and stopping zones of private vehicles and taxis.

Angular Dependence of Electronic Excitation Energy Transfer Efficiency Between Dye Molecules in a Photonic Crystal

Spectral and luminescent characteristics of a mixture of coumarin 7 and rhodamine B dyes infiltrated into a onedimensional photonic crystal of mesoporous silicon are studied. Electronic excitation energy transfer between molecules that is associated with fluorescence quenching of the donor (coumarin 7) and enhancement of acceptor emission (rhodamine B) is detected. The angular dependence of excitation energy transfer efficiency in the donor–acceptor pair is due to depletion of available photon modes for donor radiative decay in a photonic crystal as compared with a homogeneous medium and depends on the spectral position of the photonic stop zone of a photonic crystal.