Stop Watch Research Articles

Quasi-steady state method for unsteady flow calibration of triangular weir

Calibration of a triangular weir discharge under unsteady flow condition using a quasi-steady state analysis is presented in this study. The weir was initially subjected to high flow supply corresponding high water head above the weir crest. The stop of this flow induced continuous drop in the water height with time. Measuring the initial and final water heights and the time elapsed for this height drop by using a stop watch, the weir coefficient of discharge can be obtained using a formula based on a quasi-steady state analysis for the unsteady flow over the triangular weir.The uncertainty in the measuring instruments and the obtained Cd was computed, allowing accurate representation of the experimental data. The uncertainty in the experimental measurements and calculated Cd was found to be lower than 5% for 87.5% of the test results. Uncertainty analysis was carried out to provide confidence in the proposed method and calculated data.

Effects of Circuit Training Exercise on Trunk Flexibility and Muscular Endurance of Female Secondary School Teachers in Anambra State

Technological advancement and socio-economic pressure has deprived many women the time and resources to exercise and to engage in physical activities which affect their physical fitness level their physical fitness level should come up to standard that will help them to execute their duties well. Circuit training exercise which is an important aspect of this study is aimed at improving this standard. This study was designed to determine the effect of circuit training exercise programme on the selected physical fitness variables of female secondary school teachers in Anambra State. The study was guided by two research questions and two hypotheses. Randomized pretest, posttest control group design were adopted for the study and the population consisted of all the female secondary school teachers in Anambra State. The sample consisted of 60 female teachers from 6 secondary schools in Otuocha educational zone. The schools were selected with purposive sampling technique while the 60 female teachers were selected using simple random sampling technique. The instruments used for data collection are as follows – measuring tape, stop watch and gym mats. Eight weeks exercise programme was adopted for the training. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean and mean difference for answering the research questions. The null hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the study showed that experimental group recorded high mean difference in trunk flexibility and muscular endurance. There were also significant difference between the mean muscular endurance of the experimental and control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between trunk flexibility.

Cardiorespiratory Endurance on College Student Smokers Using Harvard Step Test

Purpose: The aim of this research was to identify the score of Harvard Step Test as indicator of cardiorespiratory endurance on college student smokers. Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. There were 40 samples who met inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected using purposive sampling. The instruments of this study were questionnaire, metronome, stop watch, and 19 inches bench. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The results showed that 47,5% of subjects had poor level, 42,5% had average level, and 10% had good level of Harvard step test. On average, 65% of subjects were light smokers, 87,5% were filtered cigarette smokers, and 65% had been smoking for 2-5 years. Conclusion: It can be concluded nearly half of college student smokers had poor Harvard step test score as indicator of cardiorespiratory endurance.

Man's Pursuit of Meaning: Unexpected Termination Bolsters One's Autonomous Motivation in an Irrelevant Ensuing Activity.

Meaningfulness has been suggested as one of the fundamental psychological needs, as one would actively pursue meaning in both his/her work life and personal life. Previous studies consistently showed that a lack of meaning in work would reduce one’s autonomous motivation in the current job, which is the motivation to engage in self-determined activities driven by one’s own interests or personal beliefs. However, researchers overlooked the fact that in work settings, it is not uncommon that people work on multiple tasks in a row. As a result, the cross-task effect of work meaningfulness remains understudied. Based on the meaning maintenance model (MMM) and the suggested fluid compensation strategy, we predicted that the disappearance of the meaning of work may induce a compensatory response and thus enhance one’s autonomous motivation in an irrelevant ensuing activity. To test this hypothesis, we invited participants to work on an encyclopedic knowledge quiz in Session 1 and a StopWatch (SW) task in Session 2. A between-subject design was adopted. While participants in the control group successfully completed their tasks in Session 1, those in the experimental group encountered unexpected program quits by the end of the quiz, and their previous efforts suddenly became futile and meaningless. Electroencephalography was recorded during the experiment to measure reward positivity (RewP). In Session 2, a more pronounced RewP in the win–lose difference wave was observed in the experimental group in contrast to the control group, suggesting that the disappearance of the meaning of work enhanced one’s autonomous motivation in an irrelevant activity that follows. Therefore, results of this study provided preliminary electrophysiological evidence for one’s pursuit of meaning and the compensation effect induced by the disappearance of the meaning of work.

Improving the efficiency of the Lay-Up process in the manufacture of Solar Panels through time-study

Lay-Up is a manual process conducted during the manufacture of solar panels where the multiple layers are set together by hand. Since this process is done manually, there is no standard time period for it. Additionally, errors in process can increase production time needlessly. This research paper employs time-study to establish a standard operation time for Lay-Up aimed at singling out steps that cause loss of valuable time, efforts and resources. The time study is carried out by making a note of all the operations involved in Lay-Up and breaking them down into individual steps. The measurements are made using a digital stop watch and time sheet.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MAN POWER, PRODUCTIVITY, AND OUTPUT IN THE SHORT AND LONG CONVEYOR CONVEYOR USING MICRO MOTION (CASE STUDY: PT.EDS MANUFACTURING INDONESIA)

The thesis is compiled to analyze the ratio of man power, productivity and output between short and long conveyor conveyor. In addition to analyzing the conveyor which is better to be applied in PT. EDS Manufacturing Indonesia by using micro motions. The analysis used by researchers working maps, motion studies and calculation of standard time obtained from the data retrieval researchers with methods of micro motion (use a stop watch).The sample in this study is that there are in the final process assy namely setting. From the results, it can be calculated that for man power has the addition of 58% from 7 to 12, to the output increase from be 51.17 units and poduktivitas takttime increased 9% from 4 units to 4.41 units and 20% productivity standard time of 3.35 units to 4.2 units.

Simulation Based Approach for Improving Outpatient Clinic Operations

The aim of this study is to suggest the optimum number and schedule of doctors at the OPD (Out-Patient Department) of Gastrology of a hospital in Pakistan. In order to achieve this aim, the discrete event simulation model is developed to minimize waiting time of patients. Data is collected for one week from the OPD; Data collection variables are arrival and service rate of patients, their salaries/income, patient‘s OPD fee, doctor’s charges/patient, service time of patients at each of service channel i.e. reception, triage and doctors’ cabin. Stop watch is used for recording the service time of patients. Input analyzer is used to reveal the distribution of the data. Rockwell arena software version 14.5 is used to model and simulate the queuing system of the outpatient department. Scenario analysis is conducted in four scenarios; in each of the scenario doctors were assumed to be seated for one additional hour. During the period of data collection, it is observed that most of the patients are coming with an appointment of doctors therefore, it is not justified to suggest the hiring of new doctor; especially when patients are coming for the particular doctor; therefore, already available doctors are suggested to be seated longer in the OPD; that is the way to serve the maximum number of patients in the virtual queue of patients that has been kept waiting for having an appointment and for their turn to see the doctor.

Comparison of outcome of Sutureless Thyroidectomy by Ligasure small jaw verses conventional technique.

Background: Thyroid is a highly vascular gland and hemostasis is a key limiting factor in morbidity and mortality in thyroid surgery. Hemostasis has always been a challenge and various techniques have been used. Vessel sealers like Ligasure are now gaining popularity. Objectives: The objective of this study is to compare thyroidectomy by Ligasure with conventional technique in terms of mean operative time and post-operative blood loss. Study Design: It is a Randomized Control Trial. Setting: Surgical Department of Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Period: Six months (March 2017 to August 2017). Material & Methods: After approval of study from ethical review committee and informed consent, the patients were subjected to complete history and clinical examination in addition to baseline investigations. Total 135 patients of multinodular goiter (MNG) and euthyroid were divided in two groups by simple random sampling. All surgeries were performed under general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation and procedure offered to each patient was subtotal thyroidectomy. Both techniques were compared by measuring the time from opening of pretracheal fascia till its closure in minutes by stop watch and mean was calculated. Post operative blood loss was measured in graduated drain placed in thyroid bed for 24 hours. Results: Mean operative time was recorded as 62.11+4.07 minutes in Ligasure technique group and 73.05+4.01 minutes in conventional technique group. Mean blood loss was recorded as 57.28+3.42 ml in Ligasure technique group and 70.85+4.12 ml in conventional technique group. Conclusion: We concluded that mean operative time and post operative blood loss is significantly lower in cases undergoing thyroidectomy with Ligasure as compared to conventional technique.

COMPARISON OF INTUBATING CONDITIONS, FOLLOWING PROPOFOL WITH MUSCLE RELAXSANT AND PROFOFOL WITHOUT MUSCLE RELAXANT

Introduction: After induction of anaesthesia, tracheal intubation is usually facilitated by the use of muscle relaxants. Neuromuscular blocking drugs, particularly Succinylcholine, may cause serious side effects, but remain in clinical use to facilitate tracheal intubation due to a lack of suitable alternatives. Recent studies have suggested that propofol provides good intubating conditions without muscle relaxants, due to its relaxing action on upper air way. A search for better and ideal intravenous induction agent has led to propofol, a 2, 6, di-isopropyl phenol which was developed following a series of investigations. Propofol reduces hypertension and tachycardia during intubation. The changes in blood pressure observed are due to both decrease in cardiac output and decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Increasing the depth of anaesthesia by administering supplementary increments of induction agent, opioids or lignocaine may improve conditions. These techniques also protect against the potentially adverse effects of tracheal intubation namely systemic, intra-cranial and intra-ocular hypertensions and tachycardia.
 Material and Methods: 50 patients were randomly divided into two groups of 25 patients each. Group I: 2.5 mg/kg body weight of propofol injected slowly over 20 seconds. Group II: 2.5 mg/kg body weight of propofol injected slowly over 20 seconds. After loss of eye lash reflex, induction time was noted with stop watch and then injection succinylcholine 2mg/kg body weight was injected. Patients were monitored throughout the operation E.C.G. using cardiac monitor on lead II, PaO2 with Pulse Oxymeter. Pulse and blood pressure were recorded.
 Results: Youngest patient was of 20 years in group I and 22 years in group II. Eldest patient was of 56 years in group I and 60 years in group II. Maximum number of patients were in 20-30 years of age 15 (60%) in group I and 11 (44%) in group II. Excellent intubating conditions were seen in 15 (60%) patients of group I and 25 (100%) patients of group II. The pre induction mean pulse rate (base line) was 103.04±13.08 and 104.56±17.14 in group I and group II respectively. There was slight decrease in pulse rate initially after induction with mean 99.92±13.87 and 98.32±14.60 in group I and group II respectively, but the difference was not statistically significant from the baseline values. (p>0.05). There was slight decrease in arterial pressure initially after induction with mean 80.88 ±6.59 and 85.31±8.71 in group I and group II respectively, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05) from the baseline values. There was slight increase in mean arterial pressure just after intubation with mean 94.10 ±8.07 and 95.58±9.46 in group I and group II respectively, which was not statistically significant (p>0.05). These changes in M.A.P. values return to baseline values 5 minutes after intubation.
 Conclusion: Propofol 2.5mg/kg when used alone as inducing agent without the aid of any neuromuscular blocking agents produced acceptable intubating conditions, when compared to propofol, 2.5mg/kg along with succinylcholine. It was shown that there were no significant cardiovascular changes when intubation was done without relaxant after induction with propofol.

Quadriceps muscle strength is a discriminant predictor of dependence in daily activities in nursing home residents.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the relationship between dependence in Activities of Daily Living and muscle strength, muscle morphology and physical function in older nursing home residents, taking possible confounders into consideration.MethodsA total of 30 nursing home residents (age, 85.6±7.1 years) were included in this observational cross-sectional study. Performance of basic Activities of Daily Living (ADL) was assessed with the Resident Assessment Instrument and categorized as either independent or dependent. Isometric grip, quadriceps and elbow-flexor strength were determined by hand-dynamometry, muscle thickness and echo intensity by B-mode ultrasonography, a sit-to-stand task by using a stop watch and physical activity by the German-Physical-Activity Questionnaire. Degree of frailty was evaluated according to Fried’s frailty criteria, whereas cognition, depression, incontinence, pain and falls were part of the Resident Assessment Instrument.ResultsDependence in Activities of Daily Living was negatively correlated with physical activity (rs = -0.44, p = .015), handgrip (rs = -0.38, p = .038), elbow-flexor (rs = -0.42, p = .032) and quadriceps strength (rs = -0.67, p < .001), analysed by Spearman’s correlation. Chronic diseases (rs = -0.41, p = .027) and incontinence (rs = -0.39, p = .037) were positively correlated with ADL while the other variables were not related. Only quadriceps strength remained significant with logistic regression (Wald(1) = 4.7, p = .03), when chronic diseases, quadriceps and handgrip strength were considered (R2 .79). 11 kg was the best fitting value in this sample to predict performance in Activities of Daily Living, evaluated with Receiver-Operating Characteristic analysis, with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 79%.Conclusion and implicationQuadriceps strength had a positive independent relationship with performance in ADL in the nursing home residents studied. Although a large prospective study is needed to verify the results, maintaining quadriceps strength above 11 kg may be helpful in retaining independence in this cohort.

Effects of Chest Compression Fraction on Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Patients with Cardiac Arrest; a Brief Report.

Introduction:The association between chest compression fraction (CCF) and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)has been a controversial issue in literature; and both positive and negative correlations have been reported between CCF and survival rate.Objective:The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between the rate and outcomes of chest compression and between CCF and ROSC in patients with cardiac arrest.Method:The present prospective observational study was conducted during 2018 on patients with cardiac arrest aged 18–80 years. Participants with end-stage renal diseases, malignancies and grade IV heart failure were excluded. A stop watch was set upon the occurrence of a code blue in the emergency department, and time was recorded by the observer upon the arrival of the code blue team leader (a maximum permissible duration of 10 minutes). The interruptions in chest compressions were recorded using a stopwatch, and CCF was calculated by dividing the duration of chest compression by the total duration of cardiac arrest observed.Results:Totally, 45 participants were enrolled. Most of the patients had non-shockable rhythms and underwent CPR based on related algorithm. Hypoxia and hypovolemia were the two probable etiology of cardiac arrest; and coronary artery disease was the most prevalent underlying disease. All patients with ROSC had CCF more than 70%. A CCF below 70% was observed in 21 cases (46.7%), and a fraction of at least 70% in 24 cases. All patients with ROSC had CCF more than 70%. A CCF below 70% was observed in 21 cases (46.7%), and a fraction of at least 70% in 24. A significantly higher duration and fraction of chest compression was observed in the participants who attained ROSC (P<0.001).Conclusion:Based on the findings of current study, it seems that significantly higher chest compression durations and fractions were found to be associated with ROSC, which was achieved in the majority of the participants with a CCF of at least 80%.

OPTIMALISASI PRODUKSI DENGAN MENGANALISIS PEKERJAAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE MOST (Studi Kasus PT. X di Palembang)

A job is completed efficiently would say when lasted the shortest completion time. Measuring success of a production system in the industry are usually expressed in terms of productivity or the size of the input and output generated. Measurement standard at this time are made directly by the method stopwatch and indirectly with MOST methods (Maynard Operation Sequence Technique). Results of measurements using a standard time stop watch is 179,62 Second, with MOST measurements before the analysis is 123,73, most after the analisis is 75,25 second. Raw output using the old work is 200 Unit newspaper first hour , and use the most is the raw output of 478 Unit newspaper first hour. Seeing the results of the study suggested that the company may consider to perform the application of research results have been obtained

The connection between normal breathing and eye blinking

The main consult of this research was to check the relation between normal breathing and eye blinking. Totally 130 subjects were the part of this research. We measured the normal breathing rate of subjects by simple method. There must be a digital stop watch. First of all, we give a comfortable position to the subjects. We start counting after 10 minutes of rest, for accurate measurement. We started the stop watch and counted the breathing rate of every subject. Questionnaire was arranged to check the effect of breathing on eye blinking. We asked some question to the subjects and note their answers. This work can arouse the scientist to work more on this article. We made a table and calculate the averages and p values to check the relation. It was concluded that there was no scientific relation among normal breathing rate and eye blinking.

A comparative evaluation of cyclic fatigue resistance for different endodontic NiTi rotary files: An in-vitro study

AimThis in-vitro study evaluated and compared the flexural fatigue resistance for Hero Shapers, Hyflex CM, One Shape, Profile Vortex and Protaper Next rotary NiTi files. Method and materialsTotal 25 rotary NiTi files allocated to each experimental group were tested in a simulated constructed apparatus with an angle of curvature 60° & radius of curvature 5 mm. Each experimental file was coated with EDTA gel and was placed in endodomotor handpiece with rubber stopper at support steel cylinder and its end between two shaping steel cylinders on the simulated apparatus. File was then rotated at 400 rpm, 2.5 N/cm torque and simultaneously digital stop watch was started. Time taken (in seconds) until the file got fractured was recorded. ResultsTime taken to fracture ranged from 7 to 58 s in different groups. Analysis of variance show a statistically significant intergroup difference (p < 0.001). Tukey HSD test showed the significant differences. The Weibull modulus values ranged from 7.31 to 24.19. ConclusionCyclic flexural fatigue resistance was observed highest for Grp IV (Hyflex CM) and lowest for Grp I (Hero Shapers). Clinical significanceHyflex CM rotary NiTi files can be used in curved root canals as they had superior resistance and long survival time which will be helpful in eliminating one of the reasons for file fracture (due to cyclic flexural fatigue) during the root canal treatment clinically where root canal possesses a sharp bend or curve.

Effectiveness of core stability exercises on swimmer's knee in breaststroke swimmers-A randomized controlled trial

After swimmer’s shoulder, breaststroker’s knee also known as swimmer’s knee, is the second leading cause of injury holding 25% of all swimming injuries. Core instability also results in lower extremity injuries. The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of core stability exercises on swimmer’s knee in breaststroke swimmers. This study includes 44 breaststroke swimmers (8-18years old), 22 participants in group A and 22 participants in group B with medial aspect of knee pain. The knee pain was evaluated with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Functional Index Questionnaire (FIQ) and core strength was scored using pressure biofeedback calibrated at 40mmHg. Lap time was measured using stop watch. After evaluation, group A and group B was conventional exercises and core stability exercises respectively. The results showed a significant difference in the reduction of swimmer’s knee between the groups with a p-value difference of 0.0001. This emphasizes core stability exercises is better than conventional exercises to reduce swimmers knee.

Comparison between Rotary (Mtwo) and Manual (H-Files) Techniques for Instrumentation of Primary Teeth Root Canals.

The aim of the study is to compare instrumentation time between manual (H-files) and rotary (Mtwo) files along with patient and operator compliance in primary lower molars. 30 primary teeth were selected and divided into two groups of 15 in each group instrumented with H-files and Mtwo files respectively. Time taken for instrumentation was calculated using stop watch. Patient and operator compliance was recorded through questionnaire. Chi Square test was used to compare the distribution of teeth and number of canals. Independent Student t test was used to compare the mean time taken for instrumentation with both techniques in different canals and the mean overall time for instrumentation where P value is less than 0.001. Chi Square Goodness of Fit test was used to compare the patient's and operator's perspective regarding instrumentation techniques. The instrumentation time recorded with Mtwo files is less when compared with H-files. 66.7% children preferred H-files over Mtwo, 60% children reported pain while using H-files, 60% of children were scared on sight of Mtwo rotary system. Operator could manage 80% of children easily while using H-files, but it was found that operator ease of comfort was more with Mtwo rotary system. Time taken for instrumentation with Mtwo files was less as compared to H-files. It was convenient for the operator to manage the child using H-files but with the use of Mtwo files, marked reduction in the instrumentation time was appreciated.

Productivity Improvement Through Time Study Approach: A Case Study from an Apparel Manufacturing Industry of Pakistan

Standard processing timings play an important role in efficient production management and are measured using work measurement techniques. Time study is a widely used work measurement technique in repetitive manufacturing processes. In present study, time study technique was used to enhance productivity of a garment production line in a work wear manufacturing factory. The factory consisted of 350 sewing machines and was producing work wears including trousers, vests, jackets and coveralls. Stop watch time study – analysis of existing set up – explored the existing time losses in production line caused by unevenness of work, excessive material transportation and higher work-in-process. Improvements were made through: (i) sequence of activities, (ii) tasks reassignment to the work stations and (iii) line balancing at predetermined cycle time. Hourly production charts were maintained at each work station to monitor outputs. The results of machine productivity were compared before and after employing changes. From results, 36% increase in average machine productivity was observed. Hence, it can be concluded that time study is an effective tool for increasing productivity in apparel manufacturing. The added advantages including optimization of material flow, balanced production line and reduced work in process were also achieved. The results of this study are useful for sewing factories making other woven, knitted and home textile products. In addition, football, shoe and gloves manufacturing industry may reef benefits from findings of this study.

Taking Others as a Mirror: Contingent Social Comparison Promotes Task Engagement.

Social comparison implemented in an informational while not controlling manner can be motivating. In order to directly examine the effect of contingent social comparison on one’s task engagement, we manipulated social comparison in an experimental study and adopted an electrophysiological approach to measure one’ task engagement. In this experiment, we engaged the participants in a modified stop-watch (SW) task which requires a button press to stop the watch within a given time interval and instructed the participants to either play alone or simultaneously play with a same-sex counterpart. In the latter case, they could freely solicit feedback on their counterparts’ performance besides their own. Enlarged stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) and error-related negativity (ERN) were observed in the two-player condition, indicating strengthened anticipatory attention toward the task-onset stimulus at the pre-task stage and enhanced performance surveillance during task execution. As a complement, self-report data suggested that the participants were more intrinsically motivated to engage in the SW task when contingent social comparison was present. Thus, converging electrophysiological and behavioral evidences suggested the pivotal role of contingent social comparison in promoting self-directed task engagement.

First multicenter clinical trial of China's domestically designed powered exoskeleton-assisted walking in patients with paraplegia

Two types of lower extremity exoskeleton rehabilitation training robots (named Aiwalk and Ailegs) had been the first powered gait orthosis (PGO) in China. The aim of this study conducted in patients with paraplegia was to verify the effectiveness and safety of the lower extremity exoskeleton rehabilitation training robot developed in China. Forty subjects (nine females and thirty-one males with the age of 38.1 ± 9.4 years, height of 169.8 ± 6.5 cm, weight of 62.2 ± 7.8 kg and the post-injury time of 67.8 ± 112.8 months) with T6–L2 spinal cord lesions participated in the study. The patients were characterized by a traumatic SCI with scale A (twenty-nine patients), B (four patients) and C (seven patients) according to American Spinal Injury Association score. All patients received a walking and standing program with the isocentric reciprocating gait orthosis (IRGO) and the PGOs. After 1 week of gait training, subjects walked using three types of orthosis in random order at their self-selected speed each half day and repeated ten times. A wireless single channel ECG recorder and a stop watch were used to measure the speed of walking and heart rate. Walking speed, the distance walked, the physiological cost index (PCI), orthosis wearing speed and rating of perceived exertion all improved with both PGOs as compared with the IRGO. Adverse events associated with PGO were calcaneus compression fracture (one patients) and mild skin pressure ulcer (two patients). Patients with paraplegia (below T6 level) were able to ambulate efficiently using the powered exoskeleton for overground ambulation, providing potential use for functional gain and improved fitness. Fracture and skin damage may be the main risk focus in clinical application.

Pengaruh tebal kaca terhadap kinerja kolektor surya pelat datar dengan menggunakan absorber batu granit

This paper presents the experimental data of the use of granite stone as an absorber of the tested solar colecctor. The purpose of this study is to know the effect of the cover thickness of the collector. Three different thickness of the glass cover of the collector, i.e. 3 mm, 5 mm, and 8 mm, were tested. Three identical collectors were utilized in this current study, and the collectors were placed facing North. The dimension of the granite absorber is 100 cm x 80 cm x 10 cm and the arrangement of the pipes in the collector is parallel with 7 pipes. The water used to remove the heat from the absorber was flowed naturaly due to the gravity. The water volumetric flow rates employed were 300 cc/min, 400 cc/min and 500 cc/min which were measured using a glass volume meter and a stop watch. The research results show that energy come to the absorber (Qin), energy absorbed by the absorber (Quse), and the temperature of water increase with the time. All of them have a peak at around 12.00-14.00 Wita. The thicknes of the glass cover affect the performance of the collectors. The glass cover thickness of 5 mm results in the better performance than that of the two others.