Stone Slabs Research Articles

MINIMALIST GARDEN DESIGN IN BUILDING ENGINEERING EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM, PALANGKA RAYA UNIVERSITY

This study aims to create a garden landscape design with a minimalist design in the Building Engineering Education Study Program Building. The existence of a good, comfortable, and cool garden can have a good influence on its users. Parks can be a place for socializing, studying, doing research or just resting and taking shelter. The reason for choosing a garden design with a minimalist concept is based on the main building which has a similar concept and a minimalist concept and is a concept that tends to be more modern and economical with dynamic, firm and simple design characteristics. The research begins with a search for references, then field research in the form of surveys and measurements, then sketches and pre-design plans are made to find the right design until it becomes the design that is used as the agreed design. Design drawings consist of 2D and 3D images. Garden design consists of garden elements of soft materials in the form of plants, especially endemic plants of Kalimantan and garden elements of hard materials in the form of natural stone slabs used as walkways or rock ornaments to beautify gardens, fences or walls, pieces wood, street lamps and pergolas.

Wood analyses helped to determine the location and approximate construction period of the Roman bridge over the Drava River in ancient Poetovio (Ptuj, Slovenia)

We present the results of a dendrochronological study and radiocarbon dating of the wooden piles of the bridge over the Drava River in Ptuj. The piles, together with stone elements (a fragment of an imperial building inscription and parts of the architectural decoration) were retrieved from the riverbed in 1913 and are now in the Regional Museum Ptuj - Ormož. Using dendrochronology, radiocarbon dating of carefully selected annual rings in the wood and calibration with the wiggle-matching method, the date of the last (outermost) annual ring on the pile was determined to be 161 ± 27 cal AD (1σ) or 160 ± 32 cal AD (2σ). Since the pile contained no sapwood, the dating approximately agrees with the date of the building inscription on the stone slab, which attributes the commission for the reconstruction or construction of the bridge to Emperor Hadrian in the last years of his reign (117-138 AD). The dating of the wood has thus confirmed that the remains examined do indeed belong to a Roman bridge, probably built or renovated during the reconstruction of the road network in the area of the colony of Poetovio under Hadrian or one of his successors.

Ein Ensemble ungewöhnlicher Reliefs im Militärpalast von Ninive

Abstract Out of the looting tunnels on Tell Nebi Yunus at Nineveh, which were dug into the ruins of the Late Assyrian military palace by henchmen of the so-called Islamic State, there came, amongst other objects, relief panels featuring anthropomorphic representations. These figures, shown in frontal view, are unusual when compared to the wider repertoire of Assyrian images known from the royal palaces on Kuyunjik. The decoration and context of these stone slabs raise questions regarding their function.

THE BARROW OF THE EARLY IRON AGE NEAR MOTRONYN HILLFORT

In 2019, the Scythian Right-bank expedition organized by the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the National Historical and Cultural Reserve «Chyhyryn» excavated the barrows on the Motronyn hillfort suburb, located near Melnyky village, Chyhyryn district, Cherkasy Region, in the south of the Forest-Steppe of Dnieper Right-bank area.
 The barrows were erected in pre-Scythian Age and the barrow 97 also contained the inlet Scythian burial. This mound was 0.65 m high, the diameter was 8.8—9.8 m. A pre-Scythian burial-memorial complex was discovered under the mound, destroyed by a later burial. Finds from it are represented by fragments of ceramic ware: pots, large earthenware pots, bowls, ladles. Some fragments are decorated with geometric patterns. Ceramic spindle whorls, iron knives, bronze arrowheads, plaques, and animal bones were also found.
 During the Middle Scythian period another deceased was buried in the center of the mound. The tomb had the shape of a rectangular pit, oriented along the west — east line. Its length was 1.89—2.16 m, width — 0.7—0.82 m, depth from the surface of the mound — 1.45 m. The skeleton laid supine, with its head to the west. The left leg was lying on a stone slab. A quiver with arrows was placed next to it. An iron sword and a knife with a bone handle were found near the belt. This burial was also accompanied with the laying of wares in the mound borders. A pot was buried in the north, and handmade and wheel-made bowls in the east.
 Pre-Scythian finds from the mound have analogies in different regions of the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe where antiquities of the Late Chornoliska and Zhabotyn cultures are widespread, in particular on the Middle Dniester and in the Southern Bug River region, on the Right-bank of the Dnieper and in the Vorskla River region. A set of pottery and an arrowhead of the Novocherkassk type allows us to date the mentioned assemblage by the second half of the 8th century BC.
 Funeral rite and grave goods of the Scythian Age burial also have parallels in the sites of that time, including the south of the Right-bank of Middle Dnieper. According to the pot type and arrowheads, this burial can be dated to the second half of the 6th century BC.

An elegy of stone and light: Applying digital imaging methods for the recording of the Aegean stone kernoi in the context of Akrotiri, Thera

Stone slabs with circularly arranged cup-marks (kernoi) in the Bronze Age Aegean have been interpreted as grave marks, offering tables, astronomical instruments, and recently as gameboards. This paper, in the context of the Bronze Age Akrotiri settlement, at Santorini (Thera), proposes the use of digital imaging methods for the recording of these objects. Reflectance Transformation Imaging and Structure from Motion Photogrammetry is used for the optimal recording of these objects and is proposed as a standardised method for the recording, analysis and interpretation of similar objects accross the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean.

Adverse Effects Of Flaming As A Surface Treatment Method For Stone Slabs Used In Road Pavements

This paper presents the results of tests on a damaged pavement made of flamed granite slabs. Due to their architectural value, the use of such pavements made of stone materials is a popular trend in Europe, especially in historic city centres. Faming is a popular method of surface treatment of stone elements, including slabs. The use of flame with a temperature around 1300°C on granite rock leads to allotropic transformations of quartz. The accompanying volume changes lead to flaking of the surface. As a result, the flaming gives the slab a natural texture and improves its anti-slip properties. As it was assessed, most slabs used in pavements exhibited characteristic edge and corner damage. Examination of the mechanical properties of rock taken from a slab revealed different results for samples taken from the high temperature impact zone and from other parts of the slab. The mineralogical tests carried out on samples from the high temperature impact zone showed changes in relation to the original mineralogical composition of granite, including the presence of glaze. These changes resulted in the accumulation of stresses, especially in the areas of slab edges and corners. The analysis of the test results was made in relation to the lack of uniform European standards for stone treatment by flaming and the lack of control procedures for this process. As a result of unrestricted flaming conditions, the originally homogeneous properties of the rock may vary within a single product and lead to its accelerated degradation during exploitation.

AN EARLY 3D‐MAP OF A TERRITORY? THE BRONZE AGE CARVED SLAB FROM SAINT‐BÉLEC, LEUHAN (BRITTANY, FRANCE)

SummaryWhile early maps are known from all over the world, the key questions always involve: what exactly do they show? And what spatial extent do they cover? In this context, we recently used 3D‐modelling to re‐examine a carved stone slab datable to the Early Bronze Age (c.2150–1600 BC) that was found at Saint‐Bélec in Brittany. We show that the surface of the slab had been shaped in three dimensions to represent the relief of the surrounding landscape in which it was found, while several engraved motifs on it evoke contemporary structures known archaeologically. We argue that the Saint‐Bélec slab represents an area of c.545 km2 corresponding to the extent of a prehistoric political entity. The carving and subsequent burying of the slab can be linked to the postulated rise and fall of hierarchical societies and raises many wider questions about socio‐economic structures in temperate Europe at that time.

On the uniqueness of the Dongal type sites

To solve a number of problems in the ancient history of not only Kazakhstan, but also the adjacent regions, it is extremely important to study the sites of the period of transition from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. The range of such sites includes the settlement of Dongal, located 208 km southeast of the city of Karaganda (Karkaralinsky district, Karaganda region), which was explored by an archaeological expedition of the Karagandy University of the name academician E.A. Buketov. Excavations have revealed the preserved lower parts of the walls of the dwellings, formed by horizontal laying of flat stones. Due to this, it was established that the dwellings had a rectangular shape, the walls were lined with stone slabs from the inside. In the center of each building was a hearth, which was a pit surrounded by stone blocks along the perimeter. Utility and pillar pits were located on the floor. The entrances to the dwellings were in the form of an L-shaped corridor. The discovered inventory includes various stone (pestles, graters, polishers, scrapers), bone (scutchers) and bronze (rivets, a fragment of a knife) tools. An archaeozoological analysis of the found animal bones showed that horse breeding was the leading branch of the economy of the inhabitants of the settlement. In the second place was the breeding of cattle, in the third — sheep breeding. Ceramics and the inventory of the settlement have analogies in the settlements of the Sargary-Alekseevsk culture of the Late Bronze Age. At the same time, the essential distinctive features of housebuilding and the ceramic complex allowed the author to single out sites like Dongal into a special type related to the common steppe cultures during the transition from the Final Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. It is possible that it is on the basis of this community thatthe cultures of the Scythian-Saka world develop.

Traditional Houses of the Paiwan in Taiwan

The Paiwan, an Austronesian-speaking ethnic group, are one of sixteen Aborigines of Taiwan. This is an essay about the ethnography of traditional houses of the Paiwan. This is an essay about the ethnography of traditional houses of the Paiwan. I will describe structures, functions and construction process of traditional houses, and discuss briefly the social process and cultural meanings of houses. I have argued in an earlier paper that the Paiwan is a ‘house-based society’, in which social and cultural reproduction are bound up with the reproduction of houses. The goal of marriage is the mission of reproduction, and the ideal conjugal relationship is the one in which the couple share a common devotion to the reproduction of the house they created. In this paper I reconsider this point of view, and I propose that the parent-child relationship and the siblingship in the family are equally important. Because the traditional houses of the Paiwan are made of stone slabs, the process of making houses is quite long. In contrast, marriage may be short-lived and fragile. Even when the marriage relationship is terminated due to divorce, the process of building and maintaining a house will not stop, and this motivation could be maintained by the parent-child relationship and the siblingship.

Perancangan furnitur berbasis upcycling waste material batu alam

The use of natural stone in the interior industry is often under-estimated and inefficient. So that unknowingly this causes a lot of waste material from the remaining cutting slabs or stone slabs. Even though if it is reviewed, natural stone waste material has the potential to be recycled into interior products with high aesthetics. In this design the authors collaborate with PT. Gajah Mada Sukses Trinity which is domiciled in Sidoarjo, East Java. This design aims to understand the characteristics of waste material and upcycling techniques that can be applied to highlight its uniqueness. The results of the design in the form of 3 sets of interior product design consisting of coffee tables, side tables, credenza, and console tables, 3 product realization consisting of 2 coffee tables and 1 side table, brands for products & media promotion, and several alternatives compilation of natural stone waste material into mosaic-shaped sheets. This design proves that natural stone waste materials can be reprocessed by upcycling techniques into high-quality interior products .

RESEARCH OF THE DONGAL SETTLEMENT IN THE KARAGANDA REGION

The Dongal settlement is located 208 km southeast of the city of Karaganda, in the Kent mountains, on the left bank of the river Kyzylkenysh, a tributary of the river Taldy. The author carried out excavations of several dwellings of the settlement, thanks to which the structure of their walls and the features of the internal interior were established. The dwellings were rectangular in plan, corridor-shaped entrances and pentagonal hearths of stone slabs placed on the edge. The walls were furnished from the inside with flat stone slabs and were filled with ash. Tools made of stone and bone, a bronze rivet, and a fragment of a bronze knife were found in and around the dwellings. Based on the essential features of ornamentation and forms of clay vessels of the Dongal settlement, its architecture, the author singled out the Dongal type of sites dated from the time of the transition from the Final Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. At the same time, the ornament and the technology of making ceramics have a certain similarity with the ceramic complex of the Sargary-Alekseevsk culture (the Late Bronze Age), which indicates their genetic relationship.

An Archaeological Investigation of Laloi East Molluscs Site at Kpone, Ghana

Abstract This article is a report of an archaeological investigation of the Laloi East Molluscs Site at Kpone, Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Although radiometric dates for this shell midden are currently unavailable, we believe that Laloi East dates to the Later Stone Age. If so, this site would be one of only two LSA sites in Ghana found and excavated along the coast rather than in the forested interior. This article examines shellfish exploitation and other major subsistence strategies of the population that settled the site in the past. The principal cultural materials recovered from the excavations comprised large quantities of molluscs’ remains belonging to a variety of species, other faunal remains, pottery, palm kernel nuts, charcoal, stone slabs, and lithic tools. The combined evidence indicates that molluscs’ exploitation was the principal subsistence strategy of the settlers, undertaken alongside hunting, trapping, herding and the gathering of edible botanical resources such as palm fruits.

The Relief of Harput

AbstractIn the spring of 2016 a unique stone slab carved in relief was accidentally discovered on Kurey Tepesi near Harput/Elazığ in eastern Turkey. The relief depicts the capture of a heavily fortified city in horizontally arranged registers. At first sight it comes to recognition that the Harput Relief stands in the tradition of Mesopotamian victory steles, starting with the Eannatum Stele (Stele of Vultures) in Early Dynastic Sumer (c. 2900–2350 BC) and continuing with the kings of Akkad (c. 2350–2150 BC). From a stylistic and iconographic point of view, the relief seems closer to the victory stele of Daduša of Ešnunna and the Mardin Stele of the early Old Babylonian period (c. 2000–1600 BC). The subsequently excavated archaeological context, a heavily burned architectural layer, contained Middle Bronze Age I pottery typical of the Elazığ-Malatya region, corroborating a date in the early second millennium BC.

Две сарматских каменных плиты с тамгами из коллекции Одесского археологического музея

Based on a series of high-quality photos, new analysis was performed for tamgas along with animal and male images on Sarmatian stone slabs from Kryvyi Rih and from Gorgippia. Both stone slabs were created as a result of natural shape stones edges chipping; both were dug into the ground and functioned as the mini-shrines located, probably, in sacred places or at the settlement entrances. They are similar in size, both painted red and both contain a number of sacrificial recesses at the top (in the sacred numbers 3 or 7). Slab from Kryvyi Rih (Figs. 1–2) depicts large earliest signs (mostly used on territories of Western Ukraine and the “barbarian” parts of Crimea) placed around the head of a god with animal ears (similar to the Ossetian Afsati). The later minor signs include the largest number of the Lower Don and the Central Asia (Kangju, Khorezm) tamgas. Also the signs of the kings found here (the ruler of Khorezm – no. 9, the co-ruler of Tiburius Julius Eupator of Bosporus – no. 8). The complex of images was in use since the beginning of the 1st until the middle of the 3rd centuries CE. Five hands of different men are depicted in relief on the stone slab from Gorgyppia (Fig. 3). There are three hands with goblets for making a contract and a quiver with a belt in front of them (probable heroization motif). There are also a hand raised for prayer and a hand passing a quiver. Those three participants match three tamgas (belonging to the “barbarian” regions of Crimea) and three sacrificial recesses at the top. All the images on the slab were probably made at the same time, shortly after the middle of the 2nd c. CE.

Megalithic cist burial excavation at Enadimangalam in Kerala and its implications in cist burial architecture and burial practices

Iron Age-Early Historic culture in the southern part of Peninsular India is associated with early iron-using society in the region and is renowned for its burial architecture, ritual offerings, ceramics, iron implements and other material culture. The modern state of Kerala in the south-western corner of Peninsular India, while sharing the salient features of this Iron Age-Early Historic culture, exhibits unique types of laterite-made Megalithic burial architecture due to its geographic and physiographic peculiarities. This paper reports the findings from an excavation conducted in 2019 at Enadimangalam in Kerala and its implications for understanding cist burial architecture and burial practices. The excavated cist burial displays the features of a double-chambered cist with cot/bench made of stone slabs. Based on the evidence, the process of the construction of a cist burial is elucidated, and the possible indications of later modification are highlighted. Possibilities of the multiple uses of the same burial structure during the Iron Age-Early Historic period is suggested. The scattered distribution of burial structures in the region of Enadimangalam reflects the presence of smaller settlements and supports the possible multiple uses of the same burial. The importance of considering the landscape and its peculiarities in the further search for habitation evidence is highlighted, particularly in the context of a dearth of habitation evidence connected to the Megalithic burials in Kerala.

The Stela CG 34096 – Cairo Museum

Abstract The paper presents the first publication for the scenes and hieroglyphic inscriptions of the Stela CG 34096 – SR 3/ 10165 - Cairo Museum, dating to the New Kingdom ( pl.1, fig.1). Keywords: Funerary stelae - Stela CG 34096 – Cairo Museum Stelae. 1. Basic information's Discovery: (?) Date: New Kingdom (late 18th and early 19th dynasty era). Owners: Nebanensu and Amenhotep – Nb ann sw & Imn Htp Material: Sandstone. Dimensions: H: 50cm, W: 38cm, D:7cm. Condition: good, with traces of colors remain. 2. Description A painted arch-topped rectangular stone slab funerary stela, divided into three main parts: the Lunette and two registers. A horizontal line separates the two registers of the stela, while its edge is surrounded by a single thin line. All figures and hieroglyphic inscriptions are executed in shallow sunk relief featuring inner details. The stela follows the classic style of stelae which appeared and became widespread in use since the Middle Kingdom. The same style and probably by the hand of the same artist who engraved the stela CG 34035. The back of the stelae (the verso) was usually polished with no scenes or texts ; rarely was it left rough. (Bierbrier, 1999)

Fra grænselandet mellem to kulturer

Fra grænselandet mellem to kulturer

Our rights are carved in stone: the case of the Pathalgadi movement in Simdega, Jharkhand

ABSTRACT In recent years, indigenous movements and rights-based struggle has become a focal point of research on resistance. In the context of India, Adivasi struggles in pre- and post- colonial times have been centered on the issues of jal, jangal and jameen (water, forest and land). In 2018, what became known as the Pathalgadi movement emerged in various villages in the state of Jharkhand. Pathalgadi, a traditional practice of erecting stone slabs for various purposes, was refurbished as a means to claim rights to local-level democracy and management of resources. This paper explores the strategies of resistance employed by the movement in Simdega district, where the raising of Pathalgadis primarily focused on claiming forest rights through existing legislations. The first section seeks to situate forest governance and struggle in the region, revisiting contributions from subaltern theories to shed light on the current and historical context of resistance. Based on four empirically driven categories of resistance, the second section brings forward an analysis of the movement, demonstrating how resistance occurred primarily through legal means, with strong discursive elements. As such, the Pathalgadi movement is seen to be working within the letter of the law, merely claiming rights previously granted through legislation.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Petrophysical characterization and durability aspects of tufa rocks at Kurkur Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt

Various kinds of rocks can be used as building stones based on their durability, appearance, and availability. During many periods of times, particularly the Hellenistic, tufa rocks were used as building stones because of their appropriateness for construction. In this research, tufa rocks exposed at Kurkur Oasis are evaluated based on various geological, petrophysical, and geomechanical investigations on 47 rock samples collected from four sites in the study area. Mineralogically, the studied tufa consists essentially of calcite with slight amounts of other minerals such as quartz, dolomite, gypsum, halite, and clay minerals. The tufa rocks are characterized by heterogeneous petrophysical and elastic properties. Porosity, density, and the geomechanical properties vary widely based on different facies and diagenetic processes. Major geomechanical differences between the studied rocks give constraints on the use of these rocks as bedrock foundation, or as construction and building stones. The obtained results and correlations between the different parameters help to predict the geomechanical properties from the more easily measured elastic and petrophysical parameters. Although the uses of tufa as an ornamental stones may be productive to the national economy, however, it is suggested that processing the tufa into polished, ornamental stone, cladding, tiles, and face slabs will be of more economical value both to the investors and the national economy especially at this time of economic stagnation.

Методика документирования наскальных изображений в курганных конструкциях: на примере памятника Скальная-5 (Аскизский район, Республика Хакасия)

Stone slabs with petroglyphs forming burial structures are a separate and specific source for rock art studies. The most widespread re-using of sandstone slabs containing images in the constructions of burial structures is known for Tagar and Tes periods in the Minusinsk basin. However, earlier specimens of rock art, for instance dating from the Bronze Age, are also common at the sites of these periods. In order to reliably attribute the images and establish the chronology of the replaceable fragments of the rock plates, detailed documentation is required not only of the petroglyphs but also of the context of their location in the structures. In addition, as early as at the stage of field research, a special attention is required to the objects with few carvings and a large series of stone slabs with images. In such cases, it is necessary to develop a special flexible indexing system, which will make it possible to take into account not only those images that were found immediately after the initial clearing of the burial structure from the ground, but to supplement the existing numberingsсheme with new data in the subsequent process of excavation. The article proposes an approach to documenting stone slabs and steles with images from the structure of a large mound. As an example illustrating the method of documenting and indexing petroglyphs and the context of their localization in the site, the preliminary results of the examination of the kerb from the single mound Skalnaya-5 located in the Askiz district of the Khakassia Republic, by the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences studied in 2021 are provided.