Architectural Stone Research Articles

How tough is tuff in the event of fire?

Research Article| April 01, 2012 How tough is tuff in the event of fire? M.J. Heap; M.J. Heap 1Laboratoire de Géophysique Expérimentale, Institut de Physique de Globe de Strasbourg (UMR 7516 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg/Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre), 5 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Y. Lavallée; Y. Lavallée 2Earth and Environment, LMU (Ludwig Maximilian University) University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 41/III, 80333 Munich, Germany Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. Laumann; A. Laumann 2Earth and Environment, LMU (Ludwig Maximilian University) University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 41/III, 80333 Munich, Germany Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar K.-U. Hess; K.-U. Hess 2Earth and Environment, LMU (Ludwig Maximilian University) University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 41/III, 80333 Munich, Germany Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar P.G. Meredith; P.G. Meredith 3Rock & Ice Physics Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar D.B. Dingwell D.B. Dingwell 2Earth and Environment, LMU (Ludwig Maximilian University) University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 41/III, 80333 Munich, Germany Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information M.J. Heap 1Laboratoire de Géophysique Expérimentale, Institut de Physique de Globe de Strasbourg (UMR 7516 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg/Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre), 5 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France Y. Lavallée 2Earth and Environment, LMU (Ludwig Maximilian University) University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 41/III, 80333 Munich, Germany A. Laumann 2Earth and Environment, LMU (Ludwig Maximilian University) University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 41/III, 80333 Munich, Germany K.-U. Hess 2Earth and Environment, LMU (Ludwig Maximilian University) University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 41/III, 80333 Munich, Germany P.G. Meredith 3Rock & Ice Physics Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK D.B. Dingwell 2Earth and Environment, LMU (Ludwig Maximilian University) University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 41/III, 80333 Munich, Germany Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 19 Oct 2011 Accepted: 03 Nov 2011 First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2682 Print ISSN: 0091-7613 © 2012 Geological Society of America Geology (2012) 40 (4): 311–314. https://doi.org/10.1130/G32940.1 Article history Received: 19 Oct 2011 Accepted: 03 Nov 2011 First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation M.J. Heap, Y. Lavallée, A. Laumann, K.-U. Hess, P.G. Meredith, D.B. Dingwell; How tough is tuff in the event of fire?. Geology 2012;; 40 (4): 311–314. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G32940.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract Tuff has been extensively used as a building material in volcanically and tectonically active areas over many centuries, despite its inherent low strength. A common and unfortunate secondary hazard accompanying both major volcanic eruptions and tectonic earthquakes is the initiation of catastrophic fires. Here we report new experimental results on the influence of high temperatures on the strength of three tuffs that are commonly used for building in the Neapolitan region of Italy. Our results show that a reduction in strength was only observed for one tuff; the other two were unaffected by high temperatures. The cause of this strength discrepancy was found to be a product of the initial mineralogical composition, or more specifically, the presence of thermally unstable zeolites within the initial rock matrix. The implications of these data are that, in the event of fire, only the stability of buildings or structures built from tuff containing thermally unstable zeolites will be reduced. Unfortunately, this includes the most widespread dimension stone in Neapolitan architecture. We recommend that this knowledge should be considered during fire hazard mitigation in the Neapolitan area and that other tuffs used in construction worldwide should be tested in a similar way to assess their fire resistance. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

The Choise of Parameters for the Monitoring and the Maintenance of Architectural Stone Surfaces

The maintenance of stone buildings aims to preserve artefacts, to reduce the economic management costs and to extend the lifetime of the restoration interventions. Up to now, there are no clear regulations regarding useful parameters which can be used for evaluating the efficiency of surface treatments for the consolidation and protection of stone. The main goal of this work is to identify possible important “chemical-physical parameters” and their threshold limit values. In this context, the determination of the surface water absorption and colour variation may be important tools for the control and the monitoring over time of the state of conservation of the architecture stone surfaces. These parameters are strongly related not only to the surface conservation state but also to products efficiency. Moreover, they can be easily measured at low cost by specifically trained personnel.

Artificial stone in architecture: new restoration techniques of intervention in the Utveggio castle in Palermo

Artificial stone in architecture: new restoration techniques of intervention in the Utveggio castle in Palermo

Smart surfaces for architectural heritage: Preliminary results about the application of TiO2-based coatings on travertine

Abstract The development and application of self-cleaning treatments on historical and architectural stone surfaces could be a significant improvement in conservation, protection and maintenance of Cultural Heritage. In this paper, a TiO 2 -based coating has been investigated in order to evaluate its possible use as a self-cleaning treatment. This coating was obtained by a sol-gel and a hydrothermal (134 °C) processes and then it was applied on travertine (a limestone often used in historical and monumental buildings) in two ways, obtaining a single-layer and a three-layer treatment, respectively. In order to verify its potential use in the field of Cultural Heritage, the maintenance of appearance properties of the treated travertine surfaces was monitored by colour and gloss analyses. Besides, de-pollution and soiling removal tests were carried out under ultraviolet-light exposure to evaluate photo-induced effects and self-cleaning efficiency. Results seem to allow the use of TiO 2 -based treatments on historical and architectural surfaces made up by travertine, where de-pollution and self-cleaning photo-induced effects are well evident, maintaining their original visual appearance. Anyway, before applying TiO 2 -based coatings as conservative treatments, further tests are needed especially on their durability, that is mandatory for Cultural Heritage applications. On-site test in an urban environment and accelerated test by weatherometer are currently under way.

Research about Techniques of Chinese Traditional Architectural Stone Carving

This paper discusses the artistic processing techniques of Chinese traditional architectural stone carving, and describes the classification of stones, procedures of processing technology, transformations of artistic style in the development of the society, as well as comparisons of the style of the architectural stone carving between central plains and Guangdong Chaozhou and Shantou areas, formations of local characteristics and evolutions of each historical period. This paper also probes into the artistic processing techniques and esthetics of Chinese architectural stone carving, and initiates people to have profound understanding to the artistic values of Chinese traditional architectural stone carving, in order to provide references in modernization strategy, and enable new development of artistic processing of modern architectural stone carving.

Evaluation of three Italian tuffs (Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, Tufo Romano and Tufo Etrusco) as compatible replacement stone for Römer tuff in Dutch built cultural heritage

Abstract Rhenish tuffs from the volcanic Eifel region in Germany, in particular the so-called Römer tuff, are among the most prominent and voluminous natural stones in Dutch monuments. The Römer tuff has been used since Roman times, and was widely used again in Romanesque (and to a lesser extent Romano-Gothic and early Gothic) architecture. The limited (or non) availability of Römer tuff for restoration purposes is posing an increasing problem. Last decennia, the availability of Römer tuff was practically limited to blocks from the lower parts of the pyroclastic flows with abundant basalt (and other) xenoliths, giving the rock a different appearance from its traditional type; the different types of Römer tuff also demonstrate different physical and hygric properties. Given the wide use of tuff stone in Italian architecture, several Italian tuffs have been evaluated in search of a compatible replacement stone for Römer tuff. The replacement stones should approach the original as much as possible, that is, in terms of authentic appearance, physical characteristics and durability. The Italian tuffs evaluated include tuffs commercially denominated as Tufo Etrusco and Tufo Romano (from the central part of Italy) and a variety of Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (Naples region). Hygric behaviour, resistance to frost-thaw cycles, petrographic characteristics and mineralogy of Italian tuffs have been determined and compared with original Römer tuff. In all three cases, resistance to frost-thaw cycles is unfortunately shown to be considerably less than that of original Römer tuff. In addition, hygric expansion of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff appeared to be considerably larger than that of original Römer tuff. Of the tuffs evaluated, the variety of Neapolitan Yellow Tuff is a good match with the original Römer tuff in terms of visual appearance. It has already been sparsely used in the Netherlands in minor amounts. However, the durability characteristics require additional evaluation.

Carved architectural stone artifacts in Girona during the Late Middle Ages (12th-15th centuries and their trade)

The paper aims to study the production of carved stone artifacts for architectural purposes from the documentary sources relating to the city of Girona (Spain) during the Middle Ages (12 th -15 th c.). Within these materials, specific attention will be devoted to windows, ornamental fountains, liturgical furniture, religious and civil cloisters as well as to the production of mortars for household and industrial use (e.g. apothecaries). In addition, this work will analyse who the stonemasons were, their work system and topographical location in the city. The ownership and location of the main quarries as well as the marketing strategies for the products, either by land or by sea, to the different territories of the Crown of Aragon and nearby areas will also be examined.

Biomolecular Catalysis: Nanoscale Science and Technology

Archaeologists commonly use the onset of the construction of large burial monuments as a material indicator of a fundamental shift in authority in prehistoric human societies during the Holocene. High- quality direct evidence of this transition is rare. We report new interdisciplinary research at the archaeological site of Nan Madol that allows us to specify where and when people began to construct monumental architecture in the remote islands of the Pacific. Nan Madol is an ancient administrative and mortuary center and the former capital of the island of Pohnpei. It was constructed over 83 ha of lagoon with artificial islets and other architecture built using columnar basalt and coral. We employed geochemical sourcing of basalt used as architectural stone and high-precision uranium-thorium series dates (230Th/U) on coral from the tomb of the first chief of the entire island to identify the beginning of monument building at Nan Madol in AD 1180–1200. Over the next several centuries (AD 1300–1600) monument building began on other islands across Oceania. Future research should be aimed at resolving the causes of these social transformations through higher quality data on monument building.

The rediscovery of an ancient exploitation site of Piperno, a valuable historical stone from the Phlegraean Fields (Italy)

Abstract This paper reports the research results over several years on Piperno, the most important ornamental architectural stone of Naples. Particular attention is paid to the rediscovery of the old exploitation sites of this rock and to the survey of the last underground quarry site, still accessible, at the base of the Camaldoli Hill (western Naples) at Pianura. The conservation state was assessed by means of specific surveys in view of possible futu re utilization. At present, the re-opening of abandoned quarries is not possible owing to unsafe site conditions. The cultural relevance of the Pianura quarry site could suggest its possible restoration as a museum of mining and a centre for teaching the working of ornamental stone within the Campania Region.

Stone in Architecture: Properties and Durability (3rd Edition)

Stone in Architecture: Properties and Durability (3rd Edition)

Monumentality and the Rise of Religious Authority in Precontact Hawai'i [and Comments and Reply

Changes in temple labor investment and sacrificial offerings indicate that the rise in religious authority of the Hawaiian chiefly hierarchy correlates with an increase in political centralization and the intensifying role of the chief as divine intermediary through time. Initially, temples were small public courts akin to traditional Polynesian shrines used to reaffirm genealogical ties. During a period of internecine warfare and political instability and conflict in the I5th century A.D., temples became extremely large, a practical symbol of the burgeoning power of elites as they used ritual labor obligations to reaffirm chiefly genealogical relationships and enhance class cooperation. After island unification in the i6th century, chiefly religious activity shifted to sacrificial ceremonies and the consumption of surplus goods and foodstuffs as a result of status competition. By the time of European contact in the igth century, divinely sanctified rituals associated with war and levying taxes were instituted to enhance the status and power of the paramount chief through personal displays of material wealth. The Hawaiian case appears to follow a common trajectory among complex societies, where religious authority is increasingly expressed through the political economy, and serves as a contextual model of a complex chiefdom undergoing rapid political stratification.

Salt Burst by Hydration Pressures in Architectural Stone in Urban Atmosphere

Research Article| February 01, 1970 Salt Burst by Hydration Pressures in Architectural Stone in Urban Atmosphere E. M WINKLER; E. M WINKLER Department of Geology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar E. J WILHELM E. J WILHELM Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar GSA Bulletin (1970) 81 (2): 567–572. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[567:SBBHPI]2.0.CO;2 Article history received: 07 Jul 1969 first online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation E. M WINKLER, E. J WILHELM; Salt Burst by Hydration Pressures in Architectural Stone in Urban Atmosphere. GSA Bulletin 1970;; 81 (2): 567–572. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[567:SBBHPI]2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract Salt bursts can cause extensive spalling in stone structures. Water-soluble salts and their hydrates Na2CO3 H2O (Na2CO3-7H2O, Na2CO3 10H2O), Na2SO4 (Na2SO4 10H2O), and MgSO4-H2O (MgSO4 7H2O) are trapped in pores of stone and concrete by both infiltration upward from the ground and by the reaction of carbonate and silicate rocks with sulfuric and carbonic acids from polluted urban atmospheres. The crystallization of the salts and their recrystalhzation from a lower to a higher hydrate within the range of mineral stability may develop stresses of high magnitude. Theoretical bursting pressures were calculated thcrmo-dynamically from vapor pressures of the hydrates and from humidities of the air for several air temperatures. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Some Remarks on Stone Quarrying in the Egyptian Middle Kingdom (2060-1786 B.C.)

stone in architecture of the Dynasty (3000-2850 B.C.). Sizeable blocks of granite occur first in the Second Dynasty,2 although only for free-standing stelae, but from the Fourth Dynasty (2723-2563 B.C.) onward, granite was used also for architectural members.3 The Egyptians were interested not only in stone per sey but also in such qualities of stone as hardness, texture, coloring and rarity. Stone vessels from the beginning of the Dynastic show a wide variety of materials, many of which were secured from the deserts adjoining the Nile Valley. No doubt from a very early date men ventured into the desert valleys in search of rare and interesting stones. The transformation of Egypt into a uniform state brought official expeditions into regions where individuals had previously prospected. The main approach into the Eastern Desert, between the Nile valley and the Red Sea, from which the most desired stones came, is the Wadi Hammamat. There royal expeditions and individual entrepreneurs left inscriptions on the rocks.4 After a break during the so-called First Intermediate Period this activity was resumed in the time of Monthu-hotep I of the Xlth Dynasty (2060-2010 B.C.), and after his reign it continued on a large scale throughout the Middle Kingdom. The purpose of those expeditions was the quarrying of schist and greywacke6 for blocks suitable for large statuary. Their success is proved by numerous remains from this period. Little is known about the methods by which the stone was obtained. For the Egyptians the problems of the task were familiar and thus they saw no need to write about it. Perhaps in cases of unusual events a more detailed record

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE CHANGES IN THE T-PHASE OF Al-Cu-Ni ALLOYS

A thorough investigation by means of X-rays has been carried out with the purpose to determine the nature of the ternary phase τ in Al-Cu-Ni alloys. In contrast with the conventional concept of alloy phase which is characterized by a definite type of crystal structure, systematic structure changes are found in the single phase field of τ which occupies quite an extensive area in the isothermal section of the phase diagram at room temperature. There are eight types of structures altogether, all derived from a basic rhombohedron with corners occupied by Al atoms and centres either occupied by the heavy atoms or remaining vacant. The basic rhombohedron is the building stone in the crystal architecture. By transforming the basic rhombohedron into a hexagonal prism in the usual way, all structures may be considered to be built up by stacking together a number of these hexagonal prisms along the triad. The transformation of one structure into another is quite systematic in the way that the number of the stacking stories in the unit cell increases according to the order 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. The atomic arrangements in the different structures are closely related too, in the respect that they are all superstructures due to the presence of ordered vacancies in the rhombohedral centres.The principal factor controlling the formation of these structures has been fully considered. In view of the fact that the change of structure types follows closely with the content of Ni or Cu for alloys of constant Al content, the atomic size factor appears to be unimportant in the formation of these alloys. It has been shown that for alloy phases of the defect lattice type as the r-phase, the most fundamental factor is the average number of valency electrons per structural unit which is the basic rhombohedron in the present case. By assuming Hume-Rothery's valencies, the average number of valency electrons remains remarkably constant throughout the entire phase field, while the electron concentration varies with compositions. It has also been pointed out that for alloy phases where there is no unit cell change, the average number of electrons per structural unit is equivalent to the number of electrons per unit cell, and for alloy phase where there is no defect, this is in effect equivalent to the electron concentration.

Standard Specifications and Building Regulations For the Manufacture and Use of Concrete Architectural Stone, Building Blocks, and Brick

Standard Specifications and Building Regulations For the Manufacture and Use of Concrete Architectural Stone, Building Blocks, and Brick

Proposed Standard Specifications and Building Regulations for the Manufactre and Use of Concrete Architectural Stone Building Blocks and Brick

Proposed Standard Specifications and Building Regulations for the Manufactre and Use of Concrete Architectural Stone Building Blocks and Brick

Proposed Revised Recommended Practice for Concrete Architectural Stone, Building Block and Brick

Proposed Revised Recommended Practice for Concrete Architectural Stone, Building Block and Brick

Recommended Practice for Concrete Architectural Stone, Building Block and Brick

Recommended Practice for Concrete Architectural Stone, Building Block and Brick

Standard Building Regulations for the Use of Concrete Architectural Stone, Building Block and Brick

Standard Building Regulations for the Use of Concrete Architectural Stone, Building Block and Brick

Standard Building Regulations for the Use of Concrete Architectural Stone, Building Block and Brick

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