Stock Preparation Research Articles

Pathogenic differences of cynomolgus macaques after Taï Forest virus infection depend on the viral stock propagation.

Taï Forest virus (TAFV) is a negative-sense RNA virus in the Filoviridae family. TAFV has caused only a single human infection, but several disease outbreaks in chimpanzees have been linked to this virus. Limited research has been done on this human-pathogenic virus. We sought to establish an animal model to assess TAFV disease progression and pathogenicity at our facility. We had access to two different viral stock preparations from different institutions, both originating from the single human case. Type I interferon receptor knockout mice were inoculated with TAFV stock 1 or stock 2 by the intraperitoneal route. Inoculation resulted in 100% survival with no disease regardless of viral stock preparation or infectious dose. Next, cynomolgus macaques were inoculated with TAFV stock 1 or stock 2. Inoculation with TAFV stock 1 resulted in 100% survival and robust TAFV glycoprotein-specific IgG responses including neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, macaques infected with TAFV stock 2 developed disease and were euthanized 8-11 days after infection exhibiting viremia, thrombocytopenia, and increased inflammatory mediators identified by transcriptional analysis. Histopathologic analysis of tissue samples collected at necropsy confirmed classic filovirus disease in numerous organs. Genomic differences in both stock preparations were mapped to several viral genes which may have contributed to disease severity. Taken together, we demonstrate that infection with the two TAFV stocks resulted in no disease in mice and opposing disease phenotypes in cynomolgus macaques, highlighting the impact of viral stock propagation on pathogenicity in animal models.

The Introduction of Latest Technologly and Process Control for Stock Preparation

The Introduction of Latest Technologly and Process Control for Stock Preparation

Recombinant AAV Production.

The insect cell-baculovirus expression vector (IC-BEV) platform has enabled small research-scale and large commercial-scale production of recombinant proteins and therapeutic biologics including recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-based gene delivery vectors. The wide use of this platform is comparable with other mammalian cell line-based platforms due to its simplicity, high-yield, comparable quality attributes, and robust bioprocessing features. In this chapter, we describe a rAAV production protocol employing one of the recent modifications of the One-Bac platform that consists of a stable transformed Sf9 cell line carrying AAV Rep2/Cap5 genes that are induced upon infection with a single recombinant baculovirus expression vector harboring the transgene of interest (rAAV genome). The overall protocol consists of essential steps including rBEV working stock preparation, rAAV production, and centrifugation-based clarification of cell culture lysate. The same protocol can also be applied for rAAV vector production using traditional Three-Bac, Two-Bac, and Mono-Bac platforms without requiring significant changes.

Improvement Approach of Stock Preparation System Against Raw Material Quality Change

Improvement Approach of Stock Preparation System Against Raw Material Quality Change

Reduction of fines in recycled paper white water via cellulase enzymes

Due to the high wastepaper recyclability and water-loop system closure, packaging paper mills struggle with increased fines, causing runnability issues. Cellulase enzymes are a preferred treatment choice for the improvement of the pulp refining in stock preparation area but are not widely used or easy to introduce in the production process. Different cellulase enzymes were tested, and those with the highest activity were introduced to the white-water (WW) samples with the aim to reduce fines content as potentially new enzyme applications on the paper machine. The first portion of the study involved the development of an experiment model to find and confirm the optimal enzyme process parameters (40 °C, pH 5.7, reaction time 3 h, and 0.18% v/v enzyme addition) for laboratory made white-water. The second portion of the study included turbidity, colloidal charge, flow cytometry (FCM), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis on industrial and laboratory made white-water samples at optimized process parameters. Obtained results corresponded to reduced fines content in white-water samples, which justified commercial usage of cellulase enzymes on recycled paper machine short loop and potentially increased machine runnability without negative influence on wastewater treatment plant.

Зольность тарного картона. Проблемы и пути их решения

This article covers the study of the nature of ash content of containerboard from waste paper, as well as fractional composition of ash. With increasing use of waste paper with white top layer and deterioration of conditions of collecting and storing waste paper at the storing fields, there is an increase in mineral impurities in the incoming waste paper. This fact leads to increased load on cleaning equipment and accelerated wear of working parts of sorters and mills. Ash content includes all mineral impurities without any division into fractions or sources of occurrence. Reducing the total ash content of products becomes quite difficult, because suppliers of cleaning equipment guarantee the efficiency of removing only those mineral contaminants, the size of which is greater than the a certain value (70…100 microns). Standard methods for determining ash content of paper and cardboard do not imply the possibility of determining the fractional composition. To solve this problem, the authors applied a method for determining the fractional composition of granular materials in a certified laboratory. The method of sample preparation for analysis was developed by the authors independently. Based on the results of the research, it was possible to identify the volume of the ash fraction that can be separated by means of cleaning equipment. This volume is mainly quartz sand of various degrees of grinding, and the other part of ash content is the filler, calcium carbonate, which cannot be effectively removed from the technical process due to the small particle size. To determine the content of calcium carbonate, qualitative and quantitative research methods were used - treatment with hydrochloric acid followed by washing and weighing of the resulting sludge. This test methodology and the results of the research work can serve as a basis for the need to install additional or upgrade the existing cleaning equipment. Unfortunately, at present there are no studies concerning abrasive ability of the main filler – calcium carbonate, and its influence on service life of the corrugator. Also, at the moment there are no data concerning critical size of ash particles, which lead to accelerated wear of the rolls. At the same time, determination of critical particle size is important from the point of view of setting up and upgrading of cleaning equipment of the stock preparation department of a typical paper mill processing waste paper raw materials. For citation: Zhirnov D.N., Dernova E.V., Gorazdova V.V., Dulkin D.A. Ash Content of Containerboard. Problems and Solutions. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 5, pp. 184–194. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-5-184-194

Joint Optimal Production Planning in Supply Chains under Diverse Low-Carbon Policies

This paper studies the impact of diverse carbon emission regulations on optimal operation decisions by exploiting the economic production lot model of a multi-manufacturer system in a low-carbon environment. The optimal production planning for multiple enterprises in terms of cost optimization and carbon emission optimization are presented in various scenarios of the fully decentralized system under carbon taxation, cap and trade, and mandatory carbon cap. We prove a unified framework for modeling the scenarios enabled by carbon tax and cap-and-trade policies. Furthermore, the decision vector of the optimal production lot is obtained by analyzing the joint decision scenario based on shared carbon emission caps. We give a comparative analysis of two settings of fully decentralized and carbon quota sharing. The results show that the decision of joint production and stock preparation can reduce the total operational costs of the multi-enterprise system, but the realized carbon emissions may not change or only increase slightly. Our study provides a useful reference for government carbon emission regulation and enterprise operation decision optimization under carbon neutrality and a carbon peak environment.

Changes in fold cracking properties and mechanical properties of high-grammage paper as affected by additive and fillers

Fold cracking, which reduces the economic feasibility of paper-making, is a localized surface deformation caused by extreme bending stress. Most paper products, such as base paper and coated paper, generate fold cracking during folding processing. To control fold cracking, the mechanical properties of the base paper can be strengthened, and the flexibility of the structure can be increased by controlling the modification in pulp fibers and stock preparation conditions. This study analyzed the changes in the mechanical properties of high-grammage paper in response to the addition of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) and cationic starch (C-starch). The application of inorganic filler (PCC) drastically reduced the internal bond strength and tensile strength, causing fold cracking, whereas C-starch increased the bond strength between fibers, which improved the tensile strength, internal bond strength, and elongation. However, when applied independently, fold cracking occurred because of extreme increase or decrease in strength. Therefore, the combined application of C-starch and PCC made it possible to form a paper-based structure with high fold cracking resistance. Moreover, when the fold cracking resistance was excellent, the mechanical properties were balanced without being biased in one direction even under conditions of relatively low mechanical properties.

Study on the Stock Preparation Conditions for Improving Fold Crushing Resistance of High Bulk Paper Products

The demand of high bulk paper products for packaging are increasing due to the delivery service spread and the eco-friend packaging trend. There are some propensities of paper products which should be overcome to increase the reliability of paper packaging. The fold crushing resistance could be one of the major properties of the paper packaging products. In this study, the conditions of the stock such as the mixing ratio of raw materials, the beating degrees of pulp fibers and the application of additives were controlled to evaluate the stock conditions on the fold crushing resistance. By adjusting the ratio of pulp fiber blending and the beating treatment, it was demonstrated in the experiment that both the mechanical properties and folding resistance of packaging paper could be enhanced. The addition of the additives such as PCC and cationic starch led to the increase of the folding resistance. Through both independent and comprehensive impact assessments of the stock conditions, it was determined that the ideal stock conditions for enhancing fold resistance properties could be attained.

Isolation and Phenotypic Characterization of Lytic Bacteriophage with Activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Aims: To perform the isolation and phenotypic characterization of bacteriophage with lytic activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To demonstrate that this type of viral agent can be isolated from the environment and used for the biocontrol of resistant bacterial types, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
 Study Design: This study was an experimental study.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at, Bacteriology and Mycology Laboratory in the Veterinary Hospital at the School of Agricultural Sciences, Innovation and Business of the University of Passo Fundo (ESAN/UPF) and Center for Diagnosis and Research in Animal Health of the University of Passo Fundo (CDSA/UPF), between April 2022 and June 2022.
 Methodology: Samples of untreated water were inoculated with the host bacterium strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 in an enriched media After the incubation period in, a phage filtrate was obtained by centrifugation followed by filtration. We verified the presence of bacteriophages using spot test and we carried out its purification by the method of sterile toothpick plate transfer on bacterial overlay semi-solid agar. Amplification was performed using an SM buffer elution procedure to produce a stock of viral material. Through assays in Petri dishes with bacterial overlay, we performed titration and phenotypic characterization regarding the lysis spectrum and efficiency of phage infection in the host.
 Results: We managed to isolate a morphologically characterized lytic bacteriophage with approximately 1 mm of diameter, high clarity in the inhibition area, the presence of halo and well-demarcated edges. The bacteriophage, named as Pseudomonas aeruginosa Phage UPF_PaBP1, demonstrated the infection capacity of the target bacteria in all tested dilutions and a stock preparation with a titre of 6.5 x 10⁸ PFU/ml was obtained for future use.
 Conclusion: The isolated phage showed strong lytic activity against the bacterial host, a finding that nourishes our expectations regarding the use of this phage as a biocontrol agent and phage therapy.

Структурно-морфологические свойства вторичного волокна из влагопрочного сырья при мягком размоле. Часть 1. Характеристика волокон

The efficient use of papermaking potential of secondary fiber by gentle refining of recycled pulp is one of the basic principles for the recovered paper stock preparation. The use of mild refining modes for recycled fiber is more important in the case of wetstrength paper than for conventional waste paper. This is due to the fact that recycled fiber is weakened by hard conditions of wet-strength paper repulping, in particular, long repulping time, elevated temperature, the use of alkali and oxidizers. The study aims at evaluating the changes in the morphological characteristics of secondary fiber during gentle low-consistency refining of recycled pulp. The analysis of the secondary fiber morphological characteristics was carried out in two complementary directions, i.e. the analysis of the fibers (part 1) and the analysis of the fines (part 2). Recycled pulp (RP) was obtained from commercial wetstrength tissue paper consisting of 100 % bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) made of pine (Pίnus sylvéstris L.). The wet-strength paper repulping was performed at 60 °C in three ways, namely, repulping with sodium hydroxide (indicated as RP(NaOH)), repulping with sodium hydroxide and sodium persulfate (RP(NaOH + Na2S2O8)), and finally repulping with sodium hydroxide and potassium monopersulfate (RP(NaOH + KHSO5)). Secondary fibers as well as primary fibers of BSKP had similar length distribution before and after gentle refining. Mean fiber length after first recycle reduced by 5–6 %. The calculated values of the fibershortening index showed that fiber cutting practically does not occur during gentle refiningof the recycled pulps. The increase in the refining degree of the pulps is mainly explained by the fibrillation of secondary fibers, rather than the formation of a large amount of fines. Secondary fibers obtained from the wet-strength paper have a high slenderness ratio ((L/W)l from 66.3 to 66.5 and (L/W)w from 83.6 to 84.3; where L – length, W – width) corresponding to pulp with good papermaking potential. The results showed that low-consistency gentle refining of the recycled pulp obtained by accelerated persulfate and monopersulfate repulping of the wet-strength paper leads to fiber straightening. The overall increase in the shape factor of secondary fibers was achieved due to a combination of accelerated repulping of the wetstrength waste paper (by ~ 60 %) and gentle refining of the pulp (by ~ 40 %).

PROFIL PENYIMPANAN OBAT DI UNIT PELAKSANAAN TEKNIS DAERAH (UPTD) PENGELOLAAN OBAT DINAS KESEHATAN KOTA MAKASSAR

The pharmacy storage facility is responsible for maintaining the supply of medicines to avoid damage and expiration as well as maintaining the quality of medicines stored in the facility. As a result, this investigation concerning the profile of drug storage at the UPTD of Drug Management of Makassar City Health Office, is necessary. The study aimed to determine the drug storage profile in the UPTD of Makassar City Health Office. The present study employs a descriptive qualitative approach. Direct observation, in- depth interviews, and document analysis were used to collect data. The informants for this study were the head of the UPTD and pharmaceutical personnel at the UPTD of Drug Management of Makassar City Health Office. The aspects examined and percentages obtained were facilities and spatial arrangements (82.3 percent), drug stock preparation (81.8 percent), stock card recording (87.5 percent), and checking conditions and drug storage (87.5 percent). The results showed that all areas examined fell into the very good category and were consistent with the guidelines of Health Ministry of the Republic of Indonesia 2002, Regulation numbers 72, 73, 74 of 2016, and Technical Guidelines of 2019. Even though drug storage activities are not directly related to patients, ignoring them will result in significant losses for the Health Office

Evaluation and Validation of Carvedilol in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Background: Quality may be described as the character that determines the degree of excellence. A good quality medication is anything that meets the product specifications, can be purchased safely, and can be used confidently for the purpose for which it was designed.To obtain a high quality medication, the manufacturing process for producing a drug should have quality integrated into it. Analytical chemistry is the discipline that seeks ever better methods of assessing the chemical composition of natural and manmade materials.
 Aims and Objective: Evaluation and validation of carvedilol in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
 Material and Methods: preparation of standard stock solution and preparation of sample solution as per standard protocol.
 Result: In the RP-HPLC method, a wavelength of 242 nm was retained and the retention time was found to be 2.9 with optimised conditions. Carvedilol showed linearity in the range of 15.62 -93.75µg/ml. where the peak shape was symmetrical and a good correlation coefficient value was obtained.
 Conclusion: RP-HPLC, HPTLC, UV spectroscopy were found to be sensitive, precise, and accurate. However these three methods can be used for the routine analysis of carvedilol from formulation.

VISUAL AND ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF NON-FIBRE INCLUSIONS IN TISSUE-PAPER FROM RECOVERED PAPER IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE ENTERPRISE OF SYKTYVKAR TISSUE GROUP OJSC

The article is devoted to solving an important scientific and technical task, improving the technology of production of tissue-paper. The study pays special attention to the problems related to the use of recovered paper, microscopic images of the surface of samples obtained from recovered paper sampling at various stages of the production of tissue-paper at the enterprise of Syktyvkar Tissue Group OJSC are presented. The main result of scientific research was a preliminary assessment of the study of the recovered paper stock preparation technology at the enterprise, for which the sampling from various stages of production were examined by a scanning electron microscope, which made it possible to visually assess the degree of cleaning of recovered paper from impurities from images of the microstructure of the surface of various scales. The chemical composition of the main additives was established by energy-dispersive X-ray spectral micro assay (EDX). Preliminary assessment of the nature of contamination, visual assessment of the microstructure of samples obtained from recovered paper stock from various stages of cleaning, allowed the engineers of the enterprise to evaluate the effectiveness of individual units of the stock preparation department for the production of tissue-paper. The obtained data will make it possible to specify the scientific and technical task and direct subsequent scientific work to improve the recovered paper stock preparation unit, which more requires perfection.

A Sensitive and Quantitative Assay to Enumerate and Measure Mycobacterium leprae Viability in Clinical and Experimental Specimens.

Mycobacterium leprae, the etiologic agent of leprosy, cannot be cultured on artificial media. This characteristic, coupled with its long generation time, presents a number of unique challenges to studying this pathogen. One of the difficulties facing both researchers and clinicians is the absence of a rapid test to measure the viability of M. leprae in clinical or experimental specimens. The lack of such a tool limits the understanding of M. leprae immunopathogenesis and makes determining the efficacy of drug treatments difficult. With this in mind, we developed a robust two-step molecular viability assay (MVA) that first enumerates the M. leprae in the tissue; then, this data is used to normalize bacterial RNA quantities for the second step, in which the expression of M. leprae esxA and hsp18 are measured. This assay is specific and sensitive enough to be used on most clinical samples. This protocol describes the steps required to extract DNA and RNA from M. leprae-infected tissue, enumerate M. leprae, and measure M. leprae viability based on the normalized expression of two M. leprae-specific genes (hsp18 and esxA). This protocol also outlines an optimal laboratory design and workflow for performing this assay. © 2022 The Leprosy Mission Nepal. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA. Basic Protocol 1: DNA and RNA P purification from M. leprae-infected tissue Basic Protocol 2: Enumeration of M. leprae by RLEP qPCR on the DNA fraction Basic Protocol 3: Calculation of M. leprae per tissue and normalization of RNA Basic Protocol 4: Reverse-transcription of normalized RNA to generate cDNA Basic Protocol 5: Determination of M. leprae viability using HSP18 and ESXA qPCR on the cDNA Support Protocol 1: M. leprae qPCR primer/probe stock preparation Support Protocol 2: Preparation of plasmid stocks and standard curves.

Stabilizing of Stock Preparation LC-Refining by Using Valmet Online Analyzer

Stabilizing of Stock Preparation LC-Refining by Using Valmet Online Analyzer

KAJIAN IMPLEMENTASI PELUANG PRODUKSI BERSIH PADA INDUSTRI KERTAS SACK KRAFT PT X

Waste minimisation in paper industry activities can be done by applying cleaner production methods. The objective of this research was to study of opportunity of cleaner production implementation in sack kraft industry. These stages of research were identification of process stages, identification of problems, identification of cleaner production opportunities, feasibility analysis of technical, environmental and financial aspects, and election priority cleaner production opportunities with Exponential Comparison Method (ECM). The processes of the sack kraft production included stock preparation, sheet formation, pressing section, drying section, scrolling and cutting. These Sack Kraft Industry used 110 tonnes of cardboard afval and produced 90.742 tonnes of sack kraft, 3.65 tonnes failed paper, 2.443 tonnes scattered paper, 4.915 tonnes defected paper and 8.25 tonnes solid waste in the form of plastic and metal. The problems often had been occured were downtime machine, broken machine, solid waste production, failed paper, scattered paper, and defected paper. Recommendation of cleaner production opportunities were making pellets from solid waste as fuel substitution (PBP 0.1 years and B/C 8.31), application of Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for machine maintenance (PBP 3.9 years and B/C 1.3), Good manufacturing practice training (PBP 0.63 years and B/C 2.58). The priority order of cleaner production using ECM was application of SOP for machine maintenance, GMP training, and making pellets as fuel substitution. Keywords: cleaner production, sack kraft, paper industry, exponential comparison method

The Ethics of Human Challenge Trials Using Emerging Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 Variants.

The world's first coronavirus disease 2019 human challenge trial using the D614G strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is underway in the United Kingdom. The Wellcome Trust is funding challenge stock preparation of the Beta and Delta variant for a follow-up human challenge trial, and researchers at hVIVO are considering conducting these trials. However, little has been written thus far about the ethical justifiability of human challenge trials with SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. We explore 2 specific characteristics of some variants that may initially be thought to make such trials unethical and conclude that SARS-CoV-2 variant challenge trials can remain ethical.

PSX-A-7 Late-Breaking: Correlation of mitochondrial membrane potential and rough motility scores in cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa

Abstract Spermatozoon motility is an important factor in successful artificial reproductive technologies. Successful reproduction requires properly developed spermatozoa with adequate forward, progressive motility that allows for transport through the female reproductive tract. Motility is driven by production of ATP; however, cryopreservation is known to have damaging effects on spermatozoa. Mitochondria utilize oxidative phosphorylation to synthesize ATP through an electrochemical proton motive force that is composed primarily of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). The mitochondrial membrane potential can be measured using a fluorescent, carbocyanine JC-1 dye (5,5’,6,6’-tetrachloro-1,1’,3,3’-tetraethylbenzimi-dazolylcarbocyanine iodide). The objective of this study was to examine correlations between the mitochondrial membrane potential and motility score. Cryopreserved semen samples from three bulls were donated to Tarleton State University for research purposes. Samples were thawed, placed under a phase contrast microscope, and analyzed by three individuals with varying levels of training for rough motility. These samples were then prepared with JC-1 dye according to manufacturer’s instructions. Two microliters of dye were added to a stock preparation of each sample. Samples were examined on a FACS Calibur flow cytometer at University of Texas Southwestern Core in Dallas, TX. Flow cytometry analysis was performed using FlowJo V10.7. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS v9.4. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed a strong, positive correlation (r = 0.90) between the mitochondrial membrane potential and motility (P = 0.28), thus indicating as the mitochondrial membrane potential increases, so does the rough motility score. These data represent a subset of a population that demonstrates the need of further research on the ability for spermatozoa to produce ATP and the correlation in forward, progressive motility. This research can provide a foundation in which future researchers may develop an assay that allows for testing of mitochondrial membrane potential by producers to select bulls with greater breeding potential.

Enhancing Teak (Tectona grandis) Seedling Growth by Rhizosphere Microbes: A Sustainable Way to Optimize Agroforestry.

With its premium wood quality and resistance to pests, teak is a valuable tree species remarkably required for timber trading and agroforestry. The nursery stage of teak plantation needs critical care to warrant its long-term productivity. This study aimed to search for beneficial teak rhizosphere microbes and assess their teak-growth-promoting potentials during nursery stock preparation. Three teak rhizosphere/root-associated microbes, including two teak rhizobacteria (a nitrogen-fixing teak root endophyte-Agrobacterium sp. CGC-5 and a teak rhizosphere actinobacterium-Kitasatospora sp. TCM1-050) and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Claroideoglomus sp. PBT03), were isolated and used in this study. Both teak rhizobacteria could produce in vitro phytohormones (auxins) and catalase. With the pot-scale assessments, applying these rhizosphere microbes in the form of consortia offered better teak-growth-promoting activities than the individual applications, supported by significantly increased teak seedling biomass. Moreover, teak-growth-promoting roles of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus were highly dependent upon the support by other teak rhizobacteria. Based on our findings, establishing the synergistic interactions between beneficial rhizosphere microbes and teak roots was a promising sustainable strategy to enhance teak growth and development at the nursery stage and reduce chemical inputs in agroforestry.