Stock Availability Research Articles

Modelling retail inventory pricing policies under service level and promotional efforts during COVID-19

Most supply chain and production systems faced multiple manufacturing and delivery challenges during COVID-19 and transformed their supply chain for improved customer service. These challenges are mostly related to stocking and managing the inventory flow throughout the supply chain (from manufacturer to end consumer). Due to the COVID-19 travel and movement restrictions, inventory reorganisation is necessary for fulfilling consumer demand with adequate service facilities. The safety and serviceability of inventory consumption is the primary concern of many retail grocery stores and consumers. Maintaining the supply of groceries items during and post COVID-19 time without disruption is a real operational and policy challenge. Therefore, this research tries to solve an inventory pricing mechanism and retailer's profit under the optimal service level and retailers' promotional efforts. The proposed optimisation model is validated in the grocery retail sector. The grocery retail market situation is modelled when the demand for the grocery product (which may be essential items) and selling price depending on the investment in item promotional effort and consumer serviceability. The retail grocery store's investment in the product promotional efforts, such as awareness of the item availability and no-contact delivery which, may attract consumers. Therefore, the proposed inventory consumption is modelled with an optimisation problem to maximise the store profit with the optimal investment in promotional activities and service facilities to the consumers and maintain an optimal replenishment cycle. The optimisation model is tested with three different cases (no investment in promotional efforts, no investment in service facility, and investment in both) of investment to maximise the retailer's profit and stock availability. The optimality results depicted that investment in promotional efforts and service facility givens higher profit to the retailer. The proposed optimisation model's policy implications would help grocery retail store managers to develop operational strategies for maximising profit with the optimal service level and promotional efforts.

A Computerized System to Solve Difficulties in Finding Medicines under the Medicine Shortages in Sri Lanka

Due to ongoing financial crisis in Sri Lanka, patients are starting to suffer from medicine shortages at an increasing rate. Patients are having to go to multiple pharmacies to find certain medicines which could result in health complications. Although e-pharmacy platforms provide the functionality to order medicines by uploading the prescription sheet, they do not provide alternatives on where to find the medicines that are not available in the pharmacy. This research introduces a new functionality to provide patients suggestion on where exactly to find missing medicines. This is found through checking the stock availability of the medicine in other pharmacies in sorted order with respect to the delivery location of the patient taken via Google map API to make the process much more efficient and practical. This is achieved by implementing a global identifier for each medicine where all pharmacies keep the records of the medicines in reference to the defined global identifier of that medicine. In addition to that, the system allows patients to view all the pharmacies nearest to their delivery location and give the freedom to place orders to whichever pharmacy they prefer. If a medicine is not available in the pharmacy which the order was placed for, the system will give suggestions to the patient on where exactly to buy the medicine.

Strategi Koperasi Syariah 212 Dalam Mengembangkan Bisnis Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19


 The COVID-19 pandemic is an event that has had various impacts on Indonesia. One of them is in cooperative business. Cooperative managers must feel the decline in sales and distribution delays, besides that cooperatives must also think about how to keep their business activities afloat in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to find out the strategies carried out by sharia cooperatives 212 in developing business during the covid-19 pandemic. And to find out the obstacles faced by sharia cooperatives 212 during the covid-19 pandemic. This study uses a qualitative method through a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques were obtained from the results of interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the strategies carried out by sharia cooperative 212 in developing business during the covid 19 pandemic are: (1) product strategy, by focusing on gallon water products, because gallon water is daily consumption. (2) promotion strategy, the promotion is carried out by making a gallon borrowing program. (3) price strategy, by setting the selling price of products in the middle and upper category and still cheap when compared to the prices of competitors who are in the upper middle position. (4) distribution location strategy, by using distribution channels directly to consumers. Meanwhile, the obstacles faced by sharia 212 cooperatives during the COVID-19 pandemic were: (1) 212 sharia cooperatives did not yet have their own factories and were still partnering with other factories. (2) rising prices of plastic packaging raw materials. (3) there are factory partners who are closed due to being affected by the covid 19 pandemic, which affects stock availability.
 Keywords: Strategy, Sharia Cooperatives, Business Development, Pandemic Covid-19

Four reasons why functional traits are not being used in restoration practice

Restoration ecologists devote considerable time and resources to understanding the role of functional traits in community assembly and ecosystem functioning. However, while functional traits show promise in supporting restoration practice in some circumstances, traits are not often explicitly considered by practitioners. Here we highlight four reasons that are preventing the use of traits in restoration, ranging from different restoration targets and frameworks to practical considerations around species selection, databases, plant stock availability, and measurement approaches. We provide actions that can be taken by researchers, practitioners, plant stock producers, and policy makers to better incorporate functional traits in restoration practice and show how traits can complement existing practices to achieve both traditional/taxonomic and functional restoration targets. We hope to guide critical partnerships, missing research, and immediate actions to leverage the value of traits at all stages in the restoration process.

İlaç Sektöründe Zaman Serisi ve Regresyon Birleşik Modeller ile Talep Tahmini Uygulaması

Accurate demand forecasting is crucially important to reduce inventory and backlogging cost. In this study, we analyze howpromos, holiday statements, price changes, stock availability and date-time features (weekdays, months etc.) affect thedemand by using several forecasting methods. Data sets were collected for the products of the global pharmaceuticalcompany providing services in Turkey. Actual daily sales data for 2016, 2017 and 2018 were used in the construction of thisdata set. In order to predict the next periods demand, we used four different models which are Holt Winters, RidgeRegression, Random Forest and Xgboost. We also ensemble those models to improve forecasting accuracy. Next, byweighting inversely proportional to the error rates of the models, binary, triple and quadruple combinations of the singlemodels were compared with themselves and the single models. Our numerical results show that the lowest forecasting errorrate was obtained in ensemble models. Particularly, the lowest error rate in individual models was obtained in Random Forestwith 15.7% RMSPE (Root Mean Square Percentage Error) value, and the lowest error rate was obtained with 10.7% RMSPEvalue in Holt Winters & Xgboost models combination. Results show that ensemble of several models can increase theforecasting accuracy.

Perancangan Sistem Informasi Manajemen Stok Gudang Dengan Metode Object Oriented Analysis Design

An information system is a collection of information contained in a database using information technology models and media used in decision making within a company. In a company, information is something that is important to support the decision-making process by management. Every company or shop must be familiar with inventory or stock of goods. Inventory is the stock of goods which is usually related to the sales and purchasing departments. PT. Bayu Ardi Triyana is a company operating in the IT Solution sector which still uses manual methods to collect data on outgoing and incoming stock so that many errors can occur and result in stock differences between the written data and the goods in the warehouse. Therefore, a system for recording stock availability, incoming and outgoing goods is needed at PT Bayu Ardi Triyana to assist in its business processes. With the system built, it is hoped that it will be able to improve company performance. Object Oriented Analysis Design (OOAD) is an analysis method that examines requirements from the perspective of classes and objects encountered within the scope of the problem that directs software architecture based on the manipulation of system or subsystem objects. OOAD is a new way of thinking about a problem by using models created according to concepts around the real world. The basis for creation is an object which is a combination of data structure and behavior in one entity.
 
 Keywords: Application, Warehouse, Storage, Website

Identifikasi Pola Penjualan Barang dalam Menjaga Stabilitas Stok Menggunakan Algoritma Fp- Growth

To take advantage of a very large collection of databases, a method or technique is needed that can convert a myriad of data into useful information, one of the data that can be processed is sales data at the Kamang Mart Mini Market. Kamang mart mini market is a mini market that will meet the needs of the community. As an effort to support efficient services, an orderly and thorough work procedure is needed so that it will produce fast, accurate and timely information according to the needs of consumers or the community. To facilitate the mini market in managing data, a system is needed that can produce a decision to find out which products are most in demand and needed by consumers and predict the level of stock availability. So that a lot of data can be used optimally so that later the goods needed by consumers can be fulfilled properly by the mini market and can increase sales at the Kamang Mart minimarket and can also reduce the accumulation of goods that are less desirable by consumers. The transaction data that will be processed in this study are as many as 20 transaction data. The transaction data will be examined using one of the Data Mining techniques by association rule using the Fp-Growth algorithm with a minimum support value of 30% and a confidence value of 70%. So that the pattern of product purchases is obtained which is used as information to predict the level of stock availability of goods. This research is very appropriate to be used by supermarkets in order to convey information more quickly and accurately so that sales levels are increased and well controlled.

Optimalisasi Wakaf Produktif untuk memperkuat sistem ketahanan pangan

Food is the right of every individual and the obligation of the state to ensure its availability. Relying on imports to maintain national food stability must be addressed by increasing national food production in order to have a wider impact not only on food security but also on economic security. The concept of food security is not limited to food availability either through production, warehouse stock or imports. Another thing to note is good storage management. Likewise with its accessibility, both through equitable and controlled distribution and the ability of the community to access the food. Communities must be guaranteed by the state to be able to meet their own food needs by providing food that is accessible to all groups or providing assistance so that people can access their food needs. This study uses a literature study method with a descriptive qualitative approach. The purpose of this study is to find an alternative model that covers all aspects of food security in facing the threat of a food crisis by making productive waqf an important element in strengthening the national food security system. Optimizing the potential of waqf with the support of zakat, infaq/alms is expected to be an alternative model for strengthening the existing food security system and have a positive impact on the availability of food stocks and their accessibility by the community.

Carbon Stock Availability in Forests of the Zabarwan Mountain Range in Kashmir Himalaya

Carbon Stock Availability in Forests of the Zabarwan Mountain Range in Kashmir Himalaya

Analisis Metode Multi Objective Optimization On The Basis Ratio Analysis pada Pengadaan Bahan Baku Kosmetika PT. Zoey Cosmedica Putra

Supervision, procurement and maintenance of good raw materials are really needed to increase production potential and production costs. PT. Zoey Cosmedica Putra is a cosmetic tolling company, which is a business collaboration between individuals/companies and cosmetic manufacturers who have permits in the manufacture of cosmetic products. PT. Zoey Cosmedica Putra procures raw materials only based on last month's stock availability without taking other factors into account. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account those who are able to provide alternative value to PT. Zoey Cosmedica Putra in determining the maximum procurement of raw materials in order to obtain minimal profits, risks and expenses. The use of the Multi Objective Optimization Method based on Ratio Analysis (MOORA) is a solution related to the needs of PT. Zoey Cosmedica Putra in determining the procurement of raw materials by providing a priority rating of each raw material with criteria, determination of criteria and weights that adjust to the company's needs, namely expiration, inventory, raw material prices, intensity of use, and delivery from producers where each criterion has its own set. -each -each. This calculation is to support decisions in procuring raw materials. with an accuracy rate of 76 percent.

Shrimp up, fish down, and vice-versa: Fishers’ strategies and long-term changes in small-scale fisheries landings at two spatial levels in Southern Brazil

Fisheries are complex adaptive systems, requiring due consideration of temporal and spatial scales for their understanding and management. In this study, seemingly contrasting long-term fish and shrimp production trends at two spatial levels prompted us to analyze 50 years of small-scale fisheries landing data in Southern Brazil. We applied time-series analyses and mixed-effect models to identify interannual fishing trends at the regional and local levels. Results confirmed an overall decrease in fish landings and an increase in shrimp landings at the regional level. However, a contrasting trend was observed at the local level, with fish landings increasing while shrimp landings decreased. Such patterns suggest that fishers responded differently to the constant changes in the institutional environment. Therefore, in order to identify and discuss possible drivers of change, other than stock availability, we reviewed the literature and institutional documents (laws, government programs, etc.) as well as qualitative information from almost 30 years of research on the local and regional fisheries. The following drivers were found: technical change and innovation; changes in legal restrictions to fishing and resource protection; asymmetrical access and use of government incentives, particularly financial credit, to foster the fish supply chain; market conditions; and local culture and ecological knowledge. The analysis stresses the importance of a more comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to fisheries science and management. Fishing landings data integrated to human dimensions of fishing (e.g., social organization, laws, and institutions) provide a better means to understanding the complex dynamics of fishery systems.

PENDAMPINGAN PEMASARAN UMKM PEMPEK DI PASAR KULINER 26 ILIR KOTA PALEMBANG PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID 19

The pandemic era with various restrictions on people's movement continued throughout 2021, causing the economy in various sectors and regions in Indonesia to be affected, including the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (UMKM) sector in the Palembang area, South Sumatra which was severely affected. The problem is that many MSMEs are out of business due to management and marketing strategies and are not well known by consumers, as well as a lack of understanding of the importance of digital marketing. One of the impacts of the pandemic is in the culinary world, namely the sale of the typical food of the city of Palembang, Pempek. Many Pempek MSME entrepreneurs feel the direct impact of the Covid 19 attack on the sales of Pempek. The decline in sales turnover of pempek as a typical souvenir from the city of Palembang has forced several pempek stalls in culinary tourism at Pasar 26 Palembang to close their shops. Through the Community Partnership Program (PKM) to overcome these problems, the team proposed priority issues that were agreed upon and resolved. The purpose of this activity is to foster MSMEs, help overcome the problems faced by MSMEs in running their business and increase people's income. The results of this activity: 1) Availability of raw material stock of ground fish 2) Availability of freezer and vacuum sealer machines 3) Achievement of marketing and promotion on social media Pempek out of South Sumatra.

Temporally explicit abiotic depletion potential (TADP) for mineral resource use based on future demand projections

PurposeAssessing the potential impacts (characterization) of mineral resource use in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) has long been debated. One of the most crucial challenges in the characterization models for mineral resource use is the consideration of the changing demand and availability of in-use stocks in the future, which is relevant to the global population and economy growth as well as the increasing low-carbon technologies. We propose an extended characterization model to assess the potential impacts for arbitrary time horizons, considering future demand changes and the availability of in-use stock: temporally explicit abiotic depletion potential (TADP).MethodsThe TADP was developed based on abiotic depletion potential (ADP), which is a widely used characterization model for mineral resource use. While the ADP assesses the potential impacts of mineral resource use based on a natural stock estimate and the current extraction rate, the TADP adopts an average extraction rate for arbitrary time horizons. The average extraction rate was estimated using material flow analysis considering future demand changes and recycling under the five shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). TADPs were calculated for six common metals: aluminum, copper, iron, lead, nickel, and zinc.Results and discussionAs a result of calculating TADPs for the term by 2050 (TADP2050), compared to iron, all other metals showed larger values of characterization factors for all SSPs than the original ADPs. The TADP2050 of copper exhibited the largest difference with ADP among the six metals (approximately 1.9 times), which is mainly attributed to future demand growth. On the other hand, for the longer time perspective, the TADP2100 of lead and zinc exhibited larger differences with ADP than copper (approximately 2.8 times for zinc), which is mainly due to a relatively shorter lifetime for lead and a lower recycling rate for zinc. This suggests that the relative significance of the characterization factors of metals varies depending on the temporal perspective.ConclusionsWith the proposed characterization model, the potential impacts of mineral resource use can be assessed reflecting future situations for the selected time horizons. The results demonstrate that the consideration of future situations greatly influences the relative significance of the potential impacts of using different mineral resources in the results of LCIA studies. By expanding the coverage of mineral resources and future scenario analysis to other relevant factors, the TADP model can improve the robustness of the assessment and further support decision-making towards sustainable resource management.

Penerapan Data Mining Untuk Memprediksi Ketersediaan Stok Produk HNI HPAI Menggunakan Algoritma C4.5

In a company, the availability of this stock must be considered to avoid product losses caused by expiration and also to avoid order cancellations. The data contained in the HPAI company application, called the HSIS application, can be utilized and applied for data mining in determining which products are in demand in everyday life. This HSIS application can be used by the Business Center (BC) and all Stock Agents in the HPAI HNI business. To maintain the availability of product stock, the purpose of this study is to test the Stock Agent using the C4.5 Algorithm to predict that the availability of products that must be maintained is in accordance with customer needs. The use of the C4.5 algorithm on stock agents can overcome stockpiling and finance or stock agents capital can be used to buy stock that must be available. The results of the analysis using the C4.5 algorithm stated that although the price of the product was expensive, it was still selling well as herbal products. So of the three types of HPAI HNI products (Herbs product, Health food & beverage and Cosmetic & home care), the stock that must be increased or available is the Herbs Product.

Preparation, quality control, biological evaluation, and human absorbed dose estimation of 188Re-HYNIC-TOC

Abstract In this study, concerning the advantages of rhenium-188 over other therapeutic radionuclides, such as its stock availability from 188W/188Re generator and radiolabeled peptide therapy in the treatment of patients with widespread disease, preparation and quality control of 188Re-HYNIC-TOC were studied. Optimized conditions for radiolabeling of HYNIC-TOC with 188Re were assessed by several experiments. 188Re-HYNIC-TOC was prepared with radiochemical purity >97%. The radiolabelled compound showed high stability both in PBS buffer and in human serum even after 24 h. Biodistribution of the complex in male Wistar rats was examined up to 24 h after intravenous injection and indicated fast blood clearance and significant accumulation in the kidney. The radiation absorbed dose assessment resource (RADAR) method was used to estimate the equivalent and effective absorbed dose of human organs. Kidney received the absorbed dose of 0.72 mSv/MBq, the highest estimated amount, after injection of the complex. The results showed fast preparation, easy quality control, and relatively similar biodistribution of 188Re-HYNIC-TOC to other peptides. This complex can be considered as an agent for the treatment of patients with medium-sized tumors expressing somatostatin receptors. However, more biological studies are still needed.

Allometric equations for biomass and carbon stock estimation of small diameter woody species from tropical dry deciduous forests: Support to REDD+

In order to assess the contribution to the overall carbon stock and generate carbon credits under REDD+, it is essential to have an accurate estimation of biomass of different forest components. Forest cover in India is gradually increasing due to the active restoration of degraded land and plantation on waste and barren lands leading to an increase in the abundance of small diameter woody species. However, these were not included in biomass studies due to the non- availability of adequate allometric equations and low carbon stocks compared to mature individuals. We have harvested 589 individuals belonging to 23 woody species at the seedling and sapling stage from a tropical dry deciduous forest and developed species specific allometric equation and general allometric equation for aboveground biomass estimation. Further, the belowground biomass equation of 9 species were also developed using above ground biomass and root to shoot ratio as predictor variable. In the case of general equation, the combination of diameter with height and diameter, height and wood specific gravity exhibited highest adjusted R2 value. In case of species-specific allometric equations, combination of diameter with height predicts above ground biomass more precisely as compared to the diameter and wood specific gravity. Since the estimation of wood specific gravity requires destruction of lower diameter individuals, usage of diameter and height for biomass estimation would help protecting regeneration as both methods yield same results. All the equations developed in the present study for below ground biomass predicts biomass precisely. We suggest use of species specific allometric model developed with diameter and height for estimation of biomass. Further, general models consisting of height and diameter may be used for biomass estimation in case of non-availability of species specific equations without destroying the regeneration.

Comparison of [18F]DOPA and [68Ga]DOTA-TOC as a PET imaging tracer before peptide receptor radionuclide therapy

BackgroundIn treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), confirmation of somatostatin receptor expression with 68Ga-DOTA somatostatin analogues is mandatory to determine eligibility for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). [18F]DOPA can detect additional lesions compared to [68Ga]DOTA-TOC. The aim of this study was to explore differences in tumour detection of both tracers and their relevance for selecting patients for PRRT. We retrospectively studied eight patients with NENs who underwent both [68Ga]DOTA-TOC and carbidopa-enhanced [18F]DOPA PET/CT, before first-time PRRT with [177Lu]DOTA-TATE. Tracer order was influenced due to stock availability or to detect suspected metastases with a second tracer. On CT, disease control was defined as a lesion showing complete response, partial response, or stable disease, according to RECIST 1.1. criteria.ResultsSeven patients with in total 89 lesions completed four infusions of 7.4 GBq [177Lu]DOTA-TATE, one patient received only two cycles. Before treatment, [18F]DOPA PET/CT detected significantly more lesions than [68Ga]DOTA-TOC PET/CT (79 vs. 62, p < .001). After treatment, no difference in number of lesions with disease control was found for [18F]DOPA-only (5/27) and [68Ga]DOTA-TOC-only lesions (4/10, p = .25). [18F]DOPA detected more liver metastases (24/27) compared to [68Ga]DOTA-TOC (7/10, p = .006). Six patients showed inpatient heterogeneity in treatment response between [18F]DOPA-only and [68Ga]DOTA-TOC-only lesions.ConclusionsResponse to PRRT with [177Lu]DOTA-TATE was comparable for both [68Ga]DOTA-TOC- and [18F]DOPA-only NEN lesions. [18F]DOPA may be capable of predicting response to PRRT while finding more lesions compared to [68Ga]DOTA-TOC, although these additional lesions are often small of size and undetected by diagnostic CT.

TRANSPORT EVOLUTION AND MODERN CHALLENGES OF UKRAINIAN RAILWAY

The article deals with the patterns of the transport system development and, inparticular, rail freight transport under the influence of the general laws of dialectics. There has beenconducted a comparative analysis of the performance of rail and road transport, in particular freighttraffic, freight turnover and the average distance of transportation. The volumes of freighttransportation by Ukrainian railways and the availability of rolling stock have been analyzed. Themain identified quality indicators of the economic-mathematical model and regularities betweenquantitative changes in the system of social division of labour led to quantitative changes in thetransport sector, which serves the manufacturing sector. It has been determined that the current stateof the railway and further maintenance of its competitiveness even taking into account the existingvolume of transport services requires immediate solution of technical and technological as well asorganizational issues regarding modernization of rolling stock, improvement of railwayinfrastructure and management system. The analysis of foreign and domestic experience of transportactivity testified to the narrowing of railway transportation segment, with the railways dealing mostlywith the transportation of bulk cargo. There has been conducted a correlation-regression analysis ofthe impact of the main locomotives and freight cars on the volume of freight traffic. It has been definedthat the level of influence of the main locomotives fleet on the provision of uninterruptedtransportation is almost twice as high as the influence of the operational fleet of cars. It has beenfound out that the most important issue is to further ensure the functionality of available means oftransport. It has been concluded that the priority task today is the introduction of innovations that can extend the operational capacity of the available locomotive fleet through the introduction ofmodern technologies.

Prediksi Penggunaan Obat Peserta Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional Menggunakan Algoritma Naïve Bayes Classifier

Currently, most of the patients seeking treatment at the hospital use the National Health Insurance (JKN) organized by the Healthcare and Social Security Agency (BPJS Kesehatan). In some hospitals, the figure is above 80%. Considering the very high number of BPJS Kesehatan participant seeking treatment at the hospital, a good data management method is needed, especially regarding the management of drug. Drug supply needs to be analyzed from time to time so that it can help predict future needs. An adequate supply of drugs and as needed is one of the things that affect service to patients. The availability of sufficient stock is expected to accelerate service to patients so that they do not have to wait long. Patients who are served quickly are expected to be satisfied. The impact of this patient satisfaction will increase the number of patient visits to the hospital. To support this, it is necessary to create a system that can estimate drug needs. The system can predict drug demand by using drug sales data to JKN participant patients for five years. Drug data used as research samples and then processed using an algorithm is the Naive Bayes Classifier. The Naive Bayes Classifier method is a method used to predict future opportunities using the basis of previous experience. A distinctive feature of this method is that it uses a very strong assumption of the independence of each event. While software testing uses the User Acceptance Test (UAT) model. Based on testing using this method, the system can be well received by users with a score of 78.64% (good).&#x0D;

Allocation of inventory responsibilities in overconfident supply chains

We analyze a supply-chain setting in which a manufacturer sells to a retailer, who in turn sells to a market with uncertain demand. A two-wholesale-price contract governs the relationship between the two parties. Before the selling season begins, the retailer preorders from the manufacturer, who stocks to at least satisfy the preorder. After the actual demand is realized, the retailer can place an at-once order, which is satisfied up to the manufacturer's stock availability. The contract specifies the preorder and at-once order wholesale prices. The retailer's preorder and the manufacturer's stocking level determine that the contract functions in one of three regimes, namely Push, Pull, or partial advance booking (PAB). The retailer undertakes all inventory responsibilities in Push, whereas the manufacturer does so in Pull, and they share inventory responsibilities in PAB. An overconfident party holds a biased belief that the demand is less variable than it actually is. We investigate the influences of overconfidence by either one or both parties on the allocation of inventory responsibilities and profitability. Each party can benefit from a biased belief by the other party, and the manufacturer may even benefit from its unilateral overconfidence. The presence of overconfident channel parties could weaken the negative effect of double marginalization in certain circumstances. Furthermore, channel parties’ overconfidence reduces the Pareto-improvement opportunities for most single or two-wholesale-price contracts, and the manufacturer's overconfidence plays a more prominent role in this reduction. We also compare channel parties’ perceived Pareto-improvement sets with their real Pareto-improvement sets to identify profit improvement opportunities.