Magnitude Of Stimulus Research Articles

Confidence and central tendency in perceptual judgment.

This paper theoretically and empirically investigates the role of noisy cognition in perceptual judgment, focusing on the central tendency effect: the well-known empirical regularity that perceptual judgments are biased towards the center of the stimulus distribution. Based on a formal Bayesian framework, we generate predictions about the relationships between subjective confidence, central tendency, and response variability. Specifically, our model clarifies that lower subjective confidence as a measure of posterior uncertainty about a judgment should predict (i) a lower sensitivity of magnitude estimates to objective stimuli; (ii) a higher sensitivity to the mean of the stimulus distribution; (iii) a stronger central tendency effect at higher stimulus magnitudes; and (iv) higher response variability. To test these predictions, we collect a large-scale experimental data set and additionally re-analyze perceptual judgment data from several previous experiments. Across data sets, subjective confidence is strongly predictive of the central tendency effect and response variability, both correlationally and when we exogenously manipulate the magnitude of sensory noise. Our results are consistent with (but not necessarily uniquely explained by) Bayesian models of confidence and the central tendency.

Impact of solar radiation on chemical structure and micromechanical properties of cellulose-based humidity-sensing material Cottonid

Renewable and environmentally responsive materials are an energy- and resource-efficient approach in terms of civil engineering applications, e.g. as so-called smart building skins. To evaluate the influence of different environmental stimuli, like humidity or solar radiation, on the long-term actuation behavior and mechanical robustness of these materials, it is necessary to precisely characterize the magnitude and range of stimuli that trigger reactions and the resulting kinetics of a material, respectively, with suitable testing equipment and techniques. The overall aim is to correlate actuation potential and mechanical properties with process- or application-oriented parameters in terms of demand-oriented stimuli-responsive element production. In this study, the impact of solar radiation as environmental trigger on the cellulose-based humidity-sensing material Cottonid, which is a promising candidate for adaptive and autonomously moving elements, was investigated. For simulating solar radiation in the lab, specimens were exposed to short-wavelength blue light as well as a standardized artificial solar irradiation (CIE Solar ID65) in long-term aging experiments. Photodegradation behavior was analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared as well as electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements to assess changes in Cottonid’s chemical composition. Subsequently, changes in micromechanical properties on the respective specimens’ surface were investigated with roughness measurements and ultra-micro-hardness tests to characterize variations in stiffness distribution in comparison to the initial condition. Also, thermal effects during long-term aging were considered and contrasted to pure radiative effects. In addition, to investigate the influence of process-related parameters on Cottonid’s humidity-driven deformation behavior, actuation tests were performed in an alternating climate chamber using a customized specimen holder, instrumented with digital image correlation (DIC). DIC was used for precise actuation strain measurements to comparatively evaluate different influences on the material’s sorption behavior. The infrared absorbance spectra of different aging states of irradiated Cottonid indicate oxidative stress on the surface compared to unaged samples. These findings differ under pure thermal loads. EPR spectra could corroborate these findings as radicals were detected, which were attributed to oxidation processes. Instrumented actuation experiments revealed the influence of processing-related parameters on the sorption behavior of the tested and structurally optimized Cottonid variant. Experimental data supports the definition of an optimal process window for stimuli-responsive element production. Based on these results, tailor-made functional materials shall be generated in the future where stimuli-responsiveness can be adjusted through the manufacturing process.

Cancellous Bone May Have a Greater Adaptive Strain Threshold Than Cortical Bone.

ABSTRACTStrain magnitude has a controlling influence on bone adaptive response. However, questions remain as to how and if cancellous and cortical bone tissues respond differently to varied strain magnitudes, particularly at a molecular level. The goal of this study was to characterize the time‐dependent gene expression, bone formation, and structural response of the cancellous and cortical bone of female C57Bl/6 mice to mechanical loading by applying varying load levels (low: −3.5 N; medium: −5.2 N; high: −7 N) to the skeleton using a mouse tibia loading model. The loading experiment showed that cortical bone mass at the tibial midshaft was significantly enhanced following all load levels examined and bone formation activities were particularly elevated at the medium and high loads applied. In contrast, for the proximal metaphyseal cancellous bone, only the high load led to significant increases in bone mass and bone formation indices. Similarly, expression of genes associated with inhibition of bone formation (e.g., Sost) was altered in the diaphyseal cortical bone at all load levels, but in the metaphyseal cortico‐cancellous bone only by the high load. Finite element analysis determined that the peak tensile or compressive strains that were osteogenic for the proximal cancellous bone under the high load were significantly greater than those that were osteogenic for the midshaft cortical tissues under the low load. These results suggest that the magnitude of the strain stimulus regulating structural, cellular, and molecular responses of bone to loading may be greater for the cancellous tissues than for the cortical tissues. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Endothelial Cell Orientation and Polarity Are Controlled by Shear Stress and VEGF Through Distinct Signaling Pathways.

Vascular networks form, remodel and mature under the influence of multiple signals of mechanical or chemical nature. How endothelial cells read and interpret these signals, and how they integrate information when they are exposed to both simultaneously is poorly understood. Here, we show using flow-induced shear stress and VEGF-A treatment on endothelial cells in vitro, that the response to the magnitude of a mechanical stimulus is influenced by the concentration of a chemical stimulus, and vice versa. By combining different flow levels and different VEGF-A concentrations, front-rear polarity of endothelial cells against the flow direction was established in a flow and VEGF-A dose-response while their alignment with the flow displayed a biphasic response depending on the VEGF-A dose (perpendicular at physiological dose, aligned at no or pathological dose of VEGF-A). The effect of pharmaceutical inhibitors demonstrated that while VEGFR2 is essential for both polarity and orientation establishment in response to flow with and without VEGF-A, different downstream effectors were engaged depending on the presence of VEGF-A. Thus, Src family inhibition (c-Src, Yes, Fyn together) impaired alignment and polarity without VEGF-A while FAK inhibition modified polarity and alignment only when endothelial cells were exposed to VEGF-A. Studying endothelial cells in the aortas of VEGFR2Y949F mutant mice and SRCiEC–KO mice confirmed the role of VEGFR2 and specified the role of c-SRC in vivo. Endothelial cells of VEGFR2Y949F mutant mice lost their polarity and alignment while endothelial cells from SRCiEC–KO mice only showed reduced polarity. We propose here that VEGFR2 is a sensor able to integrate chemical and mechanical information simultaneously and that the underlying pathways and mechanisms activated will depend on the co-stimulation. Flow alone shifts VEGFR2 signaling toward a Src family pathway activation and a junctional effect (both in vitro and in vivo) while flow and VEGF-A together shift VEGFR2 signaling toward focal adhesion activation (in vitro) both modifying cell responses that govern orientation and polarity.

High Contrast Allows the Retina to Compute More Than Just Contrast.

The goal of sensory processing is to represent the environment of an animal. All sensory systems share a similar constraint: they need to encode a wide range of stimulus magnitudes within their narrow neuronal response range. The most efficient way, exploited by even the simplest nervous systems, is to encode relative changes in stimulus magnitude rather than the absolute magnitudes. For instance, the retina encodes contrast, which are the variations of light intensity occurring in time and in space. From this perspective, it is easy to understand why the bright plumage of a moving bird gains a lot of attention, while an octopus remains motionless and mimics its surroundings for concealment. Stronger contrasts simply cause stronger visual signals. However, the gains in retinal performance associated with higher contrast are far more than what can be attributed to just a trivial linear increase in signal strength. Here we discuss how this improvement in performance is reflected throughout different parts of the neural circuitry, within its neural code and how high contrast activates many non-linear mechanisms to unlock several sophisticated retinal computations that are virtually impossible in low contrast conditions.

Capacitive coupled non-zero I–V and type-II memristive properties of the NiFe2O4–TiO2 nanocomposite

In the present work, we have demonstrated the capacitive coupled non-zero and type-II hysteresis behavior of nickel ferrite (NFO)-titanium oxide (TiO2) nanocomposite. For this, NFO nanoparticles (NPs) and TiO2 NPs were synthesized using hydrothermal and sol-gel method, respectively. The NFO–TiO2 nanocomposite was prepared using a solid-state reaction method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrical results of the NFO–TiO2 memory device have shown non-zero I–V (unable to cross at origin), cross-over I–V and type-II hysteresis (tangential hysteresis loops) properties and their occurrence was depended upon the magnitude of the electrical stimulus. To further clarify the dominance of the memristive and type-II properties, we have calculated the charge-flux and non-transversal di/dv(t) characteristics of the device based on experimental results. The charge transport mechanisms were investigated and a plausible resistive switching mechanism was reported. Our investigations provide some insights to explain the non-zero and type-II hysteresis behavior of the memristive devices.

Skin-Inspired Piezoelectric Tactile Sensor Array with Crosstalk-Free Row+Column Electrodes for Spatiotemporally Distinguishing Diverse Stimuli.

Real‐time detection and differentiation of diverse external stimuli with one tactile senor remains a huge challenge and largely restricts the development of electronic skins. Although different sensors have been described based on piezoresistivity, capacitance, and triboelectricity, and these devices are promising for tactile systems, there are few, if any, piezoelectric sensors to be able to distinguish diverse stimuli in real time. Here, a human skin‐inspired piezoelectric tactile sensor array constructed with a multilayer structure and row+column electrodes is reported. Integrated with a signal processor and a logical algorithm, the tactile sensor array achieves to sense and distinguish the magnitude, positions, and modes of diverse external stimuli, including gentle slipping, touching, and bending, in real time. Besides, the unique design overcomes the crosstalk issues existing in other sensors. Pressure sensing and bending sensing tests show that the proposed tactile sensor array possesses the characteristics of high sensitivity (7.7 mV kPa−1), long‐term durability (80 000 cycles), and rapid response time (10 ms) (less than human skin). The tactile sensor array also shows a superior scalability and ease of massive fabrication. Its ability of real‐time detection and differentiation of diverse stimuli for health monitoring, detection of animal movements, and robots is demonstrated.

The frequency-response behaviour of flexible piezoelectric devices for detecting the magnitude and loading rate of stimuli

A flexible piezoelectric sensor with frequency-response behaviour can enable the detection of the magnitude and loading rate of stimuli.

The effects of stimulus magnitude and duration during pretrial delivery of preferred items to increase compliance.

Previous research has suggested that the response-independent delivery of preferred stimuli can increase compliance to low-probability instructions, although these results have been mixed. Two variables that might affect compliance during this procedure are the magnitude and duration of access to the stimuli. In the current study, we evaluated stimulus magnitude and duration of access during pretrial delivery of preferred items on compliance among children with autism. In Experiment 1, we compared high and low magnitude edible stimuli. In Experiment 2, we compared long and short durations of access to leisure stimuli. Results show that high magnitudes and long durations of access to preferred stimuli delivered once immediately before a low-probability instruction increased compliance more than low magnitudes and short durations of access to preferred stimuli. We discuss the implications and possible mechanisms responsible for these results.

Differences in perceptual memory determine generalization patterns

Although memory of past experiences is crucial for the ability to transfer knowledge to new situations, surprisingly little research has directly investigated the relationship between memory and generalization. The present study sought to investigate how the perceptual memory of a trained stimulus influences generalization to similar stimuli. Forty participants underwent a fear conditioning procedure on Day 1, and separate memory recall and generalization tests on Day 2. We focused on two aspects of perceptual memory: namely memory bias (i.e., over- or underestimation of stimulus magnitude) and uncertainty. We found that memory bias predicted the pattern of generalized self-reported (expectancy ratings) and psychophysiological responses (fear-potentiated startle responses). Memory uncertainty was measured in two ways: self-reported uncertainty ratings and variability in stimulus recall. We found that higher levels of self-reported memory uncertainty corresponded with a broader generalization gradient on US expectancy, while greater variability in memory recall was associated with a broader generalization gradient on fear-potentiated startle responses. Taken together, our findings suggest that memory is an important determinant of generalized behavior and illustrate the need to account for these interindividual differences in perceptual memory when examining the generalization of learned responses.

Theory, hormones and life history stages: an introduction to the symposium epigenetic variation in endocrine systems.

All organisms must respond to environmental stimuli, and most metazoans do so through endocrine system regulation. Hormonal fluctuations allow organisms to maintain and return to homeostasis following perturbations, making them vital for survival and fitness. Many components of the endocrine system (e.g., proteins, steroids, receptors, genome response elements, etc.) and the physiological and behavioral processes they regulate are conserved among vertebrates (e.g., the glucocorticoid stress response). However, there are sometimes dramatic differences among and within species, particularly in how hormonal variation affects phenotypes. Some such variation is driven by internal factors such as genetics, developmental stage, sex, individual age, and body condition in addition to external factors such as the type, magnitude, and duration of environmental stimuli. Eco-evolutionary endocrinology has been quite successful in describing this variation among and within species, but we have only just begun to understand how these factors interact to affect phenotypic diversity, ecological function, and evolution. Mounting evidence suggests that various molecular epigenetic modifications of genome structure and activity, such as deoxyribonucleic acid methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, mediate the interactions between environmental conditions, individual traits, and the endocrine system. As some epigenetic modifications can be induced or removed by environmental stimuli, they represent promising candidates underlying endocrine regulation and variation, particularly epigenetic marks that can be stably inherited. This symposium discussed the role of epigenetic modifications in endocrine systems, mainly in natural populations.

Modeling Tissue Expansion with Isogeometric Analysis: Skin Growth and Tissue Level Changes in the Porcine Model.

Tissue expansion relies on the ability of skin to grow in response to sustained mechanical strain. This study focuses on correlation of cellular and histologic changes with skin growth and deformation during tissue expansion. Tissue expanders were placed underneath the skin of five Yucatan minipigs and inflated with one fill of 60 cc of saline 1 hour, 24 hours, 3 days, and 7 days before the animals were killed, or two fills of either 30 cc or 60 cc at 10 and 3 days or 14 and 7 days before the animals were killed. Skin biopsy specimens and three-dimensional photographs were used to calculate skin growth and stretch according to the authors' novel finite element analysis model. The mitotic index of keratinocytes in the basal layer increased 1 hour after stimulus was applied (4 percent) (p = 0.022), peaked at approximately day 3 (26 percent) (p < 0.0001), and tapered by day 7 (12.5 percent) (p = 0.012) after tissue expansion. The authors demonstrated that it is the volume per fill rather than the total volume in the expander that scales the magnitude of response. Lastly, the authors demonstrated that the ratio of deformation attributable to growth versus stretch (Fgrowth/Fstretch) after 60 cc of tissue expansion fill was 1.03 at 1 hour, 0.82 at 1 day, 0.85 at day 3, and 0.95 at 7 days. Peak cell proliferation occurred 3 days after tissue expansion fill and is scaled in response to stimulus magnitude. The growth component of deformation equilibrates to the stretch component at day 7, as cell proliferation has started to translate to skin growth.

Mate choice and the ‘opposite miss’ to Weber's law: proportional processing governs signal preferences in a treefrog

According to Weber's law, discrimination between stimuli is based upon the proportional difference (ΔI/I), not the absolute difference (ΔI), between their magnitudes (I). How such nonlinear processing of signal information by receivers impacts the effectiveness of communication and drives patterns of signal evolution remains poorly understood. To investigate whether female preferences for exaggerated sexual signals follow Weber's law, we tested females of Cope's grey treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis, in two-alternative choice tests, in which we varied both the absolute (ΔI) and proportional (ΔI/I) differences in duration between two advertisement calls. Consistent with Weber's law, female preferences for longer signals increased as ΔI/I increased; however, preferences were negatively related to both ΔI and absolute signal duration (I). This so-called ‘opposite miss’ to Weber's law (i.e. poorer discrimination performance than predicted at high stimulus magnitudes) has potential to shape signal evolution in distinct ways that differ in the extent to which further signal exaggeration is favoured. Our results highlight that animals use a diversity of approaches to information coding in perception, including coding that is neither linear nor strictly proportional according to Weber's law, and that perceptual processes have the potential to impact an important selective pressure – female preferences – and shape animal communication.

Functional advantages of Lévy walks emerging near a critical point

A special class of random walks, so-called Lévy walks, has been observed in a variety of organisms ranging from cells, insects, fishes, and birds to mammals, including humans. Although their prevalence is considered to be a consequence of natural selection for higher search efficiency, some findings suggest that Lévy walks might also be epiphenomena that arise from interactions with the environment. Therefore, why they are common in biological movements remains an open question. Based on some evidence that Lévy walks are spontaneously generated in the brain and the fact that power-law distributions in Lévy walks can emerge at a critical point, we hypothesized that the advantages of Lévy walks might be enhanced by criticality. However, the functional advantages of Lévy walks are poorly understood. Here, we modeled nonlinear systems for the generation of locomotion and showed that Lévy walks emerging near a critical point had optimal dynamic ranges for coding information. This discovery suggested that Lévy walks could change movement trajectories based on the magnitude of environmental stimuli. We then showed that the high flexibility of Lévy walks enabled switching exploitation/exploration based on the nature of external cues. Finally, we analyzed the movement trajectories of freely moving Drosophila larvae and showed empirically that the Lévy walks may emerge near a critical point and have large dynamic range and high flexibility. Our results suggest that the commonly observed Lévy walks emerge near a critical point and could be explained on the basis of these functional advantages.

Differences and ratios in a nonsymbolic ‘Artificial algebra’: Effects of extended training

Grace et al. (2018) showed that humans could estimate ratios and differences of stimulus magnitudes by feedback and without explicit instruction in a nonsymbolic ‘artificial algebra’ task, but that responding depended on both operations even though only one was trained. Here we asked whether control by the trained operation would increase over several sessions, that is, if perceptual learning would occur. Observers (n = 16) completed four sessions in which feedback was based on either ratios or differences for stimulus pairs that varied in brightness (Experiment 1) or line length (Experiment 2). Results showed that control by the trained and untrained operations increased and decreased, respectively, over the sessions, indicating perceptual learning. For about two thirds of individual sessions, regressions indicated significant control by both differences and ratios, suggesting that the perceptual system automatically computes two operations. The similarity of results across experiments with both intensive (brightness) and extensive (line length) stimulus dimensions suggests that differences and ratios are computed centrally, perhaps as part of a general system for processing magnitudes (cf. Walsh, 2003).

Modelling the effects of age-related morphological and mechanical skin changes on the stimulation of tactile mechanoreceptors

Our sense of fine touch deteriorates as we age, a phenomenon typically associated with neurological changes to the skin. However, geometric and material changes to the skin may also play an important role on tactile perception and have not been studied in detail. Here, a finite element model is utilised to assess the extent to which age-related structural changes to the skin influence the tactile stimuli experienced by the mechanoreceptors. A numerical, hyperelastic, four-layered skin model was developed to simulate sliding of the finger against a rigid surface. The strain, deviatoric stress and strain energy density were recorded at the sites of the Merkel and Meissner receptors, whilst parameters of the model were systematically varied to simulate age-related geometric and material skin changes. The simulations comprise changes in skin layer stiffness, flattening of the dermal-epidermal junction and thinning of the dermis. It was found that the stiffness of the skin layers has a substantial effect on the stimulus magnitudes recorded at mechanoreceptors. Additionally, reducing the thickness of the dermis has a substantial effect on the Merkel disc whilst the Meissner corpuscle is particularly affected by flattening of the dermal epidermal junction. In order to represent aged skin, a model comprising a combination of ageing manifestations revealed a decrease in stimulus magnitudes at both mechanoreceptor sites. The result from the combined model differed from the sum of effects of the individually tested ageing manifestations, indicating that the individual effects of ageing cannot be linearly superimposed. Each manifestation of ageing results in a decreased stimulation intensity at the Meissner Corpuscle site, suggesting that ageing reduces the proportion of stimuli meeting the receptor amplitude detection threshold. This model therefore offers an additional biomechanical explanation for tactile perceptive degradation amongst the elderly. Applications of the developed model are in the evaluation of cosmetics products aimed at mitigating the effects of ageing, e.g. through skin hydration and administration of antioxidants, as well as in the design of products with improved tactile sensation, e.g. through the optimisation of materials and surface textures.

Visual motion information modulates tactile roughness perception

We perceive the roughness of an object through our eyes and hands. Many crossmodal studies have reported that there is no clear visuo-tactile interaction in roughness perception using static visual cues. One exception is that the visual observation of task-irrelevant hand movements, not the texture of task-relevant objects, can enhance the performance of tactile roughness discrimination. Our study investigated whether task-irrelevant visual motion without either object roughness or bodily cues can influence tactile roughness perception. Participants were asked to touch abrasive papers while moving their hand laterally and viewing moving or static sine wave gratings without being able to see their hand, and to estimate the roughness magnitude of the tactile stimuli. Moving gratings with a low spatial frequency induced smoother roughness perceptions than static visual stimuli when the visual grating moved in the direction opposite the hand movements. The effects of visual motion did not appear when the visual stimuli had a high spatial frequency or when the participants touched the tactile stimuli passively. These results indicate that simple task-irrelevant visual movement without object roughness or bodily cues can modulate tactile roughness perception with active body movements in a spatial-frequency-selective manner.

Morphological plasticity in the kelp Nereocystis luetkeana (Phaeophyceae) is sensitive to the magnitude, direction, and location of mechanical loading.

Nereocystis luetkeana is a canopy-forming kelp that exhibits morphological plasticity across hydrodynamic gradients, producing broad, undulate blades in slow flow and narrow, flattened blades in fast flow, enabling thalli to reduce drag while optimizing photosynthesis. While the functional significance of this phenomenon has been well studied, the developmental and physiological mechanisms that facilitate the plasticity remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted three experiments to characterize how the (1) magnitude, (2) direction, and (3) location of plasticity-inducing mechanical stimuli affect the morphology of Nereocystis blades. We found that applying a gradient of tensile force caused blades to grow progressively longer, narrower, less ruffled, and heavier in a linear fashion, suggesting that Nereocystis is equally well adapted for all conditions within its hydrodynamic niche. We also found that applying tension transversely across blades caused the growth response to rotate 90°, indicating that there is no substantial separation between the sites of stimulus perception and response and suggesting that a long-distance signaling mechanism, such as a hormone, is unlikely to mediate this phenomenon. Meristoderm cells showed morphological changes that paralleled those of their respective blades in this experiment, implying that tissue-level morphology is influenced by cell growth. Finally, we found that plasticity was only induced when tension was applied directly to the growing tissue, reinforcing that long-distance signaling is probably not involved and possibly indicating that the mechanism on display generally requires an intercalary meristem to facilitate mechanoperception.

No exception from Bayes' rule: The presence and absence of the range effect for saccades explained.

In an influential theoretical model, human sensorimotor control is achieved by a Bayesian decision process, which combines noisy sensory information and learned prior knowledge. A ubiquitous signature of prior knowledge and Bayesian integration in human perception and motor behavior is the frequently observed bias toward an average stimulus magnitude (i.e., a central-tendency bias, range effect, regression-to-the-mean effect). However, in the domain of eye movements, there is a recent controversy about the fundamental existence of a range effect in the saccadic system. Here we argue that the problem of the existence of a range effect is linked to the availability of prior knowledge for saccade control. We present results from two prosaccade experiments that both employ an informative prior structure (i.e., a nonuniform Gaussian distribution of saccade target distances). Our results demonstrate the validity of Bayesian integration in saccade control, which generates a range effect in saccades. According to Bayesian integration principles, the saccadic range effect depends on the availability of prior knowledge and varies in size as a function of the reliability of the prior and the sensory likelihood.

Intensity Discriminability of Electrocutaneous and Intraneural Stimulation Pulse Frequency in Intact Individuals and Amputees.

Electrical stimulation of residual nerves can be used to provide amputees with intuitive sensory feedback. An important aspect of this artificial sensory feedback is the ability to convey the magnitude of tactile stimuli. Using classical psychophysical methods, we quantified the just-noticeable differences for electrocutaneous stimulation pulse frequency in both intact participants and one transradial amputee. For the transradial amputee, we also quantified the just-noticeable difference of intraneural microstimulation pulse frequency via chronically implanted Utah Slanted Electrode Arrays. We demonstrate that intensity discrimination is similar across conditions: intraneural microstimulation of the residual nerves, electrocutaneous stimulation of the reinnervated skin on the residual limb, and electrocutaneous stimulation of intact hands. We also show that intensity discrimination performance is significantly better at lower pulse frequencies than at higher pulse frequencies - a finding that's unique to electrocutaneous and intraneural stimulation and suggests that supplemental sensory cues may be present at lower pulse frequencies. These results can help guide the implementation of artificial sensory feedback for sensorized bionic arms.Clinical Relevance- Intraneural and electrocutaneous artificial sensory feedback are comparable in their ability to convey the magnitude of tactile stimuli via pulse frequency.