Stimulus Relations Research Articles

Emotion dysregulation and posttraumatic stress symptom severity: The influence of cortisol reactivity following idiographic emotion inductions.

Emotion dysregulation plays a central role in the etiology and maintenance of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Individual differences in physiological responses to emotionally evocative events may influence the strength of this association. The objective of this study was to test whether cortisol reactivity following idiographic emotion induction tasks moderated the relation between emotion dysregulation and PTSS severity. Participants were 94 community women currently experiencing intimate partner violence and using substances (age: M = 40.5 years; 35.2% Black; 61.5% unemployed). PTSS severity was assessed at baseline via a clinician-administered diagnostic interview. Participants provided a self-report of emotion dysregulation at baseline. Samples of salivary cortisol were collected pre-, during, and postidiographic emotion inductions during an experimental session. A significant emotion dysregulation by cortisol reactivity interaction was found (b = 0.18, p = .02). Emotion dysregulation was related to PTSS severity for those with high (b = 0.13, p < .001), but not low (b = -0.001, p = .99), levels of cortisol reactivity following idiographic emotion inductions. Findings provide novel evidence of the interplay of emotion dysregulation and cortisol reactivity, an indicator of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system axis stress reactivity, following emotionally evocative stimuli in relation to PTSS severity. Information from this study may help to identify individuals who are at highest risk of more severe PTSS. Future work is needed to replicate findings among diverse populations impacted by trauma (e.g., veterans, men). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The study of the response of postural stimuli in relation to heart rate and skin conductance in the nonlinear domain

The study of the response of postural stimuli in relation to heart rate and skin conductance in the nonlinear domain

Environmental Effects on the Seasonal Distribution of an Estuarine Species Neoarius graeffei in Northern New South Wales, Australia

Coastal river systems provide essential habitats for a diversity of fish species that transition marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments to complete their lifecycles. Movement among and within these environments is important to access resources that optimise growth, survival, and reproduction. Knowledge on the movements, including the drivers, underpins management strategies, although this information is often lacking for many species. We used acoustic telemetry to quantify the relative importance of a range of abiotic stimuli in relation to seasonal movement patterns in blue salmon catfish Neoarius graeffei throughout an unregulated coastal river catchment, the Clarence River in northern New South Wales, Australia. Neoarius graeffei continuously occupied the Clarence River system for the duration of the 1-year study and were mostly confined to estuarine reaches, with occasional movement into freshwater habitats. Seasonal differences in habitat occupation were observed, with N. graeffei using habitats close to the river mouth in winter and upstream estuary habitats in spring. Broad-scale movement patterns were influenced by both water temperature and river flow, and high-flow events (> 1.5 m) resulted in short-term changes (~ 10 days) in habitat use. Sex-specific differences in seasonal habitat use were also observed which we hypothesise is linked to contrasting energetic investment in reproduction. The response of N. graeffei to changes in river flow highlights the need for assessment on these impacts for estuarine-dependent species more broadly, in the face of climate change and increased river regulation.

Behavior Analysts' Relationship to Relating Relations: A Survey on Perceptions, Acceptability, Knowledge, and Capacity for Derived Stimulus Relations Research and Practice.

The study and application of procedures that result in stimulus relations via relational frame theory (RFT) and stimulus equivalence (applied as equivalence-based instruction; EBI), have made tremendous strides in contemporary behavior analysis. However, applications at scale lag basic and translational research. We turn our attention inward to investigate potential causes. We replicated and extended Enoch and Nicholson (Behavior Analysis in Practice, 13(3), 609-617, 2020) by conducting a survey of behavior analysts (n = 129) to determine their perceptions, experiences, and barriers in carrying out research and practice based on RFT and EBI. Participants indicated an interest in RFT and EBI, and mostly perceive both within the scope of behavior analysis. A majority of behavior analysts reported formal education in EBI (78.3%), in contrast to a minority in RFT (15.5%). Adoption of procedures derived from RFT and EBI may be in proportion to formal education. Compounded with a lack of accuracy on basic knowledge questions, there is a potential gap in capacity in the field in addressing behavior related to complex verbal behavior.

DYNAMICS OF THE PARIETAL-OCCIPITAL ALPHA RHYTHM ACTIVITY DURING COMPARISON OF VISUAL STIMULI DURATIONS

This research is aimed at studying the dynamics of the parietal-occipital alpha rhythm in its connection with the process of stimuli duration comparison. EEG study was conducted in which participants (n = 48) were asked to compare pairs of visual stimuli of different durations ranging from 3.2 to 6.4 s. The time-frequency analysis of the EEG was carried out in the range of 8–12 Hz. The power of alpha rhythm increases from the stimulus onset to the middle of its presentation, but then its dynamic depends on the stimulus duration: it further increases for short durations (3.2, 3.6, 4.0 s), stays the same for middle durations (4.4, 4.8, 5.2 s) and decreases for long durations (5.6, 6.0, 6.4 s). The relative decrease of alpha power for long stimuli in relation to the short ones was related to subjective perception of time. The results are discussed from the point of view of the “dual klepsydra” model: it is assumed that alpha rhythm acts as an electrophysiological correlate of the functioning of “neural accumulators” associated with the subjective passage of time.

Automatic attention to sexual stimuli: exploring the role of neuroticism and sexual excitation/inhibition through event-related potentials.

Previous findings have shown that neuroticism is a higher-order vulnerability factor in the development and maintenance of sexual dysfunctions and can have an impact on the attentional processing of sexual stimuli; however, the influence of psychosexual dimensions on the early automatic phases of such cognitive processes has not been established yet. To examine the mediating role of sexual inhibition/excitation propensity in the relationship between neuroticism and automatic attention to visual erotica and to identify the neuroelectric correlates of such a process. We analyzed the answers provided by 58 individuals on the Neuroticism subscale of the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised and the Sexual Inhibition/Excitation Scales. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a modified oddball paradigm containing romantic and sexually explicit pictures. Parallel mediations were performed to simultaneously test the mediating role of sexual inhibition/excitation in the relationship between neuroticism and each ERP. Three early attention ERP components (P1, P2, and N2) were assessed. Findings revealed an indirect effect of neuroticism on automatic attention, via sexual inhibition due to threat of performance failure (SIS1), for romantic and sexually explicit stimuli. This effect was significant only for component N2, which showed increased amplitudes and earlier latencies in participants with high SIS1. Sexual stimuli, due to their emotional valence and arousal potential, might be perceived as virtually threatening by individuals with neuroticism, who may benefit from strategies that decrease hyperarousal and sympathetic activation. This was one of the first studies to analyze neuroelectric activity associated with automatic attention toward sexual stimuli in relation to personality and sexual excitation/inhibition propensity. Nevertheless, the limited number of participants demands caution in generalizing the results. These results provide a better understanding of the relationship between personality and sexual cognition and open new avenues of research in relation to other automatic cognitive phenomena related to human sexual behavior.

The study of the response of postural stimuli in relation to Heart rate and Skin conductance in the nonlinear domain

The study of the response of postural stimuli in relation to Heart rate and Skin conductance in the nonlinear domain

With No Attention Specifically Directed to It, Rhythmic Sound Does Not Automatically Facilitate Visual Task Performance.

In a century where humans and machines—powered by artificial intelligence or not—increasingly work together, it is of interest to understand human processing of multi-sensory stimuli in relation to attention and working memory. This paper explores whether and when supporting visual information with rhythmic auditory stimuli can optimize multi-sensory information processing. In turn, this can make the interaction between humans or between machines and humans more engaging, rewarding and activating. For this purpose a novel working memory paradigm was developed where participants are presented with a series of five target digits randomly interchanged with five distractor digits. Their goal is to remember the target digits and recall them orally. Depending on the condition support is provided by audio and/or rhythm. It is expected that the sound will lead to a better performance. It is also expected that this effect of sound is different in case of rhythmic and non-rhythmic sound. Last but not least, some variability is expected across participants. To make correct conclusions, the data of the experiment was statistically analyzed in a classic way, but also predictive models were developed in order to predict outcomes based on a range of input variables related to the experiment and the participant. The effect of auditory support could be confirmed, but no difference was observed between rhythmic and non-rhythmic sounds. Overall performance was indeed affected by individual differences, such as visual dominance or perceived task difficulty. Surprisingly a music education did not significantly affect the performance and even tended toward a negative effect. To better understand the underlying processes of attention, also brain activation data, e.g., by means of electroencephalography (EEG), should be recorded. This approach can be subject to a future work.

Anticipation across modalities in children and adults: Relating anticipatory alpha rhythm lateralization, reaction time, and executive function.

The development of the ability to anticipate-as manifested by preparatory actions and neural activation related to the expectation of an upcoming stimulus-may play a key role in the ontogeny of cognitive skills more broadly. This preregistered study examined anticipatory brain potentials and behavioral responses (reaction time; RT) to anticipated target stimuli in relation to individual differences in the ability to use goals to direct action (as indexed by measures of executive function; EF). A cross-sectional investigation was conducted in 40 adults (aged 18-25 years) and 40 children (aged 6-8 years) to examine the association of changes in the amplitude of modality-specific alpha-range rhythms in the electroencephalogram (EEG) during anticipation of lateralized visual, tactile, or auditory stimuli with inter- and intraindividual variation in RT and EF. Children and adults exhibited contralateral anticipatory reductions in the mu rhythm and the visual alpha rhythm for tactile and visual anticipation, respectively, indicating modality and spatially specific attention allocation. Variability in within-subject anticipatory alpha lateralization (the difference between contralateral and ipsilateral alpha power) was related to single-trial RT. This relation was more prominent in adults than in children, and was not apparent for auditory stimuli. Multilevel models indicated that interindividual differences in anticipatory mu rhythm lateralization contributed to the significant association with variability in EF, but this was not the case for visual or auditory alpha rhythms. Exploratory microstate analyses were undertaken to cluster global field power (GFP) into a distribution-free temporal analysis examining developmental differences across samples and in relation to RT and EF. Anticipation is suggested as a developmental bridge construct connecting neuroscience, behavior, and cognition, with anticipatory EEG oscillations being discussed as quantifiable and potentially malleable indicators of stimulus prediction.

Virtual Reality-Based Stimuli for Immersive Car Clinics: A Performance Evaluation Model

This study proposes a model to evaluate the performance of virtual reality-based stimuli for immersive car clinics. The model considered Attribute Importance, Stimuli Efficacy and Stimuli Cost factors and the method was divided into three stages: we defined the importance of fourteen attributes relevant to a car clinic based on the perceptions of Marketing and Design experts; then we defined the efficacy of five virtual stimuli based on the perceptions of Product Development and Virtual Reality experts; and we used a cost factor to calculate the efficiency of the five virtual stimuli in relation to the physical. The Marketing and Design experts identified a new attribute, Scope; eleven of the fifteen attributes were rated as Important or Very Important, while four were removed from the model due to being considered irrelevant. According to our performance evaluation model, virtual stimuli have the same efficacy as physical stimuli. However, when cost is considered, virtual stimuli outperform physical stimuli, particularly virtual stimuli with glasses. We conclude that virtual stimuli have the potential to reduce the cost and time required to develop new stimuli in car clinics, but with concerns related to hardware, software, and other definitions.

Zebrafish automatic monitoring system for conditioning and behavioral analysis

Studies using zebrafish (Danio rerio) in neuro-behavioural research are growing. Measuring fish behavior by computational methods is one of the most efficient ways to avoid human bias in experimental analyses, extending them to various approaches. Sometimes, thorough analyses are difficult to do, as fish can behave unpredictably during an experimental strategy. However, the analyses can be implemented in an automated way, using an online strategy and video processing for a complete assessment of the zebrafish behavior, based on the detection and tracking of fish during an activity. Here, a fully automatic conditioning and detailed analysis of zebrafish behavior is presented. Microcontrolled components were used to control the delivery of visual and sound stimuli, in addition to the concise amounts of food after conditioned stimuli for adult zebrafish groups in a conventional tank. The images were captured and processed for automatic detection of the fish, and the training of the fish was done in two evaluation strategies: simple and complex. In simple conditioning, the zebrafish showed significant responses from the second attempt, learning that the conditioned stimulus was a predictor of food presentation in a specific space of the tank, where the food was dumped. When the fish were subjected to two stimuli for decision-making in the food reward, the zebrafish obtained better responses to red light stimuli in relation to vibration. The behavior change was clear in stimulated fish in relation to the control group, thus, the distances traveled and the speed were greater, while the polarization was lower in stimulated fish. This automated system allows for the conditioning and assessment of zebrafish behavior online, with greater stability in experiments, and in the analysis of the behavior of individual fish or fish schools, including learning and memory studies.

The Influence of Melatonin and Light on VEGF Secretion in Primary RPE Cells

(1) Background: Retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) cells constitutively secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the retina, protecting the neuronal cells and the choroid. Increased VEGF secretion, however, can result in neovascularization and edema. Many factors regulate VEGF secretion. In this study, we investigated the effect of external stimuli in relation to diurnal rhythm on constitutive VEGF secretion. (2) Methods: Single-eye RPE cell culture was prepared from porcine eyes. RPE cells were cultured in darkness, treated with daylight or room light, and treated with melatonin at different time frames, either respectively or in combination. Supernatants were collected and VEGF content evaluated using ELISA. Expression of the clock protein BMAL1 was evaluated with Western blot. (3) Results: VEGF secretion of the RPE shows a diurnal rhythm. While the rhythm is not influenced by either light or melatonin, the amount of secreted VEGF can be increased by nocturnal melatonin, especially in combination with morning daylight. These findings disclose another layer of VEGF regulation in the retina.

144 Nutritional advances in fetal and neonatal development: stage of gestation and placental nutrient supply

Abstract Placental and fetal development is especially sensitive to direct and indirect effects of the maternal environment. The duration and timing of environmental insults or stimuli in relation to the stage of gestation influences the phenotypic outcomes of offspring. Nutrient restriction during early gestation, such as developing heifers on low-input forage-based management schemes followed by nutrient re-alimentation at pregnancy confirmation, increased late-term uterine artery blood flow relative to maternal body weight compared with conventionally developed heifers. In this study, calf birth weights were not different between low-input vs conventionally developed heifers, which may indicate a compensatory mechanism to safeguard late-term fetal growth. In comparison, nutrient restriction during early to mid-gestation (from day 50 to 180 of pregnancy) decreased uterine artery blood flow, decreased fetal weight, and increased placental blood vessel density in both Brahman and Angus heifers. Moreover, the efficiency of uterine artery blood flow relative to fetal weight was improved in nutrient restricted dams versus adequate fed as well as Brahman vs Angus. These responses indicate improved placental nutrient supply following early to mid-gestation nutrient restriction. Apart from nutritional management, season and melatonin supplementation impacts placental nutrient supply in cattle. Specifically, spring calving heifers with increased uterine artery blood flow had heavier calves at birth compared with their fall calving counterparts. Although several seasonal environmental changes can influence performance and reproductive traits, specific changes in hormone concentrations as a result of photoperiod may alter blood distribution to the reproductive tract. This is apparent when supplementing dairy heifers and beef cows with melatonin during the last third of pregnancy, which increased uterine artery blood flow and calf weaning weights compared with non-supplemented controls. Elucidating the consequences of specific supplements on the continual plasticity of placental nutrient supply will allow us to determine important mediators of fetal growth and development.

Relations Between Vibratory Stimulations and the Variability of Human motor Skills

Stimulation of vibratory stimuli is another measure in physiotherapeutic and sports training. Particularly the interest in research has significantly increased in the field of biomechanics and sports training. The basic subject of the research is the effects of stimulation with vibratory stimuli in relation to motor strength, coordination properties and mobility. The aim of the work is to discuss the parameters of stimulation and to review the biomechanical and physiological effects of using the whole body vibration on the human motor skills.

Computational simulation of safety parameters concerning friction and impact sensitivity of tested civil use explosives

The paper presents the results of the theoretical and practical researches regarding the development of conceptual and experimental models specific to the determination of the safety parameters regarding the friction and impact sensitivity, whose plausibility be guaranteed through a whole range of scientific solutions characterized by validated results through numerical modeling and simulations. Designing these types of processes requires consideration, with a relative approximation, the degree of danger due to the design of fragments resulting from detonation, vibrations, pressures, tensions created in the space affected by the explosion, explosion gas generation etc. Estimating the peak values of induced requests is an essential for implementing IT solutions of previous experimentation allows the study of a large number of scenarios, the limit being mainly dependent on the time spent on computer simulations. In this context, safety research into the handling of explosives, the acquisition of experience and knowledge as well as the validation of results by comparison with previous practical experiments and those specified in the literature, become relevant and necessary requirements. Methods used to determine security parameters, analyzed by classical and IT means are relevant to the interpretation of the nature of the explosive matter in terms of their effect in terms of the effect they may have on the environment of use in the event of an explosion in accordance with the legislation in force an important indicator of classification, handling, storage and transport in the assessment and the management of the risks associated with these operations. The paper presents a series of results regarding computer numerical simulations, safety parameters (friction and impact sensitivity). The similarity of the results obtained in the case of physical experiments to determine the susceptibility of explosive substances tested to friction and impact stimuli in relation to those provided by computerized numerical simulations demonstrate the usefulness of these IT science solutions that through the ANSYS Multiphysics package provide the prerequisites for determining the safety features in the field of explosives for civilian use.

Comparison patterns: An experimental study of transposition in children

This study evaluated the functional role of behavioral patterns in relational behavior in humans. The participants were five children, 9–11 years-old. A modified transposition task (size) was used, requiring active comparison patterns in order to match two relational stimulus compounds with two sample stimulus compounds. Comparison patterns were analyzed in terms of the variety of sequences and exceeding movements, the choice of relevant stimuli, and their correspondence with the size relationship between stimulus instances. Results suggest that variation in sequences and movements as well as choice for relevant stimuli influenced the establishment of relational behavior. The neglect of active comparison patterns in accounting for relational behavior is discussed.

ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Intensifying of problem of mutual relations of man and environment stipulated a statement in the economic theory of ecological paradigm, which foresees consideration of all economic and social processes through the prism of environmental, terms of existence and development of human personality preservation. It is marked that modern textbooks from an economic theory not enough take into account an ecological imperative, because it is necessary to investigate the conduct of people in the process of production, distribution and consumption of material welfares and services not simply in the conditions of the limited resources, but already in new terms – terms of intensifying of ecological crisis of global, regional and local character. Institutional principles of ecologization of the modern economic systems are exposed from positions of post - industrial paradigm and comparisons of economic systems in the conditions of strengthening of globalization. Maintenance of ecological paradigm of economic theory is educed and the necessity of selection of social - and - ecological relations is reasonable for the system of economic relations of society. Conception is analysed of steady development and feature of ecological-economic instruments in the developed countries. Importance of forming of modern ecological culture is underline in the process of transformation of the economic systems, when in her basis must be oriented to ecological expediency and safety, absence of contrasting of man and nature. Authorial interpretation of process of ecologization of the modern economic systems is offered in the conditions of strengthening of globalization, transition of humanity to society of knowledge and "green economy". Under the ecologization of the economic systems we suggest to understand strengthening of ecological orientation of the economic systems in the process of their transformation, which appears in becoming of modern economic and ecological consciousness and culture, ecological responsibility, claim of modern ecological values, forming of corresponding normatively-legal, institutional base, sent to the public inspection after the system of connections a "man is an economy - ecology", application of approvals and stimuli in relation to influence of the economic system on the state of ecological equilibrium in the conditions of the limited nature of natural resources and intensifying of ecological crisis of global, regional and local character. An ecologization of the economic systems is the objective process of their transformation, by the dominant of transformation on the fracture of millenniums, which asserts realization of ecological problems as global. The ecologization of the economic systems is examined today as very important, even qualificatory criterion of comparative analysis of the national systems or international system educations. The ecological paradigm of the comparative analysis of the economic systems of ХХІ of century is reasonable. Keywords: economic systems, ecologization of the economic systems, environment development, ecological paradigm of economic theory and comparative analysis of the economic systems of ХХІ of century.

Electrophysiological responses of relatedness to consecutive word stimuli in relation to an actively recollected target word

In this paper, we investigate the robustness of electrophysiological responses of relatedness to multiple consecutive word stimuli (probes), in relation to an actively recollected target word. Such relatedness information could be used by a Brain Computer Interface to infer the active semantic concept on a user’s mind, by integrating the knowledge of the relationship between the multiple probe words and the ‘unknown’ target. Such a BCI can take advantage of the N400: an event related potential that is sensitive to semantic content of a stimulus in relation to an established semantic context. However, it is unknown whether the N400 is suited for the multiple probing paradigm we propose, as other intervening words might distract from the established context (i.e., the target word). We perform an experiment in which we present up to ten words after an initial target word, and find no attenuation of the strength of the N400 in grand average ERPs and no decrease in classification accuracy for probes occurring later in the sequences. These results are groundwork for developing a BCI that infers the concept on a user’s mind through repeated probing, however, low single trial decoding accuracy, and high subject variability may limit practical applicability.

Fluctuations of mentalization in the context of relational stimuli and representational contents

BackgroundMentalization as the ability to interpret human behavior in terms of mental states is not a stable characteristic but is subject to fluctuation depending on the context. Nonlinear system theories explain the fluctuation of mentalization by stressing the context of the relationship in which there emerges a new quality of mentalization and/or activation of elements of the internal system of representations.Participants and procedureThe aim of the study was to test whether the fluctuation of mentalization depends on the type of relational stimulus (imagining the responsiveness/unresponsiveness of a significant other) or on the interaction of the stimulus with the content aspects of representation (a predominance of relatedness/sociotropy or a predominance of self-definition/autonomy). The investigators collected the utterances of 49 students about a situation involving a significant other, which was preceded by a request to imagine that this person was responsive (Condition 1) or unresponsive (Condition 2). The level of mentalization was assessed by means of the Metacognition Assessment Scale. The investigators divided the group into two subgroups with different configu­rations of representational contents (a predominance of relatedness/sociotropy or self-definition/autonomy) bas­ed on the scores in the Personal Style Inventory.ResultsMentalization fluctuations dependent on the interaction of the stimulus and representational contents were observed in the group with a predominance of sociotropic contents for interpersonal mentalization but not for self-reflective mentalizing.ConclusionsMentalization must not be decontextualized; however, it is not the stimulus alone but the interaction of the stimulus with representational content that determines the fluctuations of mentalization. Individuals with a predominance of relatedness experience a decline in the capacity for interpersonal mentalization after imagining a significant other’s unresponsiveness, which can be interpreted as resulting from a weakening of the function of differentiating.

Екологізація економічних систем як визначальна домінанта парадигмальних змін в економічній теорії ХХІ століття

На основі дослідження економічної та екологічної діяльності на початку третього тисячоліття в умовах значного посилення об'єктивних процесів екологізації сучасних економічних систем доведено необхідність переосмислення і перегляду багатьох вже застарілих методологічних положень економічної теорії, її поняттєвого апарату. Загострення проблеми взаємин людини і довкілля зумовило утвердження в економічній теорії екологічної парадигми, яка передбачає розгляд усіх економічних і соціальних процесів крізь призму збереження довкілля, умов існування і розвитку людської особистості. Наголошено, що сучасні підручники з економічної теорії недостатньо враховують екологічний імператив, бо необхідно досліджувати поведінку людей у процесі виробництва, розподілу і споживання матеріальних благ та послуг не просто в умовах обмежених ресурсів, а уже в нових умовах – умовах загострення екологічної кризи глобального, регіонального і локального характеру. Розкрито інституційні засади екологізації сучасних економічних систем з позицій постіндустріальної парадигми та економічної компаративістики в умовах посилення глобалізації. Виявлено зміст екологічної парадигми економічної теорії та обґрунтовано необхідність виокремлення соціально-екологічних відносин у системі економічних відносин суспільства. Наголошено на важливості формування сучасної екологічної культури у процесі трансформації економічних систем, коли в її основі мають бути орієнтованість на екологічну доцільність і безпеку, відсутність протиставлення людини і природи. Запропоновано авторське трактування процесу екологізації сучасних економічних систем в умовах посилення глобалізації, переходу людства до суспільства знань та "зеленої економіки". Під екологізацією економічних систем пропонуємо розуміти посилення екологічної спрямованості економічних систем у процесі їх трансформації, що виявляється у становленні сучасної економічної та екологічної свідомості і культури, екологічної відповідальності, утвердженні сучасних екологічних цінностей, формуванні відповідної нормативно-правової, інституційної бази, спрямованої на суспільний контроль за системою зв'язків "людина – економіка – екологія", застосуванні санкцій і стимулів щодо впливу економічної системи на стан екологічної рівноваги в умовах обмеженості природних ресурсів та загострення екологічної кризи глобального, регіонального і локального характеру. Екологізацію економічних систем є об'єктивним процесом їх трансформації, домінантою трансформації на зламі тисячоліть, що утверджує усвідомлення екологічних проблем як глобальних. Екологізація економічних систем розглядають сьогодні як дуже важливий, навіть визначальний, критерій порівняльного аналізу національних систем чи наднаціональних системних утворень. Запропоноване поняття "екологізація економічних систем", на наше переконання, не тільки заповнить відповідну прогалину в економічній теорії, а й дасть змогу повністю врахувати екологічний контекст дослідження і порівняння економічних систем на порозі третього тисячоліття, відобразить вплив практики на зміну застарілих теоретичних концепцій. Саме екологізація економічних систем і є сьогодні об'єктивною визначальною домінантою парадигмальних змін в економічній теорії ХХІ ст.