Sterol Glycosides Research Articles

Overview of the Mechanism of Action of Gentiana Scabra in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective: To provide a comprehensive review of the research on the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-swelling and analgesic effects of Radix Gentiana Macrophylla. Methods: Gentiana macrocephala has an analgesic effect in modern research, commonly used in various rheumatism and paralysis, numbness, contracture and soreness of the muscles and bones and other diseases of the pain treatment, can be extracted from the sterol glycoside salts and other medicinal components, its anti-inflammatory and analgesic and treatment of acute arthritis episodes of the clinical effect of the performance of the particularly unique and significant. The results can make the joint swelling, pain and other symptoms can be reduced, and the risk of reoccurrence can also be reduced after the introduction of the drug. Conclusion: In the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, Gentiana Macrophyllae alone and in combination can improve joint symptoms such as stiffness, swelling, pain, distension and deformity as well as other systemic symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.

A review of phytopharmacology and formulation of sphaeranthus indicus

Sphaeranthus indicus Linn., belonging to the Asteraceae family, It thrives abundantly in damp areas, including as a weed in rice fields across India. In traditional Indian medicine, many different components of the plant, including the leaves, cortex, wood, roots, flower, and seed, are used to cure a variety of illnesses. Astringent, stomachic, refreshing, and externally calming are some of the qualities associated with the herb. Sphaeranthus indicus is rich in diverse secondary metabolites, including eudesmanolides, sesquiterpenoids, sesquiterpene lactones, sesquiterpene acids, flavone glycosides, flavonoid C-glycosides, is flavone glycoside, sterols, sterol glycosides, alkaloids, peptide alkaloids, amino acids, and sugars. Essential oils extracted from its flowers and whole plants contain monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. This comprehensive review encompasses the structure, botanical compounds composition, ethnobotanical uses, and pharmacological activities reported for Sphaeranthus indicus. It underscores the vast medicinal potential of this plant and highlights its importance in traditional and modern medicinal practices.

Qualitative investigation and screening of antimicrobial activity of stem extract in Clerodendrum infortunatum plant

Clerodendrum infortunatum is known as hill glory bower and a plant which is widely distributed throughout the whole world. Up to now, many species of C. infortunatum have been described in various indigenous systems of medicine that are used in preparation of folklore medicines for the treatment of various life-threatening diseases, and much of this plant have been very well studied for their chemical constituents and biological activities. It also is used in Unani, Ayurveda, and siddha system of medicine for many years. From Clerodendrum infortunatum many compounds, including mono-turpentine and its derivatives, sesquiterpene, diterpenoids, tri-terpentine, flavonoid, quercetin, acacetin, gallic acid, sterol and flavonoid glycoside, phenylethanoid glycoside, steroids and steroid glycosides, cyclohexylethanoids, anthraqunine, cyanogenic glycolsides, and others have been isolated and identified. In the present study, Chloroform, pet. ether, and water stem extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum obtained by Soxhlet extraction was screened to detect the presence or absence of several bioactive compounds which are reported to cure different diseases. Anti-microbial analysis of stem extract was carried out against lactobacillus, E.coli and staphylococcus aureus organisms by agar well diffusion method. It was observed that the zone was recorded against this organism. The results indicate that the chloroform, pet.ether and water extracts of C. infortunatum are having anti- microbial efficiency in controlling the microorganisms. So, Clerodendrum infortunatum is the plant which are beneficial on human health.

Quantitative lipidomics reveals lipid differences among peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) fruits with varying textures

In this study, we aimed to identify potentially different lipids in ripe peaches with different textures through a comprehensive, quantitative lipidomic analysis using LC-MS/MS. By analyzing 27 different cultivars, we detected 282 lipid species across 23 subclasses, including 118 significantly different lipids (DLs) among the different fruit texture groups. Lipids primarily consist of fatty acyls, followed by glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, sphingolipids, and sterol lipids. PCA and OPLS-DA analyses demonstrated that peach fruit lipids differed significantly depending on flesh texture. Four phosphatidylethanolamines, three phosphatidylcholines, one lysophosphatidylethanolamine, one sterol ester, one sterol glycoside, and four ceramides were highly correlated with peach flesh firmness, crispness, and compactness. Glycerolipid and glycerophospholipid metabolism are the most prominent metabolic pathways for DLs, followed by sphingolipid and inositol phosphate metabolism. Our study helps identify novel targets for fruit texture improvement and provides new perspectives on the regulation of peach storage and transportation quality.

Unraveling the Therapeutic Potential of Miracle Plant ‘Aftimoon’ in Disease Prevention and Treatment: A Comprehensive Review

Aftimoon (Cuscuta reflexa), a member of Convolvulaceae family is a miraculous parasitic plant with a rich history of utilization in traditional medicine. It has been extensively employed in the Unani treatments all over the world, particularly in the Indian subcontinent, to treat and prevent a variety of illness. Over the years, numerous research findings have documented its diverse therapeutic effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. It is utilized as a single medication (mufrad) in powder, mixture, and decoction form and as compound formulations (murakkab) to treat a variety of ailments, which includes hepatitis, palpitations, varicose veins, mental ailments such as epilepsy and depression as well as dermatological conditions such as vitiligo and pityriasis. A number of biologically active compounds with therapeutic potential have been recognized and isolated from this wonder plant which includes amarbelin, sterol glycosides, cuscutalin, bergenin, and others. The synergistic actions of its constituents contribute to its multifaceted healing properties. This review explores the therapeutic potential of Aftimoon, shedding light on its pharmacological properties, traditional uses, and emerging research. By synthesizing traditional knowledge with modern scientific insights, this review aims to illuminate the diversified healing properties of C.reflexa and inspire further research and foster its integration into mainstream healthcare practices. Keywords: Aftimoon; Cuscuta reflexa; Therapeutic potential; Unani medicines

Lipid Composition Analysis and Characterization of Acyl Sterol Glycosides in Adzuki and Soybean Cultivars by Non-Targeted LC-MS.

Beans, a globally significant economic and nutritional food crop, are rich in polyphenolic chemicals with potential health advantages, providing high protein, fiber, minerals, and vitamins. However, studies on the global profiling of lipids in beans are limited. We applied a non-targeted lipidomic approach based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (HPLC/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS) to comprehensively profile and compare the lipids in six distinct bean cultivars, namely, adzuki red beans-adzuki cultivar (ARB-AC), adzuki red beans-Benidainagon cultivar (ARB-BC), adzuki red beans-Erimoshouzu cultivar (ARB-EC), soybean-Fukuyutaka cultivar 2021 (SB-FC21), soybean-Fukuyutaka cultivar 2022 (SB-FC22), and soybean-Oosuzu cultivar (SB-OC). MS/MS analysis defined 144 molecular species from four main lipid groups. Multivariate principal component analysis indicated unique lipid compositions in the cultivars except for ARB-BC and ARB-EC. Evaluation of the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid ratio among all the cultivars showed that SB-FC21 and SB-FC22 had the highest value, suggesting they are the most beneficial for health. Furthermore, lipids such as acyl sterol glycosides were detected and characterized for the first time in these bean cultivars. Hierarchical cluster correlations revealed the predominance of ceramides in ARB-EC, lysophospholipids in SB-FC21, and glycerophospholipids in SB-OC. This study comprehensively investigated lipids and their compositions in beans, indicating their potential utility in the nutritional evaluation of beans as functional foods.

Bioassay-Guided Fractionation with Antimalarial and Antimicrobial Activities of Paeonia officinalis

Bioassay-guided fractionation technique of roots of Paeonia officinalis led to isolation and structure elucidation of seven known compounds, including four monoterpene glycosides: lactiflorin (1), paeoniflorin (4), galloyl paeoniflorin (5), and (Z)-(1S,5R)-β-pinen-10-yl β-vicianoside (7); two phenolics: benzoic acid (2) and methyl gallate (3); and one sterol glycoside: β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6). The different fractions and the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antimalarial activities. Fraction II and III showed antifungal activity against Candida neoformans with IC50 values of 28.11 and 74.37 µg/mL, respectively, compared with the standard fluconazole (IC50 = 4.68 µg/mL), and antibacterial potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IC50 = 20.27 and 24.82 µg/mL, respectively) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (IC50 = 43.21 and 94.4 µg/mL, respectively), compared with the standard meropenem (IC50 = 28.67 and 43.94 µg/mL, respectively). Compounds 3 and 5 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum D6 with IC50 values of 1.57 and 4.72 µg/mL and P. falciparum W2 with IC50 values of 0.61 and 2.91 µg/mL, respectively, compared with the standard chloroquine (IC50 = 0.026 and 0.14 µg/mL, respectively).

Green synthesis of platinum nanoparticles as a robust electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation reaction: Metabolite profiling and antioxidant evaluation

A novel, low-cost, and environmentally friendly method of synthesising biogenic platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) was employed using biomass sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) bagasse extract (SBE) as the reducing agent. Pt NPs derived from this biosynthesis route were thoroughly characterised by High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Due to the involvement of bio-reductive metabolites during biosynthesis, their metabolite profiles were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and in-vitro antioxidant activities. Eleven major metabolite compounds from the SBE classified as phenol, pyrazole, furan, pyran, epoxide, long-chain fatty acid, sterol glycoside, and mixed oxygenated compounds may be responsible for the bio-reduction process. The biogenic Pt NPs endowed a high antioxidant property that can scavenge DPPH free radicals by 81.9%, with an inhibitory effect (IC50) of 37.60 μg/mL and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) of 57.58 μmol FeSO4/g. Furthermore, the biogenic Pt NPs deliver superior electrocatalytic activity in methanol oxidation reactions with tunable Pt ions concentration, PtCl62−, from 0.5 to 1.75 mM, with a maximum electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) of 93.41 m2 g−1 and a mass activity/specific activity of 581.50 mA mg−1/1.25 mA cm−2Pt, which is 3.67 times higher than that of commercial Pt black (158.12 mA mg−1). This study demonstrates that green chemical reduction using plant extracts is a viable method for producing biogenic Pt NPs for energy conversion and health applications, owing to its improved electrocatalytic activity and profound antioxidant properties.

Bioprospecting Bioactive Polar Lipids from Olive (Olea europaea cv. Galega vulgar) Fruit Seeds: LC-HR-MS/MS Fingerprinting and Sub-Geographic Comparison.

Olive seeds have been considered as a new nutritionally healthy food supplement. They are rich in monounsaturated n-9 and essential polyunsaturated n-6 lipids. However, little is known about their polar lipids, potentially bioactive and chemical identity markers for olive pulp and oil. This work aimed to identify the polar lipidome of olive seeds to find possible bioactive compounds and markers of geographic origin, by studying samples from six Portuguese sub-regions. Polar lipids were obtained by solid/liquid extraction, NH2-solid-phase extraction, and identified by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-HR-ESI-MS and MS/MS. Ninety-four compounds were identified, including phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, and acyl sterol glycosides, several of which bear polyunsaturated fatty acids. Multivariate statistical analysis found unique profiles within each sub-region and markers of geographic identity, primarily phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, and lysophosphatidylethanolamines. Therefore, polar lipid signatures should be further investigated, to assess their bioactivity, nutritional value, and chemical identity for valuing olive seeds and their oil.

Current perspectives on naturally occurring saponins as anticancer agents.

Saponins, a heterogeneous group of sterol and triterpene glycosides, are distributed widely in nature. Naturally occurring saponins could act on diverse targets in cancer cells and consequently exert potential antiproliferative effects in various cancers, including drug-resistant forms. Therefore, naturally occurring saponins are useful templates for the discovery of novel anticancer candidates. Covering articles published between January 2020 and October 2021, this review aims to outline the recent development of naturally occurring steroidal and triterpenoidal saponins with anticancer potential to provide novel anticancer lead hits/candidates.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE DICHLOROMETHANE FRACTION OF Pterospermum truncatolobatum COLLECTED IN LANG SON PROVINCE

Phytochemical studies on the dichloromethane fraction of Pterospermum truncatolobatum collected in Lang Son province has led to the isolation and structural elucidation of four secondary metabolites, including one rare triterpene possessing E:B-friedo-hopane-type triterpenoid: simiarenol (1), two sterols: β-sitosterol (2), stigmasterol (3) and one sterol glycoside: stigmasterol glycoside (4). Their structures were identified by spectroscopic analyses. In addition, the structure of 1 was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Furthermore, simiarenol (1) showed moderate cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines such as Hep-G2, Lu-1, and MCF-7 with its IC50 values of 38.47 ± 2.68; 48.37 ± 3.05 and 46.85 ± 3.6 g\mL, respectively. All four compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Review of Phytochemicals and Pharmacology of Medicinal Plants to Lower Blood Fat Levels

This review aims to seek information about the phytochemical and pharmacological activities of plants used traditionally to reduce blood lipid levels. The way to find information is to conduct literature studies to find sources or literature in primary data or official books and national and international journals in the last ten years (2010-2020). In doing this review, the search for data using online media with keywords is Phytochemical, Pharmacology, Lowering Blood Fat Levels. Search for the primary references used in this review article's production through trusted websites, namely Google Scholar, Science Direct, NCBI, ResearchGate, and other published and reliable journals. The results show that six herbs are used traditionally to lower blood lipid levels. The six plants contain carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, saponins, polyphenols, quercetin, terpenoids, sterol glycosides, flavonols, and formic acid. These six herbs have been shown to work as anti-hypercholesterolemic agents. Thus, it can be concluded that six plants in Indonesia can be developed into phytopharmaca as anti-hypercholesterolemic drugs.

English

Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. ex Schult (Asclepiadaceae) and Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hochst (Anacardiaceae) are two plants used in Burkina Faso in traditional medicine and in the form of phytomedicine in the treatment of diabetes. This study evaluated the effect of aqueous ethanolic extracts of leaves of Gymnema sylvestre and Sclerocarya birrea on glycemia. A phytochemical screening of the extracts obtained by successive exhaustion after maceration of the leaves was carried out. The effect of these extracts was tested on basal plasma glucose and oral tolerance glucose in mice. Saponosides, tannins, flavonoids, sterol and triterpene glycosides, reducing compounds and coumarinic derivatives were found in the leaves of both plants. Alkaloids were also detected in the leaves of G. sylvestre and anthocyanosides in the leaves of S. birrea. The aqueous ethanolic extracts from leaves of G. sylvestre, S. birrea or both in combination at 100 mg/kg body per weight did not have a significant hypoglycemic effect on basal plasma glucose but significantly reduced (p<0.05; p<0.001) peak of hyperglycemia. The effect of the combination of the aqueous ethanolic extracts of the two plants on hyperglycemia is greater (47% reduction) than the effect of the aqueous ethanolic extracts of G. sylvestre (21% reduction) or S. birrea (36% reduction) alone. These results show that the combined use of G. sylvestre and S. birrea aqueous ethanolic extracts would be an asset in the treatment of diabetes. Key words: Gymnema sylvestre, Sclerocarya birrea, oral glucose tolerance test, hypoglycemia, Antihyperglycemia.

African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea): a systematic review of its chemistry, pharmacology and ethno medicinal properties

BackgroundAfrican Potato (hypoxis hemerocallidea), is used for enhancing immune system in Southern Africa. It is among the plants of intense commercial and scientific interest; hence, the aim of this study was to describe its chemistry and pharmacology.MethodsPubMed, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL) and Google Scholar were searched independently for relevant literature. The last search occurred in October 2018. Other research material was obtained from Google. The following search terms were used, but not limited to: “African Potato”, “hypoxis”, “hemerocallidea”, “rooperol.” Articles that were explaining the chemistry and pharmacology of hypoxis hemerocallidea were included.ResultsThirty articles from PubMed, Cochrane and Google Scholar were eligible. Three webpages were included from Google. Results showed that the tuberous rootstock (corm) of African Potato is used traditionally to treat wasting diseases, testicular tumours, insanity, barrenness, impotency, bad dreams, intestinal parasites, urinary infection, cardiac disease and enhancing immunity. The plant contains hypoxoside, which is converted rapidly to a potent antioxidant, rooperol in the gut. The corm contains sterols, sterol glycosides, stanols, terpenoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, tannins and reducing sugars. A dose of 15 mg/kg/day of hypoxoside is reportedly therapeutic. Preclinical studies of African Potato have shown immunomodulation, antioxidant, antinociceptive, hypoglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, uterolytic, antimotility, spasmolytic and anticholinergic effects. The common side effects of African Potato are nausea and vomiting, which subside over time. In vitro, African Potato demonstrated inhibitory effects on CYP1A2, 2C9, 2D6, 3A4, 3A5, CYP19-metabolism and induction of P-glycoprotein. In vivo, it did not alter the pharmacokinetics of efavirenz or lopinavir/ritonavir.ConclusionAfrican Potato is mainly used as an immunostimulant. The exact mechanisms of action for all the pharmacological actions are unknown. More research is required to substantiate claims regarding beneficial effects. There are many research gaps that require investigation including pharmacokinetic interactions with conventional drugs, especially those used in HIV/AIDS.

Alternative primers are required for pullulan biosynthesis in Aureobasidium melanogenum P16

Although pullulan has many uses in industry, the detailed mechanisms of its biosynthesis still require clarification. In this study, it was found that a short α-1,4-glucosyl chain (pullulan primer) synthesized by the glycogenins Glg1 and Glg2 for initiation of glycogen biosynthesis was also needed for pullulan synthesis. The primers were also synthesized on sterol glycosides and glucosylceramides by catalysis of sterol glucosyltransferase (Sgt1) and ceramide β-glucosyltransferase (Gcs1). All the primers might be elongated to be long α-1,4-glucosyl chain (pullulan precursor) by catalysis of the glycogen synthetase domain of the AmAgs2 as previously reported. Then, the amylase domain of the same AmAgs2 was responsible for pullulan biosynthesis. Removal of all the genes encoding Glg1, Glg2, Gcs1 and Sgt1 made all the mutants produce much less pullulan than the strain P16. However, pullulan synthesis could not be stopped totally in these mutants, suggesting that any other unknown alternative pullulan primers may exist in the yeast cells. Complementation of all the genes in the mutants restored pullulan biosynthesis. This is the first time to report that like starch and glycogen biosynthesis, alternative primers are also required for pullulan biosynthesis in Aureobasidium melanogenum P16.

Effect of Roasting on the Phytochemical Properties of Three Varieties of Marble Vine (Dioclea reflexa) Using Response Surface Methodology.

This study assessed the optimum roasting conditions on the phytochemical properties of three varieties of Dioclea reflexa seeds using response surface methodology. Roasting conditions were varied using temperature (110°C~200°C) and time (10~40 min). Phytochemical components (phenolics, tannin, flavonoids, cardiac glycoside, and steroids) of the seeds were screened and estimated. The study showed that availability of phytochemical activities was heat-dependent. An increase in roasting temperature beyond 110°C for 10 min resulted in a decrease in total phenolic (TP) and flavonoid (TF) contents. However, prolonged durations of roasting favored increased amounts of TP and TF in dark and light varieties. Total sterol, tannin, and cardiac glycoside contents increased with increasing roasting temperature and time. The desirability of the models were 0.76, 0.74, and 0.72 for black, dark brown, and light brown, respectively. The coefficients of regression (R2), ranged from 0.66 to 0.98 signifying accuracy of the model. The following models (cubic, quadratic, and 2 factor interaction) were significant (P≤0.05). We found that roasting time influenced the phytochemical properties of D. reflexa to a greater extent than temperature. The optimum roasting temperature and time was found to beat 110°C, 35 min, 40 min, and 32 min in black, dark brown, and light brown varieties, respectively. Roasting conditions significantly affects the phytochemical contents of three varieties of D. reflexa seed flour (P<0.05). Therefore, D. reflexa holds the potential to be used in development of functional foods and in therapeutic applications to promote health.

Plant triterpenoid saponins: biosynthesis, in vitro production, and pharmacological relevance

The saponins are a diverse class of natural products, with a broad scale distribution across different plant species. Chemically characterized as triterpenoid glycosides, they posses a 30C oxidosqualene precursor-based aglycone moiety (sapogenin), to which glycosyl residues are subsequently attached to yield the corresponding saponin. Based on the chemically distinct aglycone moieties, broadly, they are divided into triterpenoid saponins (dammaranes, ursanes, oleananes, lupanes, hopanes, etc.) and the sterol glycosides. This review aims to present in detail the biosynthesis patterns of the different aglycones from a common precursor and their glycosylation patterns to yield the functionally active glycoside. The review also presents recent advances in the pharmacological activities of these saponins, particularly as potent anti-neoplastic pharmacophores, antioxidants, or anti-viral/antibacterial agents. Since alternate production pedestals for these pharmacologically important triterpenes via cell and tissue cultures are an attractive option for their sustainable production, recent trends in the variety and scale of in vitro production of plant triterpenoids have also been discussed.

Diuretic effect and material basis of Clematidis Armandii Caulis in rats

To search for the active diuretic fractions of Clematidis Armandii Caulis( CAC) and determine its main active chemical components by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry( LC-MS) and diuretic activity evaluation. CAC 75% ethanol extracts and extracts from different polar solvents were orally administered to saline-loaded rats at different doses. 6 h urinary volume,p H and contents of electrolyte Na+,K+and Cl-were measured. The chemical components of the active fractions were separated and identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry( UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) method. As compared with the control group,the urine volume was increased by 44%( P< 0. 01) and 34%( P < 0. 05) in CAC75% ethanol extract 57. 74 and 28. 8 mg·kg-1 groups respectively; the Na+excretion was increased by 52%( P< 0. 01) and 45%( P<0. 05),respectively; while the Cl-excretion was increased by 101%( P<0. 01) and 85%( P<0. 05),respectively. The urine volume,Na+excretion and Cl-excretion were increased by 50%( P< 0. 01),58%( P< 0. 05),and 65%( P< 0. 05) respectively in petroleum ether extract 70. 98 mg·kg-1 group as compared with the control group. While for the n-butanol extract 194. 18 mg·kg-1 group,the urine volume,Na+and Cl-excretion were increased by 42%( P<0. 01),41%( P<0. 05) and 97%( P<0. 01),respectively. The diuretic activity of other fractions was not obvious. There was no statistical difference in K+excretion in all groups. The results of LC-MS analysis showed that six compounds,including two sterols,one chromogen and three fatty acids,were identified from petroleum ether extract.Fourteen compounds,including six triterpenoid saponins,six lignin glycosides,one sterol glycoside and one phenolic glycoside,were identified from the n-butanol extract. All the results suggested that the ethanol extract of CAC had remarkable diuretic activity and its main effective components included sterol,triterpenoid saponin and lignin glycosides.

Utilization Of Sterol Glycosides In Fame (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Byproducts From The Biodiesel Industry

In recent years, the development of renewable energy such as biodiesel has been widely researched throughout the world as technology advances in the era of Industry 4.0. At the final station of biodiesel production in the maturation tank, the by-products will form by-products in the form of sterol glycosides in Fatty Acid Methyl Esters which have not been utilized. This study aims to determine the volume of biodiesel from a mixture of sterol glycosides with a ratio of 0.5% H2SO4 catalyst concentration; 1%; 1.5% and 2% and tested their characteristics in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 7182: 2015). Biodiesel production was carried out by esterification with a molar ratio of 1:6 (sterol glycoside: methanol) to variations in H2SO4 catalyst concentration. The results of the highest yield volume biodiesel were obtained from a catalyst concentration of 1.5% of 28.02% and the lowest yield of 17.50% in a 0.5% catalyst. Based on the characteristic test of biodiesel by varying the concentration of catalyst H2SO4 obtained density of 852 – 862 kg m-3, viscosity of 4.642 – 4.950 mm2 s-1 and saponification number of 191.007 – 198.164 mg-KOH g-1 according to standard characteristics SNI 7182:2015, while for the water content of 0.1965 – 0.1976% and acid numbers of 2.151 – 3.232 mg-KOH g-1 isn’t according to standard characteristics. Based on research, pre-treatment treatments was recommended before the refining process to reduce the amount of acid and moisture content so according to standard characteristics.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of the flavonoids extracts from pods of Ceratonia siliqua L

This study was carried out to determine the phytochemical profile and antioxidantactivity of the carob. The results of prelim inary phytochemical assessed showed that the alkaloid bases and salts, flavones aglycones, reducing compounds, fatty acids, polyterpenes, catechin tannins, volatile oils, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, sterol glycosides and terpenes, amino acids and saponins are classes of chemical groups present in the pods of Ceratonia siliqua. The pods are characterized by 87 ± 1.0% dry matter, 55 ± 0.2 % total sugars, 4 ± 0.1 % proteins, 7 ± 0.4 % lipids, 4 ± 0.3 ash. We has found that the pod has a 10.56 ± 0.2 Na, 0.75 ± 0.1 Zn, 0.55 ± 0.3 Cu, 41.7 ± 0.2 Mg, 210 ± 0.3 Ca and 1150 ± 0.2 mg/100 g K. Pods of carob present 71.6 ± 2.10 mg/100 g of flavonoids, 56.51 ± 1.02 mg/100 g of alkaloids, 41.25 ± 1.36 mg/100 g of saponins and 1.18 ± 0.2 mg/100g of tannins. Flavonoids fractions were extracted using organic solvents with different polarity. The ethyl acetate extract has the highest content of polyphenols and flavonoids 259.4 ± 4.2, 71.34 ± 1.08 mg EGA/g E, followed by the n-butanol extract 62.19 ± 0.13, 53.01 ± 0.11, then the crude extract 15.5 ± 0.21, 12.9 ± 0.17 and finally aqueous extract 13.39 ± 0.27, 11.13 ± 0.62. The flavonoids fractions extracted by Ethyl Acetate and n-Butanol showed the higher antioxidant capacity determined by three methods: free radical scavenging activity, reducing power and liver lipid peroxidation compared to the crude exact and aqueous extract.