Sterilization Treatment Research Articles

Conserved Transcriptome Features Define Prepubertal Primate Spermatogonial Stem Cells as Adark Spermatogonia and Identify Unique Regulators.

Antineoplastic treatments for cancer and other non-malignant disorders can result in long-term or permanent male infertility by ablating spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). SSC transplantation using testicular tissue harvested before a sterilizing treatment is a promising approach for restoring male fertility in these cases, but a lack of exclusive biomarkers to unequivocally identify prepubertal SSCs limits their therapeutic potential. To address this, we performed single-cell RNA-seq on testis cells from immature baboons and macaques and compared these cells with published data from prepubertal human testis cells and functionally-defined mouse SSCs. While we found discrete groups of human spermatogonia, baboon and rhesus spermatogonia appeared less heterogenous. A cross-species analysis revealed cell types analogous to human SSCs in baboon and rhesus germ cells, but a comparison with mouse SSCs revealed significant differences with primate SSCs. Primate-specific SSC genes were enriched for components and regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and participate in cell-adhesion, which may explain why the culture conditions for rodent SSCs are not appropriate for primate SSCs. Furthermore, correlating the molecular definitions of human SSC, progenitor and differentiating spermatogonia with the histological definitions of Adark/Apale spermatogonia indicates that both SSCs and progenitor spermatogonia are Adark, while Apale spermatogonia appear biased towards differentiation. These results resolve the molecular identity of prepubertal human SSCs, define novel pathways that could be leveraged for advancing their selection and propagation in vitro, and confirm that the human SSC pool resides entirely within Adark spermatogonia.

Numerical Analysis of Fluid Mixing Characteristics in Ballast Water Sterilization Treatment System according to Membrane Structure

Numerical Analysis of Fluid Mixing Characteristics in Ballast Water Sterilization Treatment System according to Membrane Structure

Plant and Native Microorganisms Amplify the Positive Effects of Microbial Inoculant.

Microbial inoculants can be used to restore abandoned mines because of their positive effects on plant growth and soil nutrients. Currently, soils in greenhouse pot studies are routinely sterilized to eradicate microorganisms, allowing for better inoculant colonization. Large-scale field sterilization of abandoned mining site soils for restoration is difficult, though. In addition, microbial inoculants have an impact on plants. Plants also have an impact on local microbes. The interactions among microbial inoculants, native microorganisms, and plants, however, have not been studied. We created a pot experiment utilizing the soil and microbial inoculant from a previous experiment because it promoted plant growth in that experiment. To evaluate the effects of the plants, native microorganisms, and microbial inoculants, we assessed several indicators related to soil elemental cycling and integrated them into the soil multifunctionality index. The addition of the microbial inoculant and sterilizing treatment had a significant impact on alfalfa growth. When exposed to microbial inoculant treatments, the plant and sterilization treatments displayed radically different functional characteristics, where most of the unsterilized plant treatment indices were higher than those of the others. The addition of microbial inoculant significantly increased soil multifunctionality in plant treatments, particularly in the unsterilized plant treatment, where the increase in soil multifunctionality was 260%. The effect size result shows that the positive effect of microbial inoculant on soil multifunctionality and unsterilized plant treatment had the most significant promotion effect. Plant and native microorganisms amplify the positive effects of microbial inoculant.

Symbiotic Seed Germination and Seedling Development of Epidendrum geminiflorum Knuth from Ecuador

A greater understanding of the relationship between native orchids and their mycorrhizal symbionts is needed to ensure more effective orchid conservation strategies. A protocol for symbiotic seed germination and seedling development was developed for E. geminiflorum. Mature seeds were collected from a naturally occurring orchid population in Ecuador. Putative mycorrhizal fungi isolated from other native orchid species were used to screen their ability to facilitate germination and seedling development in vitro in either a 0/24 h or 12/12 h light/dark photoperiod at 20 °C. The mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora (UAMH 9824) isolated from Spiranthes brevilabris in Florida, USA, was also included in this study. Sterilization treatments using 0.3%, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite/ethanol or 2% calcium hypochlorite were tested for their effectiveness as sterilant and their subsequent effects on seed germination percentage. Effective surface seed sterilization was achieved with either 0.5% NaClO/ethanol or 2% calcium hypochlorite. However, significantly higher percentages of germinated embryos developed into protocorms when NaOCl solutions were used compared to the other treatments. Seed germination occurred in both photoperiods tested; however, delayed germination was observed under complete darkness. Seeds of E. geminiflorum germinated without fungal inoculation; however, co-culture with Tulasnella strains improved germination significantly. Seedling development was only observed when seeds were cultured in asymbiotic medium or co-cultured with T. caloscopa (UAMH 9824). Significantly longer seedlings were obtained when T. calospora was present in the culture compared with seedlings cultured in asymbiotic medium. The establishment of mycorrhizal associations was confirmed by the presence of pelotons in the roots of E. geminiflorum seedlings.

SG-APSIC1177: Improving the quality of sterile medical devices to international standards

Objectives: The central sterile services department (CSSD) offers a variety of procedures, including collecting contaminated medical equipment from various agencies through a process of washing, cleaning, packing, and sterilization, followed by storage and distribution to internal and external departments. Plans to expand and open service to the Center of Excellence continue, which will result in a rapid increase in the processing of specialized medical devices. The Center of Excellence is a source of education, learning, teaching, and practice in the cleaning, disposal, and sterile treatment of medical devices. We sought to improve the quality of sterile medical equipment to satisfy international standards of safety. Methods: We implemented a 7-stage process in the CSSD and we developed a checklist with 8 categories of environmental development based on APSIC guidelines. We provided knowledge to CSSD employees, developed their skills, and promoted attitudes in various areas, including sterile work standards, the use of sterilization machines, and infection prevention and control both inside and outside the facility. Results: We established inventory control systems, storage guidelines, and disbursement of medical supplies and equipment in the CSSD. To improve machine use in sterilization treatment or disposal, we educated staff and provided practice of machine skills according to instructions for use. Information technology (IT) was used for the distribution process, medical device identification, recording sterilization, and statistical logging of sterilization and sterile services. Conclusions: Overall, we improved the quality of CSSD services and knowledge and practice of CSSD staff, and we achieved compliance with international standards. These measures ensure the safety of service providers and patients and build trust in the quality of CSSD services and output.

Phosphorus availability and planting patterns regulate soil microbial effects on plant performance in a semiarid steppe.

Growing evidence has suggested that plant responses to model soil microorganisms are context dependent; however, few studies have investigated the effects of whole soil microbial communities on plant performance in different abiotic and biotic conditions. To address this, we examined how soil phosphorus (P) availability and different planting patterns regulate soil microbial effects on the growth of two native plant species in a semiarid steppe. We carried out a glasshouse experiment to explore the effects of the whole indigenous soil microbiota on the growth and performance of Leymus chinensis and Cleistogenes squarrosa using soil sterilization with different soil P availabilities and planting patterns (monoculture and mixture). Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to explain the potential molecular mechanisms of the soil microbial effects on C. squarrosa. The soil sterilization treatment significantly increased the biomass of L. chinensis and C. squarrosa in both monoculture and mixture conditions, which indicated that the soil microbiota had negative growth effects on both plants. The addition of P neutralized the negative microbial effects for both L. chinensis and C. squarrosa, whereas the mixture treatment amplified the negative microbial effects on L. chinensis but alleviated them on C. squarrosa. Transcriptomic analysis from C. squarrosa roots underscored that the negative soil microbial effects were induced by the upregulation of defence genes. The P addition treatment resulted in significant decreases in the number of differentially expressed genes attributable to the soil microbiota, and some defence genes were downregulated. Our results underline that indigenous soil microbiota have negative effects on the growth of two dominant plant species from a semiarid steppe, but their effects are highly dependent on the soil P availability and planting patterns. They also indicate that defence genes might play a key role in controlling plant growth responses to the soil microbiota.

Study on the effect of plasma drying and sterilization of pepper seeds

Drying and sterilization are the main aspects to ensure the quality of pepper seeds, inhibit microbial growth and extend the storage cycle. Plasma can achieve rapid drying and efficient sterilization of materials, becoming a new non-thermal drying technology with potential. In this paper, an experimental study on the drying and sterilization of pepper seeds was carried out using discharge plasma. The effects of discharge plasma on the drying rate, surface sterilization effect and growth characteristics of treated seeds were analyzed. The results showed that discharge plasma significantly increased the drying rate of pepper seeds compared with natural drying. After the plasma-enhanced sterilization treatment, no scab pathogens were found on the seed surface. In addition, the results of germination experiments showed that plasma treatment did not negatively affect the growth of pepper seeds compared to untreated seeds.

Normogonadotropic menstrual function disorders in reproductive period

Objective. To analyze and summarize the available literature data regarding the normogonadotropic menstrual function disorders in the reproductive period for identification of pathogenetic approaches to treatment of menstrual function disorders, sterility, miscarriage and pathological processes associated with them. Most of menstrual function disorders (76 %) are caused by functional hypothalamic disorders, changes in the rhythm and gonadotropic hormone secretion amplitude, which are not accompanied by an altered level of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) normogonadotropic menstrual function disorders (NMFD).
 Materials and methods. Systematic review of native and foreign literature.
 Results. The clinical lecture presents the current data on physiology of reproductive system regulation, characteristics of menstrual function in norm and pathology; it defines normogonadotropic disorders, demonstrates their clinical forms, hypothalamic dysfunction-forming mechanisms as well as predetermining, trigger, contributory factors, which form the normogonadotropic disorders; describes clinical features of patients with the above pathology as well as algorithms for therapeutic approaches in the form of step-type tactics: elimination of contributory factors, prevention of trigger mechanisms, basic adaptogenic and situational therapy that leads to restoration of ovulation, realization of reproductive plans and improvement of the quality of life among such patients in more than 90 % of cases.
 Conclusions. It was stated, taking into account the variety of mechanisms forming normogonadotropic menstrual function disorders, that treatment of such patients is a complex goal, which requires a detailed studying of female health status, forming a proper clinical diagnosis, developing personified medical programs for a long period of time.

Effect of sodium hexametaphosphate on heat-induced changes in micellar casein isolate solutions

Micellar casein isolate (MCI) solutions (9%, w/w, casein; pH 6.7) containing 0, 12 or 24 mEq L−1 sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) were subject to three different thermal treatments: in-container sterilisation (121 °C for 8 min) and two different continuous flow sterilisation treatments (124 °C for 5 min and 140 °C for 5.8 s). Samples were analysed after 1–60 d storage at 20 and 40 °C for pH, calcium ion activity, turbidity, particle size, viscosity and protein and mineral distribution. SHMP-induced casein micelle disruption in untreated samples was apparent from reductions in turbidity, particle size and increases in sedimentable caseins and calcium, and from strong increases in viscosity. After heating, the pH and viscosity decreased strongly due to the heat-induced hydrolysis of SHMP. SHMP altered casein micelle structure, but during heat treatment and storage, samples with SHMP showed good stability.

Fertility: the importance of psychotherapy in the treatment of sterility in women

Infertility is a growing problem for couples trying to conceive. A growing body of evidence points to a link between mental health and female fertility. A companion of women suffering from infertility, as a rule, is a psychopathological state of varying degrees of distress, which results in the formation of stable stress in most of them. In addition, women's fertility is adversely affected by a number of unchangeable lifestyle factors, such as smoking, increased caffeine and alcohol consumption, stress, chronic exposure to environmental pollutants, and other dietary habits. It has been proven that psychotherapy sessions, which help to cope with stress, significantly increase the chances of conception in women suffering from infertility. In the course of psychotherapy, great attention should be paid to creating an image of yourself as a pregnant woman. An equally significant position is the creation of a truly positive treatment mood, without elements of fear and increased anxiety.The research results allow us to conclude that women who suffer from infertility and turn to reproductive medicine clinics for this reason should not be left without psychotherapeutic support.

Lesion Sterilization and Tissue Repair Treatment in Pediatric Dentistry

Lesion Sterilization and Tissue Repair Treatment in Pediatric Dentistry

이산화염소 및 저온 플라즈마 가스 살균 및 MAP 처리가 파프리카의 저장 중 품질과 미생물학적 변화에 미치는 영향

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of packaging methods and sterilization treatment on storability and microbial control in paprika fruits. When treated with chlorine dioxide gas for 3, 6, and 12 hours and cold plasma gas for 1, 3, and 6 hours, and then packed in a carton box and stored in a 8 ± 1oC chamber for 7 days, chlorine dioxide treated 12 hours and plasma treated 6 hours was prevented the development of E·coli and YM(yeast and mold). Accordingly, the control was treated with chlorine dioxide for 12 hours and plasma for 6 hours, packed using a carton box and 40,000 cc·m-2·day-1·atm-1 OTR film (MAP), and stored in a 8 ± 1oC chamber for 20 days. Fresh weight loss rate during storage was less than 1% in the MAP treatments, and the visual quality of the MAP treatments was above the marketability limit until the end of storage. There was no difference in the contents of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethylene in the film. In the case of firmness, the chlorine dioxide treatments was low, and the Hunter a* value, which showed chromaticity, was highest in the Plasma 6h MAP treatment. Off-odor was investigated in the MAP treatments, but it was very low. The rate of mold growth on the fruit stalk of paprika was the fastest and highest in the chlorine dioxide treated box packaging treatments, and the lowest in the chlorine dioxide treated MAP treatments at the end of storage. The aerobic count in the pulp on the storage end date was the lowest in the plasma treated box packaging treatments, the lowest number of E·coli in the chlorine dioxide treated MAP treatments, and the lowest yeast & mold in the chlorine dioxide treated box packaging treatments. As a result, for the inhibition of microorganisms during paprika storage, it is considered appropriate to treat plasma for 6 hours before storage regardless of the packaging method.

PENGARUH LAMA STERILISASI TERHADAP MUTU SAYUR LEBUI KALENG

Sayur lebui or pigeon pea soup is a traditional Lombok that has been used plastic as a packaging. Plastic packaging has a weakness in the presence of monomers and small molecules that will migrate into food, making the shelf life relatively low with high microbial contamination. One technology that can be used to overcome this is canning technology. The most important process in canning is the sterilization process. This study aims to determine the effect of sterilization time on the quality of canned lebui vegetables. The method used in this study was an experimental method carried out in the laboratory. The design used in this study was a randomized block design (RBD) with a single factor experiment, namely the duration of sterilization with 6 treatments, namely 0 minute, 3 minutes, 6 minutes, 9 minutes, 12 minutes, 15 minutes. Analyzed using ANOVA with a significant level of 5% using Co-stat software. The difference data was tested using Honestly Significant Differences (HSD) Test. The prolonged sterilization treatment of pigeon pea soup had a significant effect on the pH value, antioxidant activity, color, organoleptic parameters of texture, color and appearance, but had no significant effect on the organoleptic parameters of aroma and taste. Based on chemical, physical and organoleptic parameters, sterilization time of 9 minutes is recommended to produce the best pigeon pea soup with an antioxidant activity value of 86.05%, a pH value of 5.03, an oHue value of 45.27 (red) and hedonic organoleptic quality and a score that is still acceptable.

Effect of calcium hypochlorite on surface sterilization and seedling growth of Vietnamese coconut varieties

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) or 'the tree of life' is one of the most important palm crops due to its versatility. Reduction in coconut productivity due to natural calamity and disease threats has raised the urgent need to develop in vitro techniques that can overcome the obstacles of the traditional breeding method. Embryo culture is one of the earliest in vitro culture techniques applied to practical problems and so far has proved itself to be of great value to breeders. However, contamination is one of the most serious problems that reduces the efficiency in in vitro culture techniques. Thus, appropriate surface sterilization treatments are highly important to in vitro culture establishment. The present study was performed to evaluate the sterilization effect of calcium hypochlorite by comparing with sodium hypochlorite. This study also examined the effects of calcium hypochlorite concentrations on plantlets morphogenesis. The findings revealed that amongst the tested treatments, 0.5% (w/v) calcium hypochlorite was the most effective treatment with the lowest rate of contamination. This treatment also significantly improved shoot and root elongation in comparison with calcium hypochlorite at higher concentrations (3% and 6%, w/v). Thus, this concentration was found to be optimal for surface sterilization of two coconut cultivars - Aromatic and Xiem Red Dwarf. Besides that, the results obtained from this study indicated that 70% (v/v) ethanol was not critical in surface sterilization protocol of coconut embryo culture. This research has provided an improved approach for surface sterilization which was previously dependent on sodium hypochlorite and ethanol.

Storage Quality Variation of Mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes) after Cold Plasma Treatment.

Flammulina velutipes is susceptible to mechanical damage, water loss, microbial growth, and other factors that lead to postharvest deterioration, thereby shortening the storage period. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of cold plasma treatment on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant capacity of F. velutipes during storage at 4 °C for 21 days. Compared to the control group, cold plasma cold sterilization (CPCS) treatment (150 Hz, 95 kV for 150 s) effectively inhibited the growth and multiplication of microorganisms on the surface of F. velutipes, with no significant effect on the fresh weight change and the superoxide anion generation rate, but with a higher postharvest 1,1-dephenyl-2-picrylhydrzyl (DPPH) clearance rate. Moreover, CPCS increased antioxidant enzyme activities, delayed both malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and vitamin C loss, inhibited the browning reaction and polyphenol oxidases (PPO) activity and protected F. velutipes cell membrane from disruption. In general, CPCS not only achieved bacteriostatic effects on F. velutipes during storage, but also reduced cell damage from free radical oxidation, resulting in better postharvest quality and longer shelf life.

Geobacillus stearothermophilusandBacillus atrophaeusspores exhibit linear inactivation kinetic performance when treated with an industrial scale vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VH2O2) sterilization process

This study aims to determine the inactivation kinetics of Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus atrophaeus biological indicators, treated with vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VH2O2) at an industrial scale. There is an assumption that sterilization processes generate linear kinetic plots of treated biological indicators that are used for informing probability-based decision-making by the MedTech industry for effective sterilization treatments; however, this has not been reported for sterilization using VH2O2. Survivor curves were generated, and sterilization performances were separately determined using G. stearothermophilus and B. atrophaeus biological indicators following the development of appropriate process challenge devices (PCDs). Regression analysis revealed that the inactivation kinetics for VH2O2-treated microorganisms exhibited log linear profiles. The use of scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed no significant topographical changes in the outer surface of these VH2O2-treated spores. Both biological indicators exhibited log linear inactivation kinetics when treated with an industrial scale vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VH2O2) sterilization process. Therefore, this novel finding corroborates and proves the appropriateness of using VH2O2 as a sterilization method in accordance with applicable ISO standards.

In Vitro Propagation and Phytochemistry of Thymol-Producing Plants from a Horticultural Form of Thymus × josephi-angeli Mansanet & Aguil. (Lamiaceae)

Thymus L. is of great interest in horticulture as ornamentals, spices, and medicinal plants, as well as in the extracts industry due to the richness in bioactive specialized metabolites. The natural hybrid T. × josephi-angeli Mansanet & Aguil. is produced in Spain, as its horticultural forms are very popular for domestic uses and gardening. However, its micropropagation and chemical composition have not been studied yet. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to develop a micropropagation procedure for T. × josephi-angeli, and to check whether the in vitro culture had an impact on the chemical profile of the plants. The results showed a high initiation rate (>91%) after two sterilization treatments were applied. Moreover, a micropropagation rate of around 21 new rooted explants per culture cycle was obtained in treatment M7 (Murashige and Skoog with 0.064 µM 6-(γ,γ-Dimethylallylamino)purine) when compared to the other 10 treatments performed. Acclimatization was successful in all three approaches tested (>75%), and all plants kept growing after 4 months of outdoor cultivation. Finally, 36 volatiles were identified, and the content of major compounds remained not statistically different in acclimatized plants when compared to the wild-type plants according to the analyses made by HS-SPME-GC/MS and SPME-GC/MS. This chemical stability points out the uniformity of the microplants and the suitability of the procedure applied in this study for T.×josephi-angeli horticultural production using in vitro techniques.

A review of current approaches for decellularization, sterilization, and hemocompatibility testing on xenogeneic pericardium

Decellularization, sterilization, and hemocompatibility are the main areas for biomaterials evaluation when the material is designed for medical implants. The glutaraldehyde fixation of xenogeneic pericardium graft is not fully capable of preventing implant rejection in the recipient. The decellularization process removes the cellular components from organs or tissue to form an extracellular matrix as a structural template, and this template can be used for tissue engineering applications. The decellularization can be performed by chemical, enzymatic or physical, or a combination of methods. Sterilization and hemocompatibility are essential for medical devices that come into contact with blood. The different sterilization treatments include gamma radiation, freeze-drying, ethylene oxide, peracetic acid, antibiotics, and ethanol. In this context, this study reviews the three major areas of decellularization, sterilization, and hemocompatibility of xenogeneic pericardium for tissue engineering applications. In this study, a brief overview of recent decellularization approaches and combinations such as chemical method, chemical and enzymatic method, and the physical and chemical method used to remove cellular material from the pericardium are discussed. In the different sterilization techniques, the sterilization efficiency and post sterilization results obtained by various research groups on pericardium scaffolds are discussed. Also, this review deals with in vitro hemocompatibility testing such as hemolysis, platelet adhesion, coagulation system, and activation of leucocytes for xenogeneic biomaterials.

Functional Properties of an Oat-Based Postbiotic Aimed at a Potential Cosmetic Formulation

The concept of postbiotic has been attracting the attention of the scientific community and several industrial realities to develop new claims and new market segments for functional fermented products. The aim of this work was to develop a process to produce an oat-based postbiotic ingredient to be used in personal care cosmetic formulations. A hydrolyzed oatmeal suspension was fermented using Lacticaseibacillus paracasei CBA L74 as starter culture, at 37 °C for 48 h by controlling the pH; then the bacterial charge was inactivated by a mild thermal treatment at 80 °C for 30 s, obtaining a postbiotic. The effect of different process steps, hydrolysis, sterilization, fermentation, and inactivation phases, on lactic acid concentration, total polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition activity and Sun Protection Factor value was investigated, demonstrating the potential cosmetic applications. The maximum bacterial growth and lactic acid production were achieved after 24 h of process, with a cell density and a lactic acid concentration of 3.05 × 109 CFU/mL and 8.60 g/L, respectively. The total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity reached their maximum values (2.5 mgGAE/mL, EC50 = 2.2 mg/mL and 1.38 × 10−2 mmol Fe2+/g and 7.3 × 10−3 mmol TE/g, respectively) after the sterilization treatment; the maximum tyrosinase inhibition of 50.6%, corresponding to a sample concentration of 16 mg/mL, was found after 24 h of fermentation process. Fermentation did not show an impact on UV shielding ability and the SPF value decreased during the process.

Quality characteristics of strawberry fruit following a combined treatment of laser sterilization and guava leaf-based chitosan nanoparticle coating

BackgroundStrawberry fruit is a rich source of antioxidants that are beneficial for human health. However, the rapid decline of strawberries dramatically reduces the shelf life and raises postharvest losses. To develop an efficient and ecological approach for maintaining the quality, strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa, cv. Festival) were treated with 0.5% chitosan coating (0.5% Ch), guava leaf-based chitosan nanoparticles coating (Gl-ChNps), and a combination treatment of 1.3 mW/cm2 laser light followed by Gl-ChNps coating (combined treatment), then stored for 12 days at 10 °C and 85–90% RH. The untreated fruit served as a control.ResultsSemi-spherical particles with an average size of 21.92 nm, a monodisperse nature, and high solution stability were formed. The findings revealed that the combined treatment completely suppressed fungal decay compared to 50% decay in control, and significantly reduced weight loss percentage to 4.68% compared to 27.35% in control. In accordance, the combined treatment had the maximum anthocyanin content and vitamin C, at 42 and 81.1 mg/100 g, respectively. The results showed that treated strawberries had less change in color, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and pH during storage than untreated strawberries, which exhibited higher chemical changes.ConclusionsThe edible film of chitosan nanoparticles acted as a semi-permeable barrier that modified and restricted gas exchange, reduced water loss, and delayed fruit senescence. In addition, the combination of laser light with chitosan nanoparticles has been shown to control the pathogens and retain the freshness of strawberries.Graphical