Sterile Bags Research Articles

An Analysis of the Effectiveness of High-level Disinfection for Surgical Instruments Used by Department of Defense Austere Surgical Teams

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of currently employed commercial disinfectants in a simulated austere surgical environment similarly faced by ground surgical teams in forward deployed positions. Severe contamination of traumatic combat wounds along with limitations of operations in austere environments may result in available disinfectants providing inadequate surgical instrument decontamination. The study consisted of nine experimental groups and two control groups evaluating hemostatic forceps found in kits of ground surgical teams. Hemostats were contaminated in a manner replicating the use in austere wartime surgery, cleaned by manual debridement and soaked in a disinfectant. Initially, instruments were debrided in one of three initial liquids (potable water, sterile water, or potable water with Envirocleanse A) and subsequently treated with one of three terminal disinfectants (Cidex OPA, CaviCide, or Neutral Disinfectant Cleaner). Treated hemostats were placed in sterile wire-closure bags for various storage times and tested for viable bacteria measured by colony-forming units. Our findings indicated that mechanical debridement in water, independent of Envirocleanse A, followed by soaking in any of the three terminal disinfectants achieved a marked reduction in recovered bacteria from hemostats regardless of storage length. Of the three disinfectants tested, Cidex OPA appeared to be the most robust in terms of decontamination, followed by CaviCide and Neutral Disinfectant Cleaner. This study supports the conclusion that all evaluated disinfectants are capable of rapidly producing instruments with minimal bacterial contaminants when standard sterilization is unavailable. Therefore, when lifesaving surgical intervention must be performed in a deployed environment, austere surgical teams can confidently utilize either product with minimal risk of infection. However, of the disinfectants, Cidex OPA appears to be most effective in reducing bacterial contamination for both rapid and slow turnover of instrument usage, and thus, the disinfectants are recommended for application when sterilization is not available.

Comparative Bacteriological Evaluation of Frozen and Salt Water Tilapia Fishes (Oreochromos niloticus and Oreochromos aureus) Sold in Port Harcourt, Rivers State Nigeria

Fishes are highly perishable, and prone to vast variations in quality due to differences in species, feeding habits as well as the environmental and preservation factors. This study Compared the bacteriological quality of Frozen and Salt Water Tilapia Fishes (Oreochromos niloticus and Oreochromos aureus) sold in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Total number of sixty (60) samples were evaluated. Frozen tilapia (36) and salt water tilapia fishes (24) were obtained from the three sampling markets using sterile bags which were properly labelled. The samples were transported to the Laboratory for analyses within 2 hours of collection in a thermos box containing ice pack and standard microbiological procedures were employed in the bacteriological evaluations. Different parts of the fishes such as Intestine, gills and flesh of the samples were dissected and used for bacteriological analysis. Statistical analyses were carried out using ANOVA and All pairs tukey- kramer. Results obtained from the study showed that the highest number of total heterotrophic bacteria count was obtained from frozen fish gills which was 7.7 x 106±0.98 cfu/g while the least count of 4.7 x 106±0.67 cfu/g was from salt water tilapia fish flesh. Total coliform count ranged from 3.3 x104±0.91 cfu/g to 8.0 x104±0.44a cfu/g for salt water flesh and frozen fish intestine from different markets respectively. Listeria species count ranged from 1.3 x104± 0.30 cfu/g to 4.3 x104±0.57 cfu/g for salt water fish intestine and frozen fish flesh respectively. Total Salmonella count ranged from 1.0 x103±0 cfu/g to 6.2x103±1.30cfu/g for frozen fish flesh and salt water fish intestine. These values were above the WHO permissible limit. Mean values for all the microbial counts were significantly different at (P<0.05) in the two samples across the sampled markets comparatively, frozen fish has more bacteriological load than salt water fish, this may be attributed to the handling, hygiene storage of the respective fishes as well as storage conditions. Listeria species were identified as L. monocytogenes, L. graji, L. seeligeri, L. ivanovii, and L. welshmeri by genomic studies. While three species of Salmonella such as S. arizonae, S. gallinarum, S. typhi were isolated. Other bacterial isolates were identified as Vibrio spp, Bacillus spp Staphylococcus spp Shigella spp Pseudomonas spp. Enterobacter spp. E. coli, Micrococcus spp. Acinetobacter spp. Klebsiella spp. This study revealed that fish sold at different markets in Port Harcourt especially frozen fish, is highly contaminated with different kinds of bacterial pathogens which may constitute potential public health hazard due to the unhygienic nature of fish vendors which predisposes frozen fishes to contamination by pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore proper blanching and heating methods should be employed during preparations of fishes to avoid cross contamination and food intoxication/ poisoning before consumption. It is important that all hazard analysis critical control point be adhered to for good production processes.

A Customized Technique of Cranioplasty for Patients with Large Skull Defects: A Technical Note

In our technical note, we have presented a technique of cranioplasty for large skull defects. A thin-slice computed tomography scan is performed. A model of the skull is constructed using a desktop 3-dimensional printer from the computed tomography scan. The skull model is filled with towels of soft cotton and inserted in a sterile thin plastic bag. The implant is molded intraoperatively on the skull model under sterile conditions. After surgical exposure of the skull defect, the implant is inserted and fixed using miniplates and miniscrews. The technique was used in 6 patients and described in 2 representative cases. The required time and cost are significantly lower than those for other techniques used for preoperative manufacture of implants. No technique-related complications occurred. The radiological and cosmetic results were satisfactory. In the present case series, no early or delayed complications occurred. The presented technique is simple, safe, and time- and cost-effective. The technique and results are reproducible.

Determination of microbial quality of tsire offered for sale at Hadejia Local Government Area, Jigawa state

Microorganisms grow on meat causing visual, textural and organoleptic changes when they release metabolites. A lot of factors affect the growth of microorganisms on meat, which include temperature, pH, water availability, presence of nutrients, gaseous requirement and atmosphere of storage. Microbial quality of raw meat and tsire sold at retail outlets from Yayari, Yankoli and Matsaro of Hadejia metropolis, Jigawa State were evaluated. Three samples from each outlet were collected fortnightly into sterile plastic bags, stored at 4°C in ice chest filled with ice and transported immediately to the laboratory for Total Viable Count (TVC), Total Coliform Count (TCC), Total Staphylococcus Count (TCS) and Total Fungal Count (TFC) analyses using Nutrient Agar, Mac Conkey Agar, Mannitol Salt Agar and Potato Dextrose Agar, respectively. They were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours except for the detection of fungi, which was incubated at 25°C for 5 days. Tsire samples collected from Matsaro had the highest TVC (6.0 x 104) while that from Yankoli had the highest TCS (4.0x102). The study concluded that tsire sold at Hadejia Local Government Area was safe for consumption, due to its less microbial load.

Child hand contamination is associated with subsequent pediatric diarrhea in rural Democratic Republic of the Congo (REDUCE Program).

The Reducing Enteropathy, Undernutrition, and Contamination in the Environment (REDUCE) program focuses on identifying exposure pathways to faecal pathogens for young children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and on developing scalable interventions to reduce faecal contamination from these pathways. A prospective cohort study of 690 participants was conducted to investigate the association between hand, food, and environmental faecal contamination and diarrhoeal disease prevalence among young children in Walungu Territory, South Kivu, DRC. A total of 1923 hand rinse, soil, food, object, surface, stored water and water source samples were collected during unannounced spot checks after baseline enrolment and analysed for Escherichia coli. Caregiver reports of diarrhoea were obtained from children<5years at a 6-month follow-up. E.coli was detected in 73% of child and caregiver hand-rinse samples, 69% of soil samples from child play spaces, 54% of child food samples, 38% of objects and surfaces children were observed putting in their mouths, 74% of stored water samples, and 40% of source water samples. Children<5years with E. coli on their hands had significantly higher odds of diarrhoea at the 6-month follow-up (odds ratio: 2.03 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 3.92)). The cohort study findings from the REDUCE program have shown that child hand contamination is associated with diarrhoeal disease in rural DRC, and that there is high faecal contamination in child plays spaces and food. These findings provide evidence demonstrating the urgent need to provide clean play spaces for young children and interventions targeting hand hygiene to reduce paediatric exposure to faecal pathogens.

Evaluation of anarchic use of antibiotics in poultry farming

Background: Antibiotic are administered in presence and/or absence of disease and without prescription from physicians to increase production yield and mitigating animal health. With the aim of setting up an evaluation assay for the uncontrolled use of antibiotics in poultry farming. A survey was conducted in 13 farms. The study was aimed at assessing the abusive use of antibiotics in poultry farms in the Mfoundi Division. Methods and materials: A well-established questionnaire was conducted, June-July 2016, to determine the most utilized antibiotics and to collect litters .30 samples were collected from the farms under investigation and 250 g of each sample was collected and placed in sterile stomacher bags, and preserved under appropriate conditions prior to analysis. These litters permitted to have presumed isolates of Salmonella spp. through, the Salmonella-Shigella selective medium and then an antibiogram assay was carried out to determine the inhibition diameter in conformity with the recommendations of the Antibiogram Committee of the French Society of Microbiology (CASFM, 2015). A protocol based on the principle according to which, increase in turbidity presumed growth of Salmonella spp. in a broth containing an antibiotic at the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the germ, is an indication of resistance, was performed by spectrophotometry at 600 nm within 10 h. Results: 100% of presumed isolates of salmonella were resistant to amoxicillin and erythromycin; 66.66% were resistant to tetracycline and oxytetracycline and 83.33% were resistant to ampicillin. The spectrophotometry method had a better result prediction percentage, of 66.07% (20/30) as compared to antibiogramm. Regarding the prediction errors, we observed that 23.33% (7/30) of the sensitive cases by antibiogramm were evaluated as being resistant by spectrophotometry whereas, 6.67% (2/30) of the revealed resistant cases by the classical method were evaluated as being sensitive by spectrophotometry. Oxytetracyclin was shown to be the antibiotic for which the results were least in conformity with those of the disc method. The elimination of oxytetracyclin in the spectrophotometry assay led to improvement of the predicted results. Conclusion: During the study, all farms used antibiotics and the resistance observed was attributed to the intensity of antibiotics utilized in the farms under investigation.

Impact of Postharvest Handling on Preharvest Latent Infections Caused by Monilinia spp. in Nectarines.

Latent infections caused by Monilinia spp. in nectarines cause great economic losses since they are not detected and rejected at harvest and can appear at any time post-harvest, even at the consumer’s home. The effect of a pre-cooling chamber, water dump operation, and cold-storage chamber on the activation and/or development of preharvest latent infections caused by Monilinia spp. on nectarines were studied under different postharvest conditions: (a) cold storage for 0, 1, or 3 d at 4 °C at either 75% relative humidity (RH) or 100% RH before water dumping, (b) water dumping for 10 minutes at 15 °C, and (c) cold storage for 0, 3, or 10 d at 4 °C at either 75% RH or 100% RH after water dumping. These storage conditions were transformed to fungal physiological time. For visualization of the latent infections caused by Monilinia spp., the nectarines were placed in sterile paper bags and frozen at −20 °C for 48 h in order to damage the epidermis. To compare different handling scenarios, the incidence of latent infection was modelled for physiological time description by a modified Gompertz model. The activation and/or development of preharvest natural latent infections caused by Monilinia spp. at postharvest was mainly related to temperature and incubation time at postharvest. Storing nectarines with any postharvest handling less than 11 days at 4 °C avoids brown rot symptoms and reduced the activation and/or development of pre-harvest latent infections caused by Monilinia spp., while more cold days caused the exponential phase of latent infection activation and/or development. The Gompertz model employed could be used for predicting the activation and/or development of latent infection caused by Monilinia spp. at postharvest conditions and looks at the postharvest life. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the effects of post-harvest handling on latent infections in fruit have been studied.

Soil Characterization Using Physical and Chemical Properties

This paper presents the influences of soil chemical composition on pH. Surface soil samples from bare ground without vegetation were collected from different locations of Pune district of Maharashtra State from the top 8 inch at each sampling sites using a sterile shovel. A total of 146 samples were collected and directly put into sterile sampling bags. Physical and chemical properties of soil a total of eleven soil properties were assessed, including pH, Organic Carbon (OC), Nitrogen (N), Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Phosphorus (P), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn). Pearson’s correlation coefficients studies were employed to highlight the influence of the chemical composition on pH values. It was observed that OC, P, and Na have a significant influence on measured pH values. Whereas there was very low correlation with the N, K, CaCO3, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn.

Staphylococcus spp Resistance to Chlorhexidine: Is There Any Impact Related to the Routine Use for Hand Hygiene?

Background: Although guidelines recommend the use of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) for hand hygiene (HH), the impact of its routine use on antimicrobial resistance is not clear. Objective: To analyze the impact on the CHG susceptibility among isolates obtained from hands of HCW during its routine use for HH. Methods: We conducted a crossover study at 4 medical-surgical wards of a tertiary-care hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. In 2 units (intervention group), we established routine use of CHG for HH. For the other 2 units (control group), regular soap was provided. The availability of alcohol formulation for HH was not changed during the study. Every 4 months we swapped the units, ie, those using CHG changed for regular soap and vice versa. At baseline, we cultured the hands of HCWs. Only nursing staff hands were investigated. For hand culturing, HCWs placed their hands inside a sterile bag containing a solution of phosphate-buffered saline, Tween 80, and sodium thiosulfate. After the solution incubated overnight, it was inoculated onto brain-heart infusion. Next, it was plated on McConkey and Mannitol agar. MALDI-TOF was used for identification. Agar dilution was performed for Staphylococcus spp. We selected all Staphylococcus spp with MIC ≥ 8 and performed inhibition of efflux pump test. For isolates that showed a decrease of 2 dilutions, we searched the gene qacA/B by polymerase chain reaction. Results: We obtained 262 samples from HCW hands yielding 428 isolates. The most frequent genera were Staphylococcus spp (58%), Acinetobacter spp (8%), Enterobacter spp (8%), Stenotrophomonas spp (5%), Klebsiella spp (4%), Pseudomonas spp (3%), and others (14%). Staphylococcus spp were less frequent in the intervention compared to control group (43% vs 61%; OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.29–0.69; P = .005). Among all Staphylococcus spp, the proportion of chlorhexidine resistance (RCHG; MIC ≥ 8) was 12%. All resistant isolates recovered susceptibility after inoculation with pump-efflux inhibitor. For pump-inhibited isolates, 53% had the gene qacA/B amplified by PCR. We did not investigate RCHG among gram-negative isolates. There was a nonsignificant increase in Staphylococcus spp RCHG in the intervention group (4% to 6%; P = .90). Healthcare-acquired infection rates did not change significantly during the intervention. The consumption of CHG increased from 7.3 to 13.9 mL per patient day. Conclusions: We did not detect a significant difference in RCHG during the routine use of CHG for HH, although we observed increasing resistance. Further investigation is needed to clarify other reasons for increasing MIC to CHG.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

Microbial Assessment of Fresh and Frozen (For Four Days) Marine Najil Fish (Plectropomus pessuliferus)

The present study was conducted at Directorate General of Preventing Medicine and PHC, Epidemiology Dept, Ports and Quarantine Health Unit, Port Sudan, endeavors for Microbial evaluation (bacteriological load) of marine Najil fish (Plectropomus pessuliferus). And to determine the occurrence of some contaminated bacteria. 20 samples of Najil fish (P. Pessuliferus) were collected from Port Sudan fish market (in sterile plastic bags) and pre chilled with ice in thermostatic container. All the samples were tested immediately, and instantly froze for four days. Then the studied samples were tested microbiologically and results showed:For fresh fish total bacterial count (TBC) was (5.68×105) CFU/gm, and for frozen samples was (4.38×105) CFU/gm, respectively.The study concluded that, Najil fish (P. Pessuliferus) showed the highest level of contamination between fresh fish. While in frozen fish freeze seem have the higher effect (less number). And the results showed highly significant differences between fresh and frozen fish.The samples were also tested for contaminant bacteria and the result indicated the presence of Staphylococcus and E. coli, while the salmonella and vibrio were absent at each of it.

Phylogenetic characterization and screening of halophilic bacteria from Algerian salt lake for the production of biosurfactant and enzymes

Environments containing significant concentration of NaCl such as salt lakes harbor extremophiles microorganisms which have a great biotechnology interest. To explore the diversity of Bacteria in Chott Tinsilt (Algeria), an isolation program was performed. Water samples were collected from the saltern during the pre-salt harvesting phase. This Chott is high in salt (22.47% (w/v). Seven halophiles Bacteria were selected for further characterization. The isolated strains were able to grow optimally in media with 10–25% (w/v) total salts. Molecular identification of the isolates was performed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. It showed that these cultured isolates included members belonging to the Halomonas, Staphylococcus, Salinivibrio, Planococcus and Halobacillus genera with less than 98% of similarity with their closest phylogenetic relative. The halophilic bacterial isolates were also characterized for the production of biosurfactant and industrially important enzymes. Most isolates produced hydrolases and biosurfactants at high salt concentration. In fact, this is the first report on bacterial strains (A4 and B4) which were a good biosurfactant and coagulase producer at 20% and 25% ((w/v)) NaCl. In addition, the biosurfactant produced by the strain B4 at high salinity (25%) was also stable at high temperature (30-100°C) and high alkalinity (pH 11).

Bacteriological Analysis of Top Soil from an Electronic Waste Dumpsite in Port Harcourt Metropolis

Aim: To determine the bacterial and physicochemical analysis of topsoil from an electronic waste (e-waste) dumpsite within Port Harcourt metropolis using standard procedures.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The study area was Kaduna street, beside Fruit and Vegetable Garden Market, Mile l which is located in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The coordinates are 4o47’57.5” N 7o00’02.7” E. The duration of study was between March and September, 2019.&#x0D; Methodology: The waste disposed were mainly television sets, computer monitors, radio sets, stoves, laptops and central processing units. Soil samples were cleared off top debris, collected within 5cm of the top soil from four (4) different points of the dumpsite and a control was collected from area devoid of waste disposal, 20m away from the dumpsite. The five samples were kept in clean sterile polythene bags. Contamination observed from soil samples was attributed to the waste disposal. The total heterotrophic bacterial count was performed using l gram of soil from e-waste dumpsite in a 9-fold serial dilution using a spread plate method, in duplicates on dried nutrient agar plates and incubated at 30°C for 24hours. Centrimide agar plates were used to obtain Pseudomonas isolates and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours while MacConkey agar plates were used to isolate coliform bacteria, incubated at 0c for 48 hours. The physicochemical parameters were determined using standard methods.&#x0D; Results: Seven (7) bacterial genera were isolated from the topsoil of the e-waste dumpsite and they were Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Kluyvera, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Chromobacterium and Pectobacteria species. Staphylococcus spp. had the highest percentage composition of 42.3% and Kluyvera spp, the lowest percentage composition of l.9% of bacterial isolates found in the topsoil of the electronic waste dumpsite. The total heterotrophic bacterial count ranged from l.30 x l06 to l.97 x l06 cfu/g, total coliform count was 3.05 x l03 to 7.98 x l03 cfu/g and total Pseudomonas count ranged from l.00 x l02 to 2.88 x l03 cfu/g with a significant difference at .05 probability level to the control samples. The temperature ranged from 27.67±0.580C to 28.00±l.000C with a control of 29.00±l.000C, pH value ranged from 6.33±0.58 with a control of 7.00±0.00. The pH values were lower than the control indicating that the soil was slightly acidic to neutral. Moisture content had 4% with a control of 2.7%, an organic matter of l7.33±0.58 with a control of 4.47±0.58.&#x0D; Conclusion: The presence of the isolated organisms could cause public health risk or environmental hazard. Proper education and legislations on handling of e-waste in the society should be intensified to forestall waste related problems along the food chain.

Contamination of Medical Scrubs Worn in a Non-healthcare Environment: A Pilot Study

<h3>Background</h3> Contamination of healthcare linens can contribute to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Although home-laundered scrubs are often worn by healthcare staff during activities such as commuting, no studies have examined scrub contamination following public exposure. This study describes the microbial contamination of scrubs worn solely in the public environment. <h3>Methods</h3> For this multi-center pilot study, we recruited office employees to wear new scrubs for one full workday and track activities. Worn scrubs were packaged in sterile bags and sent to a certified laboratory within 48 hours, along with new sets of scrubs for comparison. Scrub fabric was tested for multiple microbial pathogens using a stick sponge method. Chi Square and non-parametric tests for differences were conducted (α=0.05) to describe contamination. <h3>Results</h3> Worn scrubs (n=37) were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (83.8%, median: 220 colony-forming units [CFU]), Bacillus (51.4%, median: 60 CFU), Enterobacteriaceae (48.7%, median: 52 CFU), Aspergillus (5.4%, median: 50 CFU), and Acinetobacter (2.7%, median: 20 CFU). Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida auris, and Clostridioides difficile were not detected. Worn scrubs had a total aerobic count above the level of detection (LOD) (median: 5,200 CFU), and 83.8% had detectable total fungi (median: 100 CFU). Among new scrubs (n=3), one was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (80 CFU), and two had a total aerobic count above the LOD. Prevalence of microbial contamination significantly differed by transportation method, and interaction with animals and children. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Our pilot study confirmed that wearing scrubs in the public environment results in contamination with common healthcare-associated pathogens, which may be influenced by daily activities. Healthcare staff who wear scrubs in the public environment risk bringing pathogens into the patient environment. Indeed, healthcare linens are not assumed to be sterile. However, by implementing further controls such as healthcare-certified laundering, facilities may help to reduce microbial risk thereby promoting patient safety and the mitigation of HAIs.

Identification of potential peptide markers for the shelf-life of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) during anhydrous preservation via mass spectrometry-based peptidomics

The shelf-life of live oysters is a quality-concerned issue along with the supply chain of the products. In present study, mass spectrometry-based peptidomics has been employed to investigate changes of endogenous peptides of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) occurred during anhydrous preservation with the purpose of discovering shelf-life indicators of live oysters. Samples of Crassostrea gigas harvested freshly were acclimated to laboratory environment first and then put under defined anhydrous preservation conditions (being packaged in sterile plastic bags and stored at 4 ± 1 °C in low-temperature incubators). After regular intervals, samples were randomly collected for peptidomics analysis using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry and potential peptide markers were mined by chemometric tools and verified by a multi-reaction monitoring method with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Approximately 8526 peptides, in total, were characterized and 4 endogenous peptides, SSSTGEVGTYSGTTN, TARNEANVNI, VGIIKGSSSEEA, and TARNEANVNIY, were finally proposed as potential markers for shelf-life evaluating. The proposed markers were applied to real-life samples and expected trends of the markers during anhydrous preservation were observed, implying applicability of the endogenous peptides for shelf-life evaluating. The findings of this study provide favorable evidences of mass spectrometry-based peptidomics in quality assessing for aquaculture products.

Degradative Ability of Silver Particles Synthesized by Gram-negative Bacteria of Some Crops Rhizosphere on Crude Oil Polluted Soil

Aim: To degrade the crude oil polluted soil with silver particles synthesized by some Gram negative rhizosphere bacteria of cocoa, orange and timber obtained from Idanre, Ondo State, Nigeria.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Soil samples were obtained from Idanre, Ondo State while crude oil polluted soil samples were obtained from Zion town in Ese- Odo at Ilaje, Ondo State, between June and September 2018. Also, Bonnylight Crude oil was collected from Warri in Nigeria. This research work was carried out at the Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of Technology, Akure.&#x0D; Methodology: Soil samples (rhizosphere) were collected in sterile polythene bags and tightly packed and transported for analysis. The types and loads of bacteria present in the soil samples were determined. Identification and characterization of various bacterial isolates were based on Gram staining techniques and different biochemical tests. The physicochemical properties of the crude oil polluted soil were determined. The microbial biomass and the synthesis of silver particles were carried out while the bioremediation of the crude oil polluted soil with the silver particles which were performed in triplicate. Also, bioremediation of crude oil with the bacterial isolates were performed in triplicate. Five millilitres (5 ml) of silver particles produced was inoculated into 50 g of sterilized crude oil polluted soil in a plastic container with 5ml of basal medium and 3 ml of the harvested cells of the isolates was inoculated into 10 ml of the basal medium with 30ml of crude oil in a conical flask. The unsterilized soil without inoculum and silver particles were served as control, also crude oil without inoculum and silver nanoparticles were served as a control.&#x0D; Results: Citrobacter freundii, Yersinia pestis, Edwardsiella tarda, were isolated from rhizosphere of cocoa. Serratia marcescens, Providencia stuatii were isolated from rhizosphere of orange while Enterobacter agglutinate, Moellerella wisconsis were isolated from rhizosphere of timber. The silver particles bioremediation on polluted soil ranges were recorded within 5 days interval for 30 days. It was deduced that Enterobacter sp appeared to be the fastest on polluted soil followed by Citrobacter sp, Providencia sp, Serratia sp and Yersinia sp.&#x0D; Conclusion: Findings from this study revealed the effects of rhizosphere Gram negative bacteria in cleaning up crude oil polluted soil environment and the usefulness of silver particles in remediating hydrocarbon polluted soil.

Identification and prevalence of intestinal parasites from slaughtered cows in Saki and Ago-Are Abattoirs

Taxonomy is the scientific practice of identifying different organisms, classifying them into categories (taxa) and naming them. A cross-sectional systematic random sampling of 101 cattle slaughtered in major Abattoirs of Saki and Ago –Are were undertaken for six months. The samples were collected and processed by using simple flotation technique. The fecal sample (5g) was collected into a sterile polythene bag and transported to the laboratory for microscopic examination. One gram of fecal sample were dissolved in 20% Sodium Chloride solution in a universal bottle and centrifuge at 1000rpm for 3 minutes. A wet preparation of the supernatant was put on a grease-free microscopic glass slide and observed under the microscope. The species of parasite were morphologically correlated with published works online by using Google search engine. The result was statistically analyzed using chi-square at significant difference of P≥ 0.05. The study showed that Oesophagomum (19.8%), Paramphistomum (5.94%), Bourgelatia (4.95%), Eimeria (2.97%), Trypanosoma spp (6.93%), Fasciola gigantica (9.90%), Fasciola hepatica (5.94%), Schistosoma spp (14.85%), Tetrahymena (6.93%) and Trichonympha (2.97%). In conclusion, male cow were more likely to be infected with gastrointestinal parasites than the female cows. Grazing fields should be kept free from contamination with fecal of cows.

Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells (BM-MNCs) and Human Autologous Bone Marrow Plasma Concentrate (HA-BMPC) for diabetic foot ulcer refractoratory to conventional treatment. A case report

Background & Aim An ulcer is any open lesion on the skin or mucosa with loss of substance. Stem cells derived from bone marrow, with recognized plasticity and proliferative capacity, are determined to repair the function of injured tissues. Diseases of the arteries, arterioles and capillaries experienced a cause of death at all ages. Precisely, the development obtained in regenerative cell therapy has allowed treating conditions as well as diseases associated with the skin. Methods, Results & Conclusion This is an original case report from our Institute for Regenerative Medicine in Argentina where a point of care procedure started with the extraction of 110 ml of bone marrow was performed by puncture in the left posterior iliac crest under live fluoroscopy by using 5 ml of local anesthesia in a sterile procedure room.The bone marrow obtained was preserved in a sterile blood collection bag next to 2,500 IU of sodium heparin diluted in 0.1 ml every 10 ml of marrow. It was transported under sterile conditions in the laboratory of advanced therapies, where reception was received by a certified doctor in Regenerative Medicine and where cell separation was performed by density gradient of Ficoll Paque Premium and direct centrifugation through the GE Healthcare protocol under system ThermoFisher Scientific laminar flow in positive pressure sealed room. A cell count dose of 900,000,000 Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells (BMMNCs) diluted with human autologous bone marrow plasma concentrate (H-BMPC) in a concentration of 15 ml was obtained, with a 99% viability. On the same day, asepsis of the ulcer site to be treated (4 × 6 cm) was performed, placement of sterile fields, resection of fibrotic edges through the use of a scalpel and the application of the cells in 15 injections of 1 ml with needle 30G, without local anesthesia, covering the entire surface of the ulcerative zone of the left external malleolus. After the application, the compressive bandage was performed for 5 days in a row, and it was then indicated that the ulcer was washed every 24 hours with the replacement of the compressive bandage until its closure. No type of antibiotic therapy was indicated. Complete closure of the left lower limb ulcer was observed after 110 days of the stem cell implantation. The use of bone marrow Mononuclear Cells in an autologous way is a safe application therapy, with scientific evidence both pre and clinical worldwide, and could be effective for the treatment of closure of diabetic ulcers of lower limbs.

Controlling a Digital Cursor With a Sterile Gyroscopic Mouse in Digitally Assisted Vitreoretinal Surgery.

To describe our experience using the gyroscopic mouse in digitally assisted vitreoretinal surgery. We used a commercially available gyroscopic mouse to control the on-screen cursor of the NGENUITY System for digitally assisted vitreoretinal surgery. The gyroscopic mouse is sealed in a clear sterile plastic bag to allow for intraoperative use. This allowed both the surgeon and assistant to be fully scrubbed while retaining full control of the NGENUITY system's functions. The mouse also allowed the mentor to provide detailed instructions through the on-screen cursor by highlighting important landmarks. Using a sterile gyroscopic mouse improved the teaching utility and surgical workflow of digitally assisted vitreoretinal surgery.

Development of a new system to collect and dry patient exhalation samples for laser photo-acoustic gas analyzer.

The present work is devoted to the development of a new system for collecting and drying patient exhalation samples for a laser photo-acoustic gas analyzer for express analysis of exhaled air, as well as the possibility of ozone sterilization of the gas tract after use. It is proposed to collect the patient's exhalation in a disposable sterile plastic bag, place it in a low-temperature freezer chamber to freeze the water vapor, and then transfer part of the dried exhaled sample to the gas analyzer using a disposable syringe. It is proposed to use ozone purge for 10-15min to sterilize the gas path. Experimentally, it is shown that the water vapor content in the exhalation samples decreased by ~ 20 times when the packet with samples was kept at a temperature of - 18°C during 10min. Cooling the exhalation sample in the packet to -45°С and lower will allow reducing the water vapor content at least 200 times from the initial level. A new universal system for collecting and drying of patient exhalation samples for a medical laser photo-acoustic gas analyzer has been developed and tested. A gas path for a medical laser gas analyzer has been designed, which allows sterilization of the internal gas path surfaces using ozone purging.

The effects of ceftriaxone by intravenous push on adverse drug reactions in the emergency department.

At our hospital, a shortage of sterile saline bags led to changing ceftriaxone from intravenous infusion to intravenous push. We examined if this change led to an increase in adverse reactions. We conducted a retrospective chart analysis on patients 18 and older that were administered ceftriaxone in the ED between January to March 2018. Research assistants recorded information about possible adverse reactions. Adverse reactions were defined as any noxious or unintended response to a drug given at therapeutic doses. Potential adverse reactions were independently reviewed by three EM clinicians and confirmed by an adverse drug reaction probability scale. The primary outcome was the rate of adverse reactions for IVP administration of ceftriaxone. 831 encounters were identified, 77 were excluded due to erroneous or missing data, and a total of 753 were included. Study demographics include an average age of 52.8, a female majority (54.2%) and predominantly black patient population (41.5%). A total of 24 cases were potential adverse reactions. After independent review, only one of the 24 cases was determined to be an adverse reaction to ceftriaxone from IVP. The total adverse event rate observed was 1/753 or 0.13%. Our study demonstrates that the rate of adverse reactions for IVP is lower than previously reported. Given the demonstrated safety of IVP administration, future studies are warranted to determine the implications for ED efficiency and cost benefits from this change in drug delivery.