Sterile Aquades Research Articles

INHIBITORY POWER OF MAS BANANA PEEL EXTRACT (MUSA ACUMINATA LADY FINGER) ON THE GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN VITRO

Introduction: Various sources of infectious disease can be found in the oral cavity. Prevention efforts include brushing your teeth properly and regularly. Besides that, gargling with mouthwash is one of the best additional prevention methods. In the literature it is known that mas banana peels contain antibacterial ingredients. The aim of this research was to determine whether banana peel extract (Musa acuminata lady finger) was able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Material and Methods: Extracts of 25%, 50%, 75% concentration of dried mas banana peel were made, sterile distilled water as a negative control and 0.2% Chlorhexidine as a positive control. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 as many as 3 bacterial colonies, spread evenly on sterile Nutrient Agar (NA) media. The paper discs were dipped for ± 30 seconds into 25%, 50%, 75% gold banana peel extract, 0.2% Chlorhexidine as a positive control and sterile Aquades as a negative control then incubated in an incubator at 37°C for 24 hours. The inhibition zone (clear area around the paper disc) was measured with a caliper (accuracy 0.02mm). The data obtained were tested for normality and homogeneity to determine whether or not there was a difference in the inhibitory power of banana mas (Musa acuminata lady finger) peel extract against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Results and Discussion: The results showed that at a concentration of 75% there was an inhibitory power for the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria of 6.32 mm. Mas banana peel extract (Musa acuminata lady finger) has antibacterial content in the form of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and tannins which are able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in vitro. Conclusion: Mas banana peel extract (Musa acuminata lady finger) can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in vitro with moderate criteria.

Antibacterial test of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth extract against Porphyromonas Gingivalis as a potential herb for periodontitis: a laboratory experiment

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease which is generally caused by plaque accumulation. Many studies have shown that Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is the main etiological agent that contributes to chronic periodontitis. Scaling and root planing (SRP) is the gold standard for periodontitis treatment. The use of antibiotics as additional agents accompanying the SRP procedure has limitations that can cause resistance to subgingival periodontal pathogens. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth i.e betel leaf is a natural ingredient that contains anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to analyze the inhibition of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth extract against Pg bacteria. Methods: The type of study used was an experimental laboratory with a Post-Test Control Group Design research design which was divided into 6 treatment groups using the disk diffusion method with concentrations of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth extract 25, 50, 75 and 100%, sterile aquades as a negative control and Chlorhexidine as a positive control. Data analyses of One Way Anova and Post Hoc Tukey were used Results: Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth extract concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100% had an effect on reducing the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis (p≤0,05), the average inhibition response was 14.40 mm at 25% concentration, 16.58 mm at 50% concentration and 19.30 mm at 75%, 21.88 mm at 100% concentration.Conclusion: Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth extract has an antibacterial effect against Porphyromonas gingivalis which has the potential to be used as a periodontitis herb.Keywords: Betel leaf extract Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth, periodontitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis.

INHIBITORY EFFECT OF INDIAN LILAC LEAF EXTRACT (Azadirachta indica) ON THE GROWTH OF E. FAECALIS ATCC 29212

This study aims to determine the inhibition of water-based Indian lilac leaf extract (Azadirachta indica) against Enterococcus faecalis. This study is a laboratory experimental conducted using the disc. There were 24 samples used in the form of cultures of E. faecalis in Muller Hilton Agar (MHA) media. Variations in the concentration of Indian lilac leaf extract treatment are 80%, 100%, NaOCl 2.5% (positive control), and sterile aquades (negative control). The mean inhibition of neem leaf extract concentrations of 80% and 100% was 0 mm, while the positive control NaOCl 2.5% was 0.85 mm.Water-based Indian lilac leaf extract contains antibacterial properties but no inhibition against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria.

Growth Test of Marine Microalgae Porphyridium cruentum in Different Salinity on Small Scale Culture

This study aimed to know the growth response and proximate value of Porphyridium cruentum cultured in different salinities of 30 ppt, 15 ppt and 0 ppt. Culture media of 30 ppt and 15 ppt salinity were prepared with sterile seawater, while 0 ppt was from sterile aquades. Fertilizer used was KW21 (Daiichi Seimo Co., Ltd., Kumamoto, Japan) with a dose of 1 ml.l-1. All treatments were cultured for 11 days or until the cell reached exponential-stationer phase, then being growth observed and proximate analyzed. The result showed that all treatments gave the same growth pattern. Control 30 ppt had the highest cell density compare to treatments 0 ppt and 15 ppt, while 0 ppt had higher cell density to 15 ppt. The result of ANOVA (95% of significancy) showed that there was no significant different of cell density with value of 0.232. Proximate analysis showed that all treatments had high water content above 95%. The highest value of energy, carbohydrates and crude fiber were found in 0 ppt treatment, while the highest value of protein and ash were found in 30 ppt. The result from ANOVA showed that there was significant difference in proximate value with significancy less than 0.05

Uji Aktivitas Antijamur Ekstrak Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) terhadap Candida albicans

Candidiasis is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by Candida albicans. The prevalence of candidiasis in Indonesia is around 20-25%, it can attack the skin, nails, hair, throat, and mouth. One of the fungal infections that occur in the oral cavity is oral candidiasis. Oral candidiasis is caused by overgrowth of Candida albicans species in the oral cavity which is dominated by Candida albicans as much as 85-95%. One of the treatments using herbal medicinal plants is cocoa peel containing active compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids which are thought to be antifungal. The aim was to determine the inhibition of cocoa peel extract on the growth of Candida albicans. This study used the disc diffusion method with 4 samples in each study group. The research group consisted of 5 treatment groups (10%, 20%, 40%, 80%, and 100% cocoa peel extract), positive control group (nystatin), and negative control group (sterile aquades). Data were analyzed using One Way Anova test and LSD (Least Significant Difference) test. Concentrations of extracts of cocoa pods 100% and 80% have the ability to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans.

Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Tamarind Leaves (Tamarindus indica L.) Against the Inhibitory Power of Escherichia coli Bacteria

Tamarind leaves (Tamarindus indica L.) contain compounds including saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. The content of tannin compounds in tamarind leaf extract (Tamarindus indica L.) is known to be used as an antidiarrheal bioagent. This study aims to identify antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli bacteria based on the potential of tamarind leaves (Tamarindus indica L.) as an anti-diarrheal bioagent. The design of this research is an experimental laboratory with randomized group design. The samples in this study were divided into 2 control groups, namely negative control (sterile aquades), positive control (ampiciilin), and 3 treatment groups, namely old and young tamarind leaf extract groups with each concentration of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% with the number of samples for each treatment group as much as 3. Test the effectiveness of antimicrobials using the solid dilution method. The effectiveness of antimicrobials is demonstrated by the large diameter of the inhibitor on Muller Hilton Agar media. The results showed that the inhibitory power of young tamarind leaf extract ranged from 13.8 mm to 14.9 mm, while the inhibitory power of old tamarind leaf extract ranged from 10.7 mm to 11.9 mm, so that the inhibitory power of young tamarind leaf ethanol extract was greater than the type of old tamarind leaf ethanol’s extract.

The Capability of Cocoa Pulp Juice (Theobroma cacao L.) on Crown Dentin Smear Layer Removal

Introduction: smear layer is a thin layer formed from tooth structure instrumentation which can prevent the restoration material bonds the tooth structure. Partial smear layer should be removed using dentin conditioner. One of dentin conditioners that is often used is 10% polyacrylic acid. The natural ingredient that is thought to be an alternative to dentin conditioner is cocoa pulp juice because it contains many acidic compounds. Methods: This research is a laboratory experimental study to determine the ability of 100% cocoa pulp juice (Theobroma cacao L.) to remove the crown dentin smear layer and compare it to 10% polyacrylic acid. Eight dental elements were prepared for class I cavities on the middle 1/3 of buccal surface to reach 3 mm in diameter and 2 mm in depth, enamel was prepared until 1 mm in depth of cavity left. The samples were irrigated with sterile aquades and dried. Furthermore, 4 samples were applied 10% polyacrylic acid and 4 samples used cocoa pulp juice, left for 20 seconds, irrigated, dried, and put in the oven for 2x24 hours. The samples were examined for their cavity cleanliness score using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photo with 2000x of magnification. Result: both groups have the same score and statistical test shows that there is no significant difference between them. Conclusion: the 100% cocoa pulp juice was able to clean the smear layer of crown dentin and its ability equal to 10% polyacrylic acid.

MILK CONSUMPTION AFFECTS THE EXPRESSION OF AMELOGENIN IN AMELOBLAST CELLS DURING AMELOGNESIS (IN VIVO ANALYSIS OF PREGNANT MICE)

Background: Tooth development during embryonic period is complex process that needs enough nutrition for the formation of healthy dental tissue. Amelogenin are proteins that are secreted by ameloblast in the secretory stage that are importants in the crystal formation and the regulation of email thickness. Milk consumption during pregnancy can increase the expression of amelogenin of ameloblas cell in the tooth development process. This research aims to determine the impact of milk during pregnancy against the expression of amelogenin protein of ameloblast cell in the amelogenesis.Method: This is a true experimental laboratories research using post test only control group design. A total of 12 pregnant female mice (Mus Musculus L.) are used and divided into 2 groups, control group (given sterile aquades) and treatment group (given pregnancy milk). The measurements of amelogenin expression are done in 18th day of pregnancy period. Data were analyzed using Independent sampel of T-test analysis.Result: The result of this study showed that the average amounts of amelogenin expression in the treatment group are lower than the control group. Independent sampel t-test showed that there are significant difference in the amount of amelogenin expression between the control and treatment group (P>0,05)Conclusion: The milk consumption during pregnancy influenced the amelogenin expression of ameloblast cell in the mice fetus’s amelogenesis.

Pengaruh Waktu Pengasapan Ikan Gabus Dengan Sumber Asap Sabut Kelapa Terhadap Jumlah Mikroorganisme dan Sifat Organoleptik (The Effect of Smoke Time of Cork Fish with Coconut Fiber Smoke Source on the Number of Microorganisms and Organoleptic Properties)

Background: Fish is soon one of the processed products favored by consumers both in Indonesia and abroad because of its distinctive taste and specific delicious aroma. The process of caring for fish in Indonesia was initially carried out traditionally using simple equipment and less attention to sanitary and hygienic aspects so that it can have an impact on health and the environment. Weaknesses caused by traditional fumigation include unattractive (partially charred) appearance, difficult temperature control and polluting the air (binding). (Kadir, 2013).Research Methodology: This research is an experimental study with an experimental design used is a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The decisive variables in this study were looking at 3 hours, 4 hours and 5 hours cork fumigation time with a source as soon as coconut coir on the number of myocroorganisms in the fish as soon as possible and the organoleptic properties of the fish as quickly as possible, the texture, color and aroma. Organoleptic test, microorganism test carried out analysis with Anova. If there are real differences, then the meeting will be continued with a trial like Duncan's.Tools and Materials: Ingredients (cork fish, coconut fiber and salt). Equipment needed to test plate counts (Medium Nutrient Agar (NA), Sterile Aquades, 70% Alcohol).Results: Fish with 3 hour panelists on average gave an average of like aroma (3.57), taste (3.43), texture (3.59), and color (3.68). Whereas the fish fuming immediately with the smoking time for 4 hours panelists gave an assessment of aroma (3.92), Taste (4.00), texture (4.00), and color (4.00). The smoking time for 5 hours on average panelists gave a rather like assessment of the aroma, taste, texture and color. The number of microorganisms at 3 hours of smoking is 179x101, the number of microorganisms at 4 hours of smoking is 56x102, and the number of microorganisms at 5 hours of smoking is 25x103.Conclusion: The smoking time of 3 hours and 4 hours proves significantly to the number of cork fish microorganisms with the immediate source of coconut fiber. While the 5 hour fogging time can be concluded that it does not give real results on the number of microorganisms in cork fish. The smoking time of 3 hours, 4 hours and 5 hours can improve the reality of organoleptic testing (color, aroma, texture and taste).

LIQUID SMOKE SUBMERSIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACRYLIC PLATE TO THE GROWTH OF CANDIDA ALBICANS

Background: Acrylic denture was an alternative to replace a lost tooth, and surrounding tissues have the part of the acrylic plate, which was frequently a place of Candida albicans proliferation. The liquid smoke has a chemical compound of phenol which produced antimicrobial and could hamper or destroy Candida albicans.Objectives: To identify the acrylic plate's effectiveness, soaking into liquid smoke to the growth of Candida albicans.Methods: This research was categorized into experimental research which exerted post-test control group research design. The total sample in this research was 25 samples, four treatment groups, and one control group. This treatment covered acrylic plate soaking into liquid smoke in specific concentration level 1%, 2%, 4%, and 6% to obstruct the growth of Candida albicans. Moreover, the statistic test was conducted through Kruskal-Wallis and continued to Post-Hoc test through Mann-Whitney theory.Findings: This research showed a significant difference between the amount of Candida albicans on the control group and liquid smoke group in concentrations 1%, 2%, 4%, and p-valuable = 0,005). Further, based on the Post-Hoc test result of Mann-Whitney, it referred significant difference between concentrations 1%, 2%, 4%, and 6% within sterile aquades (p-value = 0,008).Conclusions: The liquid smoke shared effective concentration which functioned to hamper Candida albicans on the acrylic plate. The concentration level of 6% was the most effective concentration to interfere Candida albicans on the acrylic plate. Furthermore, it was not found any significant difference between resistibility of liquid smoke to Candida albicans on an acrylic plate with concentration level of 1%-6% which could be the most effective way to obstruct Candida albicans on acrylic plate.Keywords : Acrylic plate, Liquid smoke, Candida albicans

THE EFFECT OF VCO TO THE GROWTH OF CANDIDA ALBICANS ON DENTURE BASIS OF ACRYLIC RESIN

Background: Acrylic resin was a material of denture base which frequently used, but it still had a weakness that it was porous, then, it was often the breeding ground of Candida albicans. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) contained fatty acid which was effective to hamper the growth of C.albicans. Objective: This research was to identify the effect of VCO on the growth of C.albicans on acrylic resin denture. Methods: This research was an experimental laboratory research which exerted post-test control group design. The total sample 24 which were divided into 3 groups of treatment and 1 group of control. The treatment covered acrylic plates soaking which have been contaminated with C.albicans suspension into VCO in concentration level 25%, 50%, 75%, and sterile aquades for 8 hours. The acrylic plate was vibrated to knock out C.albicans and was then continued by colony counting on the media of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). The statistic test employed Kruskal-Wallis and continued to the Post-Hoc test which employed Mann-Whitney. Findings: The VCO in concentration level 25%, 50%, and 75% affected to inhibit the growth of C.albicans. In the Kruskal-Wallis test, it was found a significant difference between the number of C.albicans on the control group and the VCO in concentration level 25%, 50%, and 75% (p<0,05). The Post-Hoc Mann-Whitney test indicated no significant difference between VCO in concentration level 25% and 50%, 25% and 75%, also 50% and 75% (p>0,05). Conclusion: The VCO in concentration level 25%, 50%, and 75% affected was able to hamper the growth of C.albicans. Further, there was no significant difference in each VCO concentration.

The Effectiveness Differences Between Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Extract 100% and Carbamide Peroxide Gel 10% in Tooth Whitening (ex vivo)

Introduction: Discoloration can be caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. One of the discoloration treatments is teeth whitening. Teeth whitening process usually uses chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide which can cause side effects, namely gingival irritation. Previous research has found that malic acid in strawberries can whiten teeth. Watermelons contain greater malic acid than strawberries. Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of 100% watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) extract on teeth whitening. Methods: The study was a laboratory experimental study with a total of 15 anterior post-extraction teeth which were discolored using black tea, divided into 3 groups. Group 1 was immersed in 100% watermelon extract, group 2 was immersed in 10% carbamide peroxide as positive control and group 3 was immersed in sterile aquades as negative control, for 56 hours, measured using a shade guide and spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using one way Anova. Results: The 100% watermelon extract was effective for teeth whitening. There was a significant difference between 100% watermelon extract compared to negative control (p < 0.05). However, there was also a significant difference between 100% watermelon extract, and 10% carbamide peroxide gel (p = 0.003). Conclusion: The watermelon extract has the ability as teeth whitening agent. However, further study is still needed to explore this result and determine the proper concentration for teeth whitening.

Aktivitas Inhibitor α-Amilase Ekstrak Etanol Tanaman Brotowali (Tinospora crispa L.)

Brotowali plant (Tinospora crispa L.) is a traditional Indonesian medicinal plant which has many benefits including for diabetes drugs. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic abnormality caused by an increase in blood sugar levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of α-amylase inhibitors of Brotowali (T. crispa L.) ethanol extract of plants. Extraction is done by maceration followed by evaporation. The extract obtained was tested for α-amylase inhibitor activity. The α-amylase inhibition test is based on the breakdown of starch substrates into maltose and glucose which is then determined by spectrophotometer after administration of DNS. Tests are carried out on controls and samples. As a substrate is 0.5% starch solution in 100 ml of sterile aquades. The reaction mixture was incubated 25 ° C for 10 minutes. The reaction is stopped by adding 2 ml of 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS). All the mixed solutions are then heated to 100 ° C for 5 minutes and allowed to cool. The change in color of the solution is then measured for its absorbance at a wavelength of 540 nm. As a comparison used a control test that did not use extract samples. The results of α-amylase inhibitor activity test showed that ethanol extract with a concentration of 1000 μg / mL had the highest inhibitory activity value of 95.06% compared to extract concentration of 500 μg / mL, 250 μg / mL, 125 μg / mL and 62.5 μg / mL. The results of testing the effect of substrate concentration showed that 0.5% starch concentration had the highest inhibitory value of 9.52% compared to 2%, 1% and 0.25% concentrations

Production and Optimization of Lipase by Aspergillus niger using Coconut Pulp Waste in Solid State Fermentation

Lipase has high economical value and an attribute that treasures wide range applications. Among the microbes, fungi to be the best source for lipase production in agro-industrial residue using solid state fermentation (SSF). One of agro-industrial residue is coconut pulp waste. The aims of this study is to explore the possibility of coconut pulp waste for producing of lipase using fungi isolate, Aspergillus niger and find the partial optimum condition of lipase production based on 2 parameters only. The crude enzyme was extracted by mixing fermented substrate with 50 mL sterile aquades pH 7 containing 0.01% Tween-80. The protein concentrations are determined by Bradford method using spectrophotometric. Lipase activity was followed the titrimetric method. The SSF was carried out with variation of initial spore concentration of 1×105, 1×106, 1×107, and 1×108 (spores.mL−1) and crude enzyme was harvested by adding 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 (mL) of extract solution. The result showed that initial spore concentration and extract solution affected of lipase production. The SSF in coconut pulp waste using A. niger has successfully produced lipase with optimum condition were achieved by adding spore concentration inoculum 1×106 spore.mL−1 in acidic condition at 30°C for 7 days and extracted by 75 mL of extract solution that was result 72.5 mL of crude enzyme with lipase activity 10.83 U.mL−1 and protein content 0.074 mg/mL−1.

23. Effect of Temu Kunci’s Root (Boesenbergia pandurata) Extract to Pseudomonas aeruginosa

This study aimed to determine the effect of temu kunci’s extract (Boesenbergia pandurata) on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. This research was conducted using seven treatments with three replications. The experiment was carried out using Kirby Bauer’s method, the number of bacteria used was in accordance with the standards of Mc Farland 1. Blank discs were soaked in temu kunci’s extract in concentration of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%. Streptomycin was used as a positive control and sterile aquades as a negative control. All the discs were placed on the surface of bacteria cultured on MHA and incubated for 24 hours at 37 °C. Diameter of inhibition zone formed was measured by using a caliper. Data were analyzed descriptively. The average diameter of inhibition zone of temu kunci’s extract with a concentration of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% were 8.00, 12.30, 13.85, 19.16, and 19.86 mm, respectively. The average diameter of inhibition zone formed on the positive control and negative control were 14,25 and 0 mm, respectively. The conclusion showed that the temu kunci’s extract (Boesenbergia pandurata) has the ability to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The effects of topical application of red pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn) extract gel on the healing process of traumatic ulcers in Wistar rats

Background: Trauma-induced ulcers constitute one of the painful abnormalities affecting the oral cavity about which numerous individuals complain. The prevalence of traumatic ulcers (15-30% of cases) is relatively high compared to other oral lesions. Unfortunately, the use of anti-inflammatory drugs classified as steroids can lead to contraindications and serious side effects. Hence, the use of natural ingredients represents an alternative treatment. One such ingredient is red pomegranate containing bioactive elements acting as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antioxidant agents which accelerate the healing process in traumatic ulcers. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the topical application of red pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn) extract on the healing process in traumatic ulcers in Wistar rats. Methods: 24 male rats, aged 2-3 months, were divided into six groups, namely; two control groups (PC: triamcinolone acetonide and NC: sterile aquades) and four treatment groups (red pomegranate extract gel at respective concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 75%). A traumatic ulcer was subsequently created using a flame-shaped burnisher tip 2mm in diameter and heated for ±15 seconds. The diameter traumatic ulcer of each research subject was measured and observed until it healed within the remedial parameters determined by means of a UNC-15 periodontal probe which had been placed on it. The data obtained was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: Topically applied red pomegranate extract gel can reduce the width of the ulcerated area, while also accelerating traumatic ulcer healing. There was a significant difference in the healing time between the group using red pomegranate extract gel at a concentration of 75% and the positive control group using 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide with p=0.44 (p<0.05). Conclusion: Red pomegranate extract gel possesses the ability to accelerate the healing process in traumatic ulcers. The most effective concentration of red pomegranate extract gel at accelerating the healing process in traumatic ulcers is 75%.

Effectiveness of Chitosan Solution as Denture Cleanser to Inhibit the Growth of Candida albicans on Acrylic, Valplast and Luciton-FRS

<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Heat cure acrylic and nylon thermoplastic valplast and lucitone-FRS brands are the three materials most often used as denture bases. Candida albicans is the dominant microorganism that can cause denture stomatitis. Cleaning denture can be done in two ways, namely the mechanical way with a toothbrush or an ultrasonic cleanser and a chemical method by immersing the denture into the cleaning solution. Chitosan solution is antibacterial and anti fungal which can inhibit the growth of Candida albicans colonies on heat cured acrylic plates, valplast and lucitone-FRS. <strong>Purpose:</strong> To determine the concentration of chitosan solution and the type of denture plate that most effectively inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans Candida albicans colonies on heat cured acrylic, valplast and lucitone-FRS plates. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>21 heat cured acrylic plate samples, 21 valplast plate samples, 21 lucitone-FRS plate samples measuring 10x10x2 mm divided by 9 groups. Heat cured, valplast and lucitone-FRS acrylic plate samples were contaminated with Candida albicans then immersed using the concentration of 0.25%, 0.5% chitosan solution and sterile aquades as the control group with 90 minutes immersion time. The entire study sample was calculated using Candida albicans colonies on Sabourroud's Dextrose Agar media. <strong>Results: </strong>The Kruskall Wallis test showed a significant difference (p <0.05) in all treatment groups. Mann-Whitney showed a significant difference (p <0.05) in all groups in the Candida albicans study. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Soaking the lucitone-FRS plate in 0.5% chitosan solution for 90 minutes was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans colonies.</em></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em>Kitosan, Candida albicans, akrilik heat cured, valplast, lucitone-FRS</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Correspondence: </em></strong><em>Anindita Apsari, </em><em>Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hang Tuah University, Arif Rahman Hakim 150, Surabaya</em><em>, Email : </em><a href="mailto:anindita.apsari@hangtuah.ac.id"><em>anindita.apsari@hangtuah.ac.id</em></a><em>/</em><a href="mailto:drg.anindita@gmail.com"><em>drg.anindita@gmail.com</em></a><em></em></p>

Daya Hambat Ekstrak Biji Kopi Robusta (Coffea robusta) terhadap Pertumbuhan Fusobacterium nucleatum

Fusobacterium nucleatum is a bacteria found in normal flora of the oral cavity that plays a role in the occurrence of periodontal disease. The prevalence of periodontal disease in Indonesia reaches 70%. One treatment by using medicinal plants is robusta coffee beans. Robusta coffee beans contain volatile acids, chlorogenic acids, caffeine acids, phenols and caffeine suspected to be antibacterial. The objective of this study was to determine the inhibition of coffee robusta extract on growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum. This study used disc diffusion method with 4 samples in each study group. The study group consisted of 6 treatment groups (12,5%, 25%, 50% and 100% coffee robusta extract), positive control group (chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2%), and negative control group (sterile aquades). Data were analyzed using One Way Anova test and LSD (Least Significant Difference) test. Coffee robusta extract has the ability to inhibit the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum. The concentration of coffe robusta extract 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5% have same ability to inhibit the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum.

The Antibacterial Activity of Leaves Ethanol Extract, Stem Bark, and Latex of Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) towards Bacterial Growth Streptococcus mutans as in vitro

Background: Indonesia has many types of plants, which have medicinal properties and are used to cure various diseases. One of plant that has medicinal properties is the Angsana plant (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) which traditionally can cure dental and oral diseases. Method: This research used experimental laboratory with disc diffusion methods. Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) was taken from as city ornamental tree in Samarinda city. The bacteria which used were Streptococcus mutans. The samples consisted of 11 treatment groups is leaves ethanol extract, stem bark, and Angsana latex respectively with concentration 25%, 50%, 75%, positive control group (chlorhexidine 0,2%), and negative control group (sterile aquades). Data analysis using Shapiro-Wilk test and One-Way Annova test. Result: The results showed that leaves ethanol extract, stem bark, and Angsana latex (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.). All concentrations have antibacterial activity against the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The highest and the lowest concentrations that can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans are 50% ethanol stem bark extract and 25% leaves ethanol extract. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study proves that the leaves, stem bark ethanol extract, and Angsana latex (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) Have antibacterial activity against the growth of Streptococcus mutans.

Biomolecular Aspect of Apoptosis Pathway: Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 on Polifenol Exposure of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. on Mice Balb/c

Objective: The Polyphenol compound of Phaleria macrocarpa has potential as an anticancer agent, and it has shown to inhibit lung carcinogenesis. The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of polyphenol induced apoptosis via caspase-8 and caspase-9. Methods: Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 2 groups: Group 1: control group with administration of sterile aquades and group 2: treatment group with administration of 50 mg polyphenols. The development of lung tumors was confirmed by observing post-operation tissue at week 8, 17 and 26. The expression of caspase-8 and caspase-9 were assayed. Data was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, one way ANOVA, Post hoc LSD test, with a significance level of p < (0.05). Results: Administration of 50 mg polyphenols from P. macrocarpa extract, showed inhibition of lung carcinogenesis through increased expression of caspase-8 and caspase-9 in the treatment group at week 8, 17 and 26 (p = 0.000). Conclusion: The administration of poliphenol from P. macrocarpa extract was shown to effectively inhibited lung carcinogenesis through increased of caspase-8 and caspase-9 in mice strain Balb/c.