Gender Role Stereotypes Research Articles

바느질 교육의 의의(意義)에 대한 고찰

This study aimed to shed light on the significance and relevance of sewing education within the
 context of elementary school education. The detailed considerations are as follows.
 First, to establish a logical basis for positioning sewing education as an adaptable, culturally
 relevant aspect of education, various functions and inherent values associated with sewing were
 examined. Second, the study investigated the historical setting of the objectives of sewing education
 within the school curriculum and found that various purposes of sewing education have been
 actively included in the curriculum, particularly after the 2015 curriculum revision. Third, the study
 emphasized the nature and importance of sewing education by assessing its feasibility from multiple
 perspectives, including practical skill acquisition, creative education, character education,
 sustainability, and maker education. Fourth, sewing education faces challenges in the digital age and
 in a consumer-driven society, as well as entrenched gender role stereotypes. However, the study
 argues that sewing holds meaningful potential as a well-balanced educational tool for promoting
 emotional stability in the digital age and as a general education subject for both male and female
 students. Lastly, the study suggested that the revival of the meaning of sewing education can be
 achieved through implementing changes in sewing education classes, supporting them within the
 school environment, and proposing efficient approaches and practices for enhancing sewing
 education.
 Given that this study has structured and explored the contents to re-examine the nature and
 significance of sewing education and redefine its educational validity, it is recommended that future
 research in the field of sewing education builds upon these findings and expands further.

Reinforcement of Gender Stereotyping in Malaysian Primary English Textbooks

Many primary school students have been exposed to gender stereotyping since they were young, with educators, parents, and their peers shaping their thoughts, behaviors, and their perceptions of gender. While several previous research studies have been done on the depiction of gender-stereotyped roles in Malaysian textbooks, very little has fully explored how stereotypical gender characteristics are assigned to the male and female gender, and how reinforcement of occupational gender roles is done through images and text in Malaysian primary English textbooks. This study seeks to investigate the reinforcement of gender stereotyping in Malaysian Primary English textbooks through images and text. The study addressed the following research question: What stereotypical gender characteristics are assigned to the male and female gender through the images and text incorporated in Malaysian English Primary textbooks? Using the Thematic Analysis approach by Braun and Clarke(2006) the results show that the themes obtained from the analysis were consistent with results from previous studies, which suggested that there was a biased characterization of the male and female gender, and those female characters were still underrepresented leading to the reinforcement of stereotypical gender roles. This study sheds new light on the reinforcement of gender stereotyping and provides important insights into the creation and development of primary English textbooks in Malaysia.

Capoeira as a critical pedagogy tool in physical education: from a continuing professional development program to the classroom

ABSTRACT Background In this globalized world with a predominantly Eurocentric/androcentric approach to physical education (PE) teaching, there is a need to broaden school curricula from a critical, decolonizing approach. Capoeira is a manifestation of Afro-Brazilian popular culture combining dance, fight, and play that has historical links to slavery. Because it is removed from the hegemonic culture of sport and physical activity, it can be used to develop critical pedagogy through movement and corporeality. Teachers, however, must be equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to implement this critical approach in their curricula. A team of researchers at the National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC) developed a continuing professional development (CPD) course to introduce PE teachers to the history and potential of capoeira as a socio-critical pedagogical tool. Purpose To explore the opportunities and challenges that capoeira brings as a pedagogical tool for addressing social issues as perceived by PE teachers who took a CPD course on capoeira (Capoeira-CPDC). Methodology This study was divided into two phases: an initial phase analyzing the TTC on capoeira as a pedagogical tool for PE taken by 12 PE teachers and a second phase analyzing the transfer of knowledge by a primary and a secondary school teacher from the same school who participated in the course. Data were collected via participative and non-participative observation with analysis of diary entries made by the lead researcher-teacher educator, the 12 teachers who participated in the Capoeira-CPDC in phase 1, and the two teachers who incorporated capoeira into their PE classes in phase 2; answers to the course feedback form; and transcripts from a semi-structured interview held with the two teachers who taught capoeira. Results The Capoeira-CPDC and subsequent incorporation of capoeira into primary and secondary school PE classes showed a wide array of benefits and limitations that this practice can offer in terms of addressing social justice, interculturality, and coeducation issues. The socio-critical pedagogical model employed in the Capoeira-CPDC, which focused on both the technical aspects of capoeira and the historical and cultural significance of the movements involved, fostered active-reflective thinking among the participating teachers. Certain challenges, however, were observed in the second phase of the study, in particular difficulties dealing directly with the subject of slavery in PE classes, a romantic-assimilation-based vision of physical activity and sport as an intercultural tool, and gender-role stereotyping by teachers. Conclusion This study highlights the potential of capoeira as a pedagogical tool for addressing social justice, interculturality, and coeducation issues from a socio-critical approach. It also highlights potential difficulties in the classroom and the importance of addressing social justice issues in PE teacher CPD courses and facilitating tools to work on cultural diversity and gender belief systems.

Think manager – Think male or female: exploring the content of gendered stereotypes of the managerial role among undergraduate business students in Ireland over a 10-year period

PurposeUsing Schein’s Descriptive Index (SDI), this paper aims to first examine gender role stereotypes and requisite managerial characteristics among Irish business students over a 10-year period. Then, the paper investigates whether there have been changes in gender role stereotypes during this period and subsequently unpack the reasons behind any changes recorded.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 1,124 students from the same business student population rated men, women and managers in general, using SDI. Data was collected first during the academic year 2008–2009 and again in 2018–2019 to determine stability or change in gender role stereotypes and requisite managerial characteristics. Intraclass correlation coefficients scores were computed to determine the relationship between gender and requisite managerial characteristics and identify differences and similarities between the two samples. To explore the content of gender stereotypes, an examination of the specific descriptive items was conducted by performing a factorial analysis using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Finally, the authors adapted the scales developed by Duehr and Bono (2006) to determine whether broad gender stereotypic characteristics with respect to communal and agentic, attributed to men, women and managers, differ by sample.FindingsThe overall findings indicate changes in the extent of gender role stereotyping of the managerial role among the male cohorts studied. The subsequent analysis of the descriptive items identified that the change among the male cohort is due to the levels of agency they perceive women to now possess.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors contribute to the literature on both gendered and managerial stereotypes by showing changes in the pro-male stereotype of the managerial role and contribute to the existing debate on a shift towards a more androgynous view of leadership.Practical implicationsThese findings help understand the content of gender role stereotypes that recent graduates bring with them to their first job post-graduation. The observed changes in the level of agency ascribed to women by their male counterparts could prove to be an important step forward for women’s advancement to managerial positions.Originality/valueThe findings indicate that both male and female cohorts in Sample 2 perceived men and women in general to possess the same levels of communal and agentic traits as their managerial counterparts.

대학생들의 성역할 고정관념이 데이트폭력에 대한 허용도와 인식에 미치는 영향

대학생들의 성역할 고정관념이 데이트폭력에 대한 허용도와 인식에 미치는 영향

The archetypal image of a person in a test drawing and its role in artistic pedagogy

Introduction. The article analyzes the general (archetypal) properties of the human figure drawing, which can be traced when studying test drawings of a large number of test subjects. Purpose setting. The studied properties of the drawing are the basis for further training in artistic drawing. Knowledge of these properties allows for an individual approach to training. Methodology and methods of the study. The test subjects who took part in this study had not previously been specifically trained to draw outside of the school course. A total of 1848 people were examined. The study used evaluation criteria from the Goodenough-Harris test. Results. During the analysis of test drawings of persons from 14 to 20 years old, a number of notable properties were revealed. In particular, significant differences between male and female drawings were identified. Formal differences in the drawings of male and female subjects that cannot be explained by gender-role stereotypes are revealed. A much more «correct» but at the same time more stereotypical character of women»s drawings was found. Men»s drawings are less «correct», but more diverse. The age dynamics of graphic features of men»s drawings shows much less close correlations. Thus, the correlation analysis shows in male drawings a relatively greater consistency of features that characterize the image of the upper limbs of the human figure. This feature is usually associated with a greater propensity for social contacts and extroverted activities. Identification of these patterns is necessary for the psychological support of art education. In particular, this study allows us to justify differences in educational approaches depending on the gender of students. The results obtained provide a scientific justification for the failure of the gender approach, in particular, in art pedagogy. Conclusions. In the course of this study, the validity of the evolutionary theory of gender by V.A. Geodakyan was confirmed. According to this theory, the male sex is more characterized by an operational function, and the female sex by a conservative function. A comparative analysis of the graphomotor skills of male and female subjects allows us to reveal this particular feature.

A gender biased hidden curriculum of clinical vignettes in undergraduate medical training.

ObjectivesMedical education relies extensively on clinical vignettes, yet little attention has been given to what hidden curriculum they might convey. Our research aimed to identify whether the clinical vignettes used in pre-graduate medical education transmit gender stereotypes or gender biases. MethodsWe conducted a mixed quantitative and qualitative analysis of gender-related characteristics currently existing in clinical vignettes used for pre-graduate teaching and evaluation at the Geneva Faculty of Medicine. Results2359 vignettes were identified, of which 955 met inclusion criteria. Patients’ professions and family caregiver roles showed a strongly gendered distribution, as did the healthcare professions where male physicians and female nurses were the norm. Qualitative results identified widespread stereotyped gender roles and gender expression. ConclusionOur study reveals that the clinical vignettes used in education and evaluation materials in pre-graduate medical education in Geneva convey a gender-biased hidden curriculum, which could negatively impact patient care and undermine equal opportunity for men and women. Practice implicationsActive revision of the content and the form of clinical vignettes used in undergraduate medical education is needed using a gender lens. Based on rare gender neutral or gender transformative examples from our study, we propose guidelines for writing non-gender-biased vignettes.

Some Ways to Develop the Gender-role Culture of Students Through the Traditional Values of the Kyrgyz

The article aims to provide the content of the education of future teachers with scientific cognitive data on marital relations, gender-role stereotypes in traditional Kyrgyz culture. The task of consistent implementation of the development of the gender-role culture of university students through the traditional values of the Kyrgyz is in efforts to implement the development model of the gender-role culture, which includes pedagogical phenomena from its goal to the result. The research materials are analyzed on the basis of an interdisciplinary approach to the essence and significance of an optional course. One of the necessary components of the model is the knowledge of proverbs that reflect the gender-role culture in the Kyrgyz traditional culture. In this regard, the article presents the results of an experimental study and scientific cognitive conclusions on this issue.

A Wicked Vestal: Subverting the Androcentric Imaginaries of the Smart Home

ABSTRACT Drawing on feminist technology studies’ interventions in current research on smart homes, this article offers an analysis of recent cultural artifacts that – in contrast to the predominant marketized narratives infused with androcentricity and biased toward a reaffirmation of stereotypical gender roles – dislocate the conventional power relations within the technologized domestic space. The article elaborates an original concept of a ‘wicked vestal’, which may serve as a heuristic tool to capture the revisionist dynamics operating within (and partly enabled by) the technology-imbued home. The article argues, that creative subversions of the mainstream discourse on smartification offered by literary/artistic/cinematic products may add nuance to the existent discussions on smart technologies, offering a glimpse into the processes of a (dis)harmonious integration of technology and domesticity, alerting consumers of smart devices to, and possibly readying them for, the precariousness lurking in an unpredictable, capitalism-ridden techno-future.

Gender-Role Stereotypes in the Bulgarian Family: Cross-Generational Transmission of Gender Attitudes

This article reports a representative quantitative and qualitative study covering the entire territory of Bulgaria, related to the analysis of stereotypes regarding male and female roles in the family and in the society. The results of the study indicate that the factor “age” is significant in relation to attitudes towards the social roles of men and women in the modern family, including in relation to domestic violence. The interpretation of the results enabled the formulation of justified conclusions related to changes in attitudes towards the roles of men and women in a dynamic way. The hypothesis was proven that the tensions between them can be more easily overcome through appropriate differentiated measures tailored to the different age groups.

Life design facing the fertility gap: promoting gender equity to give women and men the freedom of a mindful life planning.

Nowadays, society is characterized by enormous and rapid changes, erratic careers, gender discrimination, injustices, and inequities. Discrimination includes professional and educational segregation, the gender pay gap, stereotypical gender roles, and social expectations. In this context, phenomena called low fertility and fertility gap are increasing. Indeed, the birth rate necessary to ensure the replacement of the population is not reached, with severe repercussions at a social, environmental, and economic level. This study aimed to investigate 835 women's perceptions of the desire for motherhood and the associated difficulties. Hierarchical multiple regression and thematic decomposition analyses first highlight a significant difference between the number of children women realistically plan and the ideal number of children they would like. Secondly, the results showed how the parenthood choice is connected to the perception of social and gender inequity. Finally, in a Life Design perspective, preventive actions will be described to support women to get back to the center of life choices, building dignified fair paths and family projects.

Sketching women: A corpus analysis of woman representation in the Sundanese magazine Manglé (1958-2019)

The media plays a crucial role in shaping gender representation and influencing societal perceptions of gender roles. While several studies have examined the diachronic view of language use in relation to gender representation, there is a dearth of research specifically focusing on the Sundanese language in this line of inquiry. Filling this research gap, the present study aims to analyze the usage patterns of three Sundanese nouns—mojang, pamajikan, and wanoja—that pertain to women, with the goal of exploring the representation of women in the corpus of the Sundanese magazine Manglé. Through a comprehensive corpus-based analysis, this study investigates the frequency and contextual meaning of these nouns using collocation analysis. The analysis encompasses four distinct eras spanning from 1958 to 2019: Guided Democracy, New Order, Transition to Democracy, and Reform. The findings reveal significant shifts in the frequency of these nouns over time. Notably, the usage of the term wanoja has experienced a remarkable increase throughout the examined period, while the occurrences of pamajikan and mojang have undergone a rapid decline. The collocation analysis suggests that women in the Sundanese corpus were initially depicted as dependent individuals, predominantly associated with their traditional roles. However, as the eras progressed, the representation of women evolved, portraying them as increasingly independent and actively engaged in the public sphere. The examination of women's representation in the Manglé corpus offers valuable insights into how women are constructed through lexical choices. It highlights the dynamic nature of female representation, challenging stereotypical gender roles

문헌고찰을 통해 살펴본 남성주부의 경험과 실천적 제언

This study examined the process of men becoming stay-at-home fathers and the rewards and costs experienced by stay-at-home fathers through a literature review from a family perspective in 12 published studies written in Korean and English. The results of the study are as follows. First, the process of men becoming at-home dads was the result of a reasonable choice based on the family’s tacit or direct agreement and a kind of family strategy at a time when there was a gap in care for preschool children. Second, the main rewards experienced since becoming at-home dads, namely, to promote intimacy and bond with their children, improve relationships with their wives, and to make their children more flexible in their thinking and more mature, were largely related to their families. Third, the costs of being an at-home dad were stigmatization, alienation and isolation, confusion of an identity as a man, and depression due to negative emotions and child-care burdens. Several major causes stemmed from the gender role stereotype implied in society. Practical suggestions to enhance services at Family Centers and other public policy support were discussed to strengthen stay-at-home fathers and their families.

Judgments and Attributions of Intimate Partner Violence in China: The Role of Directionality, Gender Stereotypicality, and Ambivalent Sexism.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health problem worldwide. IPV-related perceptions and attitudes are linked to IPV's actual perpetration and related victimization. There is a typical gender paradigm in IPV, wherein women are victims and men are perpetrators, which influences judgments toward IPV. Some socio-cultural norms or unjust notions of gender are also intertwined with this paradigm and influence perceptions of IPV. This study explored judgments and attributions of IPV in the Chinese context while extensively considering directionality, gender stereotypes, and ambivalent sexism by surveying 887 participants online. Participants read 1 of 12 scenarios and made judgments and attributions of responsibility regarding IPV. The results indicate that hostile sexism is negatively correlated with IPV perception but positively correlated with its justification. The direction of perpetration and gender stereotypicality had some main effects on judgments of IPV, and there were some interactions between these factors. The perception level of IPV involving a traditional male partner was higher when the man was the perpetrator or when his female partner was traditional. In the unidirectional IPV scenarios, the perpetrators were judged as significantly more responsible than the victims, while in the bidirectional IPV scenarios, men were judged as significantly more responsible than women. Moreover, the relationship between gender stereotypicality and responsibility attributions to female partners was significantly moderated by benevolent sexism (BS). Participants with a high level of BS tended to attribute less responsibility to traditional women than non-traditional women in bidirectional IPV scenarios. Future studies on IPV should pay attention to the influence of directionality and gender stereotypes. More efforts ought to be made to reduce IPV and overcome gender role stereotypes and sexism.

Women Experts and Gender Bias in Political Media.

Widely held gender stereotypes present obstacles for women experts, who are generally evaluated less positively than equally qualified men across a range of fields. While audiences may view women as better equipped to handle certain feminine-stereotyped issues, Role Congruency Theory suggests that expert authority in politics may be incongruent with traditional feminine gender roles, leading to a subsequent backlash. Building upon the latter theory, I hypothesize that when cued to consider the expertise of a news source, the (in)congruence of gender-stereotyped roles will activate gender biases which increase the gap in evaluations and trust of women and men. Using selection experiments, I assess the relationship between domain-relevant expertise and gender biases across a range of gender-stereotyped issues. I find that women experts are rewarded less for additional expertise and punished more severely for a lack of expertise, exacerbating gender-based biases relative to the control. I find that this pattern is consistent across both masculine- and feminine-stereotyped issues, including issues that disproportionately impact women, such as women's health care and the gender wage gap. The addition of competing partisan cues, however, overwhelms the influence of gender. The normative implications suggest women in the media often face an uphill battle to advocate for their interests on key issues that affect them even when they may have more direct relevant experience in addition to their qualifications.

Risk factors of self-reported physical child abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: work-related changes in men and fear of COVID-19 in women.

There is no global consensus on whether pandemic-related factors are related to child abuse. How the pandemic reinforces the risk factors of child abuse might depend largely on individuals' current and past lifestyles in each country. Some changes of lifestyles continue after the pandemic, and it is important to understand which factors are strongly associated with child abuse. We analyzed the pandemic-related characteristics of offenders and non-offenders of self-reported child physical abuse from Internet survey data in Japan and discussed how the pandemic affected physical child abuse and what caused the difference by gender. We conducted a cross-sectional study on physical child abuse by caregivers based on the Internet survey conducted from September to October 2021. We divided the participants who were living with their child aged less than 14 years into offenders and non-offenders based on the answer to the question about physical child abuse. The population distribution of the sample was compared to that of caregivers under the same conditions in a large Japanese dataset. The association between their characteristics and physical child abuse was analyzed by univariable and multivariable analysis. The caregivers analyzed in the cohort had similar population distributions to those in the large Japanese dataset. As risk factors of male offenders, "work from home 4-7 days/week," "decreased work," "normal relationships with household members (compared to good relationships)," "COVID-19 infected, both themselves and household members, within a year," "unwillingness to receive COVID-19 vaccination because the license process of the vaccine is doubtful," "high levels of benevolent sexism," and "history of child abuse" were observed. As risk factors of female offenders, "bad relationships with household members (compared to good relationships)," "fear of COVID-19," "COVID-19 infected, both themselves and household members, within a year," "feelings of discrimination related to COVID-19 in the past two months," and "history of child verbal abuse" were observed. Among male offenders, a significant relationship was observed regarding work-related changes, which may have been reinforced by the pandemic. Furthermore, the extent of the influence and fear of losing jobs caused by these changes may have varied according to the strength of gender roles and financial support in each country. Among female offenders, a significant relationship was observed regarding fear of infection itself, which is consistent with the findings of other studies. In terms of factors related to dissatisfaction with families, in some countries with prominent stereotyped gender roles, men are thought to experience difficulties adapting to work-related changes induced by crises, while women are thought to experience intense fear of the infection itself.

Gender Stereotypes and Sexualization in Italian Children’s Television Advertisements

The objective of the present study was to examine gender stereotypes and sexualization in Italian television advertisements aimed at children. For this purpose, content analysis method was used to analyze 185 commercials broadcast from 6 pm to 8:30 pm over the three Italian television channels dedicated to children which attract the largest audience share. In order to allow comparison with previous research on gender stereotyping, two raters coded a series of variables common to similar investigations (i.e., verbs used in the ads, voice-over, voice-over message, setting, pace of the ads, activities performed by the main characters). Results indicate that gender stereotypes are still prevalent in Italian children’s television commercials. Furthermore, although the level of sexualization of children is low, we found that girls tend to be more sexualized than boys, especially in terms of “adultification.” Our findings provide an updated picture of children’s advertising in Italy by also expanding the literature on gender role stereotyping and sexualization in television commercials.

Revision needed? A social constructionist perspective on measurement scales for assessing gender role stereotypes in entrepreneurship

This article compares contemporary views of who and what constitutes entrepreneurship with dimensions captured in established scales for determining gender role stereotypes associated with entrepreneurship. In so doing, we respond to ongoing debates about the timeliness, contextualisation and predetermination of scales, such as Schein’s Descriptive Index (SDI), Bem’s Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Personal Attribute Questionnaire (PAQ). Our empirical study consists of 422 descriptions of an entrepreneurial ideal provided by a sample of young adults, which we analysed using quantitative content analysis. The comparison between participants’ perceptions and the items captured in the gender role stereotype scales shows only a partial overlap. Although masculine qualities are mentioned, we find various androgynous (e.g., passion, team player, willingness to learn) qualities of entrepreneurs not covered in SDI, BSRI or PAQ. Based upon this, we can derive several recommendations on how established scales can be revised through future research.

The gendered effect of an overwork climate and high personal standards for work–home conflict during the pandemic

Although working from home and various other forms of flexible work are often presented as measures to strengthen work–life balance, research depicts a less optimistic picture. Previous research has shown that the impact of telework on work–home conflict is controversial, depending on various factors that are also frequently gender-specific. In this study, the authors evaluate and compare the effects of external expectations (i.e., an organizational overwork climate) and internal expectations (i.e., high personal standards) on changes in work–home conflict between working men and women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania. Both types of expectations were associated with difficulties reconciling work and private life. Due to their interactions with stereotypical gender roles, organizational expectations encouraging overtime work had a more pronounced effect on male employees. Results suggest that an overwork climate within organizations is a problem not only for employees’ well-being but also poses a risk to gender equality in work and private life.

Moving to the Big City: Temporal, Demographic, and Geographic Influences on the Perceptions of Gender-Related Business Acumen among Male and Female Migrant Entrepreneurs in China

Do migrant entrepreneurs from rural areas hold more traditional or more egalitarian gender-role perceptions, when immersed in urban areas? The answer to this question affects China’s within-country migrant entrepreneurs, who are increasingly women, because egalitarian gender-role perceptions increase the resources provided to female entrepreneurs by key stakeholders, including other migrant entrepreneurs. Currently, we know little about the gender equity and gender perceptions evidenced at the intersection of two significant trends in China: (1) rural–urban migration and (2) entrepreneurship. To advance our understanding of the gender bias that female migrant entrepreneurs may encounter, we first analyzed business acumen indicators of a nationally and geographically representative sample of 4660 entrepreneurs in China using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data (Study 1). Second, we analyzed differences in gender perceptions regarding female business acumen of 293 migrant entrepreneurs based in Beijing (Study 2). The perceptions of all entrepreneurs in rural areas (Study 1) and of male migrant entrepreneurs who were originally from rural areas (Study 2) are the most consistent with traditional gender-role stereotypes. However, male migrant entrepreneurs’ tenure and interactions in Beijing and all entrepreneurs’ exposure to higher proportions of female entrepreneurs were associated with more egalitarian perceptions. Migrant entrepreneurship in China provides insights into the differential influence of gender and home region socialization on the gender stereotypes and business-related perceptions of those immersed in a location with more egalitarian gender stereotypes.