Stereotypical Attitudes Research Articles

The influence of ageism on stereotypical attitudes among allied health students in Japan: a group comparison design

BackgroundAgeism is a serious problem in medical care. The importance of ageism-related education for students has been emphasized. To determine the most effective approach to ageism-related education for allied health students, this study examined ageism among this group of students, with the hypothesis that ageism was expressed not only toward elderly adults but also toward individuals other than elderly adults.MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted among 154 allied health students in Japan. The questionnaire involved tree drawings to evaluate the drawer’s personality and a measurement of the participants’ ageism. There were two display conditions for tree drawing. In the elderly display condition, participants were informed that the drawer was an elderly person, and in a control condition, participants were not informed of the drawer’s age. Participants were randomly assigned to each condition and were required to evaluate the drawer’s personality based on 5 personality traits. After the evaluation, all participants were required to complete the Japanese short version of the Fraboni Scale of Ageism (FSA-J).ResultsThe participants were 123 allied health students, 61 of whom were in the elderly display condition and 62 of whom were in the control condition. Based on the mean score on the FSA-J (M = 29.80), we divided the participants into a low-FSA-J group (N = 64) and a high-FSA-J group (N = 59). There was no significant difference between the display conditions on the FSA-J score. In the high-FSA-J groups, the control condition evaluated the drawer’s personality as more timid than did the elderly display condition (F = 4.26, df = 1, 119). For negligence, the high-FSA-J group evaluated the drawer’s personality as more negligent than did the low-FSA-J group (F = 4.08). For broad interests, the main effects of condition and groups were significant (F = 4.23).ConclusionsThe results suggested that ageism indicated a negative evaluation not only of elderly adults but also of individuals other than elderly adults, and students with negative ageism might evaluate the elderly drawer more positively. We have discussed the possibility that negative ageism among allied health students in Japan might underlie these positive stereotypes.

Chinese Australians’ Attitudes towards the Stigma of Mental Illness: Analysis Using Structural Equation Modelling with AMOS

Aim: The quantitative study aims to elucidate the relationship between contact factor with someone who has a mental illness, cultural values, and differential approaches towards mental illness (depression versus schizophrenia) among 138 Chinese immigrants in Australia. The study results aim to provide community mental health literacy program to immigrants in Australia that seek to lessen their attitudes of stigma towards mental illness. Method: A cross-sectional survey (General Population Questionnaire) comprising of 118 items) was administered to 138 Chinese immigrants (96 female and 42 male) to examine their Cultural Affiliation (Chinese versus Australian Identification). Factor analyses were conducted to examine the discriminant validity of the subscales. Findings: Chinese Australians endorsed more Chinese Culture Identification than Australian Culture Identification. These immigrants endorsed more highly collectivist values than individualistic values. Stigma factors (social distancing and negative stereotyping attitudes) correlated negatively with readiness to give support to the depression vignette than the schizophrenia vignette. Pearson’s correlation matrix and Hierarchical Regression Analyses when cultural values and vignette approaches were considered as influencing factors—details of the subsequent findings will be reported in another paper. Conclusion: Several Structured Equation Models suggested that attitudinal approaches towards someone with a mental illness and stigma are associated with Contact level and Cultural Affiliation. Contact is better placed as a mediating factor.

Patriarchial ifos in the perception of Greek church chanters

The paper deals with the so-called patriarchal - Constantinople ifos in the recent church-singing tradition. Different aspects of this phenomenon are presented, about which numerous stereotypical attitudes have been expressed in different kind of narratives. In considering the phenomenon of ifos in this study, we started from the fact that it was at the center of a dispute between the reformers of the late Byzantine Neum notation - the so-called the ?old method? and the conservative among Constantinople?s renowned singers, who did not accept the ?new method? without resistance. It was also stated that the patriarchal ifos by inertia and not always justifiably attributed to the singers who were active in the Church of St. George on Fanar. Also, arguments were presented in favor of a critical review of contemporary discourses in which the ideologized belief is repeated that the Constantinople throne is the guarantee of any kind of saint church tradition, and thus the patristic Orthodox church music.

Perspectives of Interactions with Healthcare Providers Among Patients Who Are Blind.

Healthcare providers' (HCPs) stereotypes about the incompetence of blind and low-vision patients may lead them to patronize blind patients, over-focus on impairments, and neglect the presenting problem. The content of perceived HCP stereotypes about blind patients in the clinical setting was examined from the patient perspective with seven focus groups, including a total of 42 individual participants. Most participants reported an interaction when their HCPs treated them as if they were incompetent, and discussed how perceived evaluations of their warmth and competence impacted whether their HCPs trusted and respected them. Participants also discussed their evaluations of their HCPs' warmth and competence, and how these evaluations impacted their trust and respect for the HCP. These results provide insight into blind patients' experiences interacting with their HCPs and can inform interventions to 1) help HCPs avoid stereotypic attitudes and 2) improve HCPs' comfort and abilities when working with patient with disabilities.

THE PROBLEM OF TENSION AND CONFLICT INTER-ETHNIC INTERACTION IN TODAY'S WORLD

The urgency of the problem of studying the tension and conflict of interethnic interaction in the modern world is caused by the prevalence of negative opinions and stereotypical attitudes in society about persons belonging to ethnic groups different from Russian, the rapidly growing alienation of nations, the injustice of the administrative and territorial hierarchy of peoples, facts of ethnophobia and xenophobia. The ethnic component is becoming key and decisive in the social and political life of our country and causes inter-ethnic tensions and conflicts. At the current stage of development of social relations, there is an urgent need to develop and further introduce a system of prevention and resolution of inter-ethnic conflicts, which would be based on the Concept of State National Policy. Consolidation of society in order to solve national problems should be identified as a priority in the Concept of State National Policy. Due to these circumstances, research into the tensions and conflicts of inter-ethnic interaction has conceptual and practical significance, attracts the close attention of researchers from various fields of scientific knowledge and encourages them to develop and implement effective ways of preventing and settling conflicts of this type.
 The aim of the article was to present the results of the study of interethnic tensions and conflicts in the modern world. An important place is given to the impact of interethnic conflicts on the development of social relations. The scientific novelty of the provisions proposed in the article is the study of the peculiarities of interethnic interaction and conflicts. Practical importance lies in the possibility of using the findings of the article to develop programmes for preventing and settling inter-ethnic conflicts.

Student teachers’ understandings of poverty: insights for initial teacher education

ABSTRACT This study aims to understand how student teachers think about poverty in the context of rising rates of child poverty as they begin their initial teacher education (ITE). Globally, increasing numbers of school-age children living in poverty is a pressing concern for teachers. Previous research has suggested that student teachers may hold negative stereotypical attitudes towards children and families living in poverty, which may influence their future professional practice. However, given the importance of ITE as a site for teacher preparation, there is a need for further research into student teachers’ views of poverty in the context of increasing levels of child poverty. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using a survey questionnaire comprising closed response and open-ended questions, and analysed using descriptive statistical techniques and thematic analysis, respectively. Our findings suggest that, on entry to their ITE, the student teachers in this study largely held ‘multidimensional’ understandings of poverty. The student teachers also recognise poverty as a real issue affecting children and young people. These findings offer insights for initial teacher preparation in view of the challenges emerging from increased rates of child poverty.

Gender associations and musical instruments:Understanding the responses of nursery-aged children

ABSTRACT Background Society remains gender-differentiated, and the development of inappropriate stereotypical attitudes appears to be one factor preventing many individuals from achieving their true potential. A significant level of attention has been given to challenging inappropriate stereotypes in older children. However, previous research suggests that many gender stereotypes already exist by the age of three. Therefore, it could be the case that well-established stereotypes are being challenged too late and in inappropriate ways, due to a lack of understanding as to how experiences impact on complex development. Purpose This small-scale, in-depth study explored the links which nursery children made between the sound of a musical instrument and notions of gender. More specifically, the research focused on the thought process whereby that link is made. Methodology A total of 83 children from five nurseries in England participated in a bespoke activity in which they were played a series of musical excerpts and asked to attribute these to a cartoon image. Recorded data were transcribed and a three-level qualitative analysis was carried out, using a ‘ways of power’ conceptual framework. Findings Our analysis suggested that the children’s decisions were influenced by a number of ‘ways of power’, regardless of whether they had ‘direct’ or ‘indirect’ knowledge of the instrument. Even the youngest children seemed able to draw on a wide range of experiences that enabled them to construct a range of meanings about themselves, gender and the roles they play in the various contexts in which they live. Conclusions The study draws attention to how very young children are able to reason, evaluate and think in complex ways which go well beyond simply adopting and enacting the attitudes of those around them. Schools, and nurseries in particular, should be fully aware of the level of thought that young children appear to bring to the experiences they gain on a daily basis.

Analyzing the entrepreneurial ecosystem for women entrepreneurs: A study of rural Jamshoro, Pakistan

Purpose: The outcomes of women’s access to entrepreneurial resources and opportunities can be very different from those of men. This study aimed to analyze the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Jamshoro, Pakistan, which includes policy, finance, institutions, human capital, culture, and markets through a gender lens, assess women entrepreneurs’ access to it, and examine the effectiveness of its elements. Methodology: The study adopts qualitative research methodology. Data were drawn from desk research, 30 in-depth, semi-structured interviews and one focus group discussion with 10 women entrepreneurs in rural Jamshoro, Pakistan. The data were analyzed using Atlas.ti software and coding was done using thematic analysis. Findings: The findings show that women entrepreneurs have partial access to the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Jamshoro. Furthermore, there is lack of awareness and knowledge among women entrepreneurs about available financial resources, lack of knowledge about laws and policies, an absence of familial, cultural, and societal support for women in accessing the entrepreneurial ecosystem, the absence of quality business training and unavailability of physical and technological infrastructure in rural areas, presence of stereotypical attitude toward women entrepreneurs, and limited access to markets and business networks. Implications: The existing entrepreneurial ecosystem in Jamshoro can be improved through coordinated multi-stakeholder initiatives, adopting a gender-inclusive approach, interventions aimed at increasing awareness about the resources, promoting an understanding about the laws and regulations, making institutions more effective in providing services, establishing public-private partnerships, and providing the women entrepreneurs easy access to market and financial resources. Originality: While there have been studies on challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Pakistan, their motivation and aspirations, there is no study conducted on their access to the entrepreneurial ecosystem as a whole.

The Elusiveness of Self-Defense for the Black Transgender Community

This Essay was written as a part of the Nevada Law Journal's symposium on Race and Gender and Policing. It explores the need for but elusiveness of self-defense as a viable affirmative defense for Black transgender victims of crime. The Black transgender community suffers disproportionate rates of intimate partner violence, discriminatory harassment, and sexual violence from both strangers and acquaintances. Yet members of this community also report disproportionate rates of ambivalence, discriminatory treatment, and physical violence from law enforcement investigating these crimes. Black transgender individuals experience under-policing driven by stereotyped attitudes that transgender individuals are inherently deceitful or that transgender women are actually men and can handle themselves. And they experience over-policing for while trans, a widely reported phenomenon wherein transgender individuals walking in public are repeatedly targeted for suspected prostitution. Within this reality of violence and under protection, many members of the Black transgender community report resorting to self-defense tactics to protect themselves, including carrying firearms in public. Unfortunately, recent high profile cases of Black transgender self-defense illustrate that viable affirmative self-defense claims prove elusive for this community. Racist biases about the inherent criminality of Black individuals infect every step of the criminal justice process, negating otherwise viable self-defense claims. Moreover, many of the same trans-phobic attitudes affecting the criminal investigative process similarly impact the viability of self-defense claims for transgender individuals using self-defensive measures as a necessary last resort.

Reading (Readings of) UK Channel 4’s 2012 and 2016 Paralympic Advertisements

The article deconstructs UK Channel 4’s 2012 and 2016 Paralympic advertisements, illustrating how the structure and arrangement of signs combine to challenge and reinforce stereotypical attitudes about ability/disability. However, the focus extends beyond taken-for-granted and commonsensical boundaries of a “text” to contemplate how readers’ readings (e.g. on weblogs, in newspapers, journals, books, etc.) in specific contingent contexts combine to produce paratext that authors meanings relating to ability and disability. Both the advertisements and the readings they engender produce ambiguous and complex meanings that seem to resist, or thwart, authorial intentions to produce positive representations and efforts to master, or govern, texts through binary oppositions. Such fragility and undecidability in the representations, readings, and the texts they combine to produce give them double-edged qualities. Although this makes them comparable to the pharmakon, namely a beneficial remedy and/or drug/poison, with regard to their likely impact upon a media landscape containing other portrayals of disability, the undecidability of the texts coincides with the dis/ability and dis/abled identities to which they refer.

Policy Adjustment as a Mediator between Older Workers Retention and Ageing Workforce. A Context for Action in Asia

Over the past decade, HR managers have been much concerned about the demographic changes and advised to take positive approaches to the management of organizations. These changes significantly cause population aging globally, resulting in economic and social challenges. This study aims to examine older workers’ retention, policy adjustment, and the aging workforce in Thailand. Purposive sampling was used to select a total of 520 respondents higher education institutions. We found that despite the call to retaining older workers, the majority of employers exhibit stereotypic attitudes, and finding it difficult to retain and attract older workers. Even though there have been initiatives toward discrimination legislation concerning older workers, however, policymakers should be proactive. Government should need to develop policies that would permit increased levels of older workers’ retention and create better competencies in achieving planned economic goals. Organizations need to adopt strategic approaches to age management and labor unions must show great commitment to the campaign against age discrimination.

PRESCHOOL TEACHERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS CHILDREN’S GENDER ROLES: THE EFFECTS OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCES OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION

In line with the theory of planned behaviour, different factors influencing the formation of attitudes and beliefs indirectly affect the intentions that determine an individual’s behaviour. Hence, it is important to examine the factors affecting the attitudes of preschool teachers towards children’s gender roles considering that their own understanding of gender roles influences their behaviour towards children in kindergarten (which can be in agreement with the egalitarian or stereotypical attitudes of preschool teachers). Therefore, a quantitative research was conducted in Zagreb (Croatia) on a sample of 481 preschool teachers. The research was aimed at determining the effects of socio-demographic characteristics, religious (non)affiliation and personal experiences of gender discrimination during childhood on the attitudes of preschool teachers towards children’s gender roles and on the frequency of noticing unequal treatment of boys and girls in kindergarten by other preschool teachers. The findings revealed that preschool teachers who have identified themselves as non-religious or religiously non-affiliated who were brought up in larger cities, with a personal experience of gender discrimination in childhood, more frequently notice unequal treatment of boys and girls in kindergarten (by other preschool teachers). Among the mentioned variables, the strongest effect on noticing unequal treatment of boys and girls in kindergarten has the variable experience of gender discrimination during childhood which confirms greater awareness of gender discrimination among persons who experienced such discrimination. Keywords: children’s gender roles, gender equality, preschool education, preschool teachers’ attitudes.

Childless Women: Narratives from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

This article documents the experiences of childless Pakhtun women of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as narrated by them. These narratives present primary data on the most significant issue about which research studies are relatively scarce. This exploratory study drawing upon in-depth interviews of 45 childless women and 20 men in the 3 districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa through convenient purposive sampling techniques, presents a narrative of the physical and mental health and lifestyle behaviours of childless women and men currently within 25-60 years of age. Research findings indicate that childless women become more anxious about their social and economic security and hopelessness escalates as the end of childbearing approaches. Further, their self-esteem goes low and depression, anxiety, and grief goes up. Stigmatization, conjugal dissonance and stereotypical attitudes of society injure their selfidentity. This empirical study recommends more studies to be undertaken on the plight of childless persons.

Assessment of nursing students’ attitudes and stigma towards mental illness: A cross-sectional study

This study aimed to assess nursing students’ attitudes toward mental illness in Saudi Arabia. The research design was cross sectional survey. A convenience sample of 315 nursing students. The attitudes towards patients with mental illness questionnaire (AMI) was employed. The results of analysis found that nursing students had favorable attitudes (social relationships) toward people affected by mental illness. Their AMI1 score was slightly higher than the neutral score 20.82. In addition, the findings suggested that students showed slightly affirmative attitudes of tendency to inform others in case oneself or a close relative being mentally ill. 10.50 was the score of AMI2. Nursing students had favorable attitudes towards mental illness despite having negative stereotyped attitudes toward mental illness.

The impact of organizational social networks on salespeople’s negative headquarters stereotypes

PurposeExtant sales management literature shows that holding negative headquarters stereotypes (NHS) by salespeople is harmful to their sales performance. However, there is a lack of research on how managers can leverage organizational structures to minimize NHS in sales forces. This study aims to know how social network patterns influence the flow of NHS among salespeople and sales managers in a large B2B sales organization.Design/methodology/approachThe authors hypothesize and test whether patterns of social networks among salespeople and sales managers determine the stereotypical attitudes of salespeople toward corporate directors and, eventually, impact their sales performance. The authors analyzed a multi-level data set from the B2B sales forces of a large US-based media company.FindingsThe authors found that organizational social network properties including the sales manager’s team centrality, sales team’s network density and sales team’s external connectivity moderate the flow of NHS from sales managers and peer salespeople to a focal salesperson.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, the data was cross-sectional and did not allow the authors to examine the dynamics of social network patterns and their impact on NHS. Second, The authors only focused on advice-seeking social networks and did not examine other types of social networks such as friendship and trust networks. Third, the context was limited to one company in the media industry.Practical implicationsThe authors provide recommendations to sales managers on how to leverage and influence social networks to minimize the development and flow of NHS in sales forces.Originality/valueThe findings advance existing knowledge on how NHS gets shared and transferred in sales organizations. Moreover, this study provides crucial managerial insights with regard to controlling and managing NHS in sales forces.

Dynamic Observation of the American Women and the Military, War and Peace

Waves of American women’s movements for reaching changes in their economic, social, and political lives started two centuries ago and were full of turbulences. The role of women in the military has a long history as well. Although the great majority of the U.S. military personnel have always been male, the military has needed and continues to need women’s support and participation in many capacities. Starting from the Revolutionary War, the American women actively got involved in all the wars, but historically women’s saliency in all XVIII-XX wars, would be substituted by their quiescence in the post-war periods, as a result of men’s stereotypical attitude towards women’s role which relegated them to the household chores. Alternatively, women’s participation and contribution to the wars changed their self-images, and led them to expect equal treatment after the war as well. Men’s patriarchal bias towards women’s role was so strong, that it took several centuries, several wars to reach progress in the military and peace.Keywords: equal, post-war, military, combat

The Attitudes of Pre-registration Nursing Students toward the Teamwork and Collaboration in Inter-professional Classroom Learning Context

Historically, nurse-doctor relationship evolved as a hierarchical healthcare system which promoted stereotypical attitudes towards each other and can be explained by the social identity theory which illustrates inter-group discrimination. Stereotyped attitudes can prevent effective inter-professional collaboration and teamwork that began at undergraduate level [1]. IPE has been developed during recent decades with the initial aim to reduce the flaws of the health care service and enhance the collaboration of health and social care professionals [2].

The Effects of Clinical Experience on Early Career Psychiatrists' Beliefs and Attitudes Towards Older Psychiatric Patients.

Although literature has documented widespread negative and stereotypical attitudes held by healthcare professionals towards the older adults, there is a current paucity of research about the perspective of psychiatrists. We aimed to identify the attitudes of Tunisian early career psychiatrists towards the older adults. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 71 early career psychiatrists. Data were collected through anonymous online surveys. A series of 4 point Likert-type questions ("strongly agree", "somewhat agree", "somewhat disagree", "strongly disagree") asked participantsabouttheir beliefs about older patients, the characteristics of the psychiatric care of an older person and emotions related to caring for older patients. Psychiatrists agreed that the older patient: is frail and vulnerable in 64.8% of cases, does not trust his psychiatrist in 28% of cases, has problems of communication in 36.6% of the cases and shows hostile or aggressive behavior in 5.6% of the cases. A multivariate binary logistic regression analysis found that clinical experience would play an independent role in predicting the following beliefs and attitudes of early career psychiatrists towards older patients: the belief that the older patient often has perceptual disorders that he is fragile and vulnerable, that he often requires polypharmacy, and that his management exposes the psychiatrist to painful emotional experiences. Given the population aging, early career psychiatrists need to be equipped with skills to fulfil significant roles in responding to future health and support needs. Integrating clinical training in psychogeriatrics into the psychiatric curriculum is strongly recommended.

Local authorities’ attitude towards people with mental illness in Musanze District, Rwanda

Introduction: Mental illnesses (MIs) are currently contributing to the worldwide burden of disease and they are among 10 main causes of disability on worldwide. In addition, mental Health care users are among the people most stigmatized by the general population which includes local leaders. Methods: The design used for conducting this study was quantitative and cross-sectional survey and the study was conducted in Muhoza sector of Musanze District in Rwanda. The tool used to correct data was self-report questionnaire that included socio-demographic variables (gender, age, experience and level of education), level of contact scale and community attitudes towards mental illness - Swedish version (CAMI-S). In this study self-report questionnaire was provided to the local authorities in Muhoza sector (n=123, N=174). Data analysis was done using a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 22. Results: Findings from the current study revealed negative stereotypical attitudes among local authorities towards people with mental illness. The participants’ total score on the CAMI-S was ranging between 24% and 81%. In addition, the study revealed some contradictions and neutral responses. Less negative stereotypical attitudes were found among participants who have university and secondary education levels than participants with primary education and those who have not completed primary school. In addition, participants with more experience in local government system reflected less negative stereotypical attitudes than participants who are less experienced in local government system. This study showed a negative correlation between level of contact and community attitudes towards mental illness. Conclusion: Local authorities in a selected sector of Musanze District, hold negative stereotypical attitudes towards people with mental disorders. However, the extent of contradiction within participant responses suggests social desirability bias. Also, there is association between negative stereotypical attitudes and the level of education and experience. Finally, the results suggest that familiarity has a mediating effect on negative stereotypical attitudes. Keywords: Local authorities, mental illness, negative stereotypical attitudes, familiarity, sector

Predicting the Willingness to Engage in Non-Consensual Forwarding of Sexts: The Role of Pornography and Instrumental Notions of Sex

Although non-consensual forwarding of sexts (NCFS) is an important type of online sexual harassment behavior, the predictors of this behavior are currently understudied. The present study aimed to fill this gap by investigating online pornography use as a predictor of adolescents’ and emerging adults’ willingness to engage in NCFS in different contexts (i.e., forwarding a sexually explicit picture of a dating partner, relationship partner, friend, stranger or ex-partner). Based on previous literature on the role of pornography in the prediction of sexual harassment, we hypothesized that this relationship would depend on individuals’ prior endorsement of sexual stereotypical attitudes (i.e., instrumental attitudes toward sex). We further investigated whether this would differ for adolescent and young adult males and females. We used data from a two-wave short-term (2 months between waves) longitudinal survey among 1947 participants (aged 13–25 years). Results from cross-lagged autoregressive latent SEM models showed that pornography use significantly predicted a higher willingness to forward sexts from a stranger, but mostly among adolescent boys (aged 13–17) with high levels of instrumental attitudes toward sex.