Stereotypical Thinking Research Articles

What Really Matters in Old Age? A Study of Older Adults’ Perspectives on Challenging Old Age Representations

Aim: Older age is not a homogenous or stereotypical experience. Age-stereotypical representations can often be disconnected from older people’s own experiences. Challenging the status quo is relevant for aging well. The aim of this study is to analyze older adults’ perspectives on stereotypical versus their own age representations. Method: This qualitative study included a sample of 433 older adults who were 65 to 74, 75 to 84, and 85+ years of age. Content analysis was carried out. Results: Findings from this study indicated that the great majority of the participants (88%) did not identify with stereotypical age representations. This was so among participants in the 65–74 age group in relation to Showing a sense of agency (81.1%); Feeling spiritual (73.4%); Having meaningful goals (72.2%); Holding a significant social network (70.9%); Staying tuned to the world (67.1%); and feeling physically attractive (59.8%). Participants who were 75–84 years of age clarified what physical health (81.0%) and surviving chronic illnesses (78.9%), autonomy (75.5%), being socially active (74.9%), and staying mentally active (70.1%) represent at that age. The +85 years age group drew attention to No pain or physical limitations (95.6%), Physical health (93.1%), Cognitive autonomy (87.1%), Staying tuned to society and the world (76.3%); and Mobility (72.2%). Conclusions: Participants’ favoring their own over stereotypical thinking about people their age represents inner resourcefulness and a penchant for aging well. Collaborative partnerships for sharing such wisdom around could enrich policy programs and interventions that favor inclusivity and fight ageism, fostering a more accurate perspective of what it means to be a certain ‘age’ versus simply being ‘old’.

Investigating the Impact of Teacher Anxiety and Stereotypical Thinking on Spatial and Mathematical Education in Malaysia

This research is a case study of teacher anxiety and stereotypical beliefs' impact on spatial-mathematics education in Malaysia. It also examines how these variables are related to the quality of instruction, teacher retention, and student outcomes. In this study, 246 math and spatial education teachers and an average of seven students from 650 representative primary and secondary schools in Malaysia were included in the research. This uses both qualitative and quantitative methods. Results: It was concluded that when it comes to maths education, low teacher anxiety is considered very important on the level of effective teaching, and student-engaged Ness had a significant role in isolating gender differences. These results indicate a need to develop interventions to reduce teacher anxiety and gender stereotyping, elements that may contribute toward an inclusive classroom that supports learning. These actions are vital to the progress of student performance and the hunting of educational equity in Malaysia.

Reception of the figure of Mykhailo Hrushevskyi in diasporic historiography: a new historiographic meaningful

The article analyzes the first monograph of the historian Mykhailo Sabinskyi “The figure of Mykhailo Hrushevskyi in Ukrainian foreign historiography of the 1940s-1980s.”. The book highlights the complex processes of formation and disciplinary complication of diasporic Hrushevskiana. First of all, the author investigated that the period 1940-1965 is an important stage of Ukrainian diaspora historiography, which marked a gradual departure from the concepts and practices of mainland Ukrainian studies of the previous era and convergence with Western socio-humanitarianism. Next, M. Sabinskyi proved that the centenary anniversary of M. Hrushevskyi was a significant event in the intellectual life of Ukrainians abroad. Despite the stereotyped thinking of some diaspora figures, thanks to extensive media promotion and numerous public and scientific initiatives, it was possible to turn the personal date of the distinguished scientist into a holiday of Ukrainian culture, which is important for the consolidation of the emigrant community. The researcher showed that all this made possible the emergence of L. Vynar's disciplinary initiative to start scientific Hrushevskyi’s studies. The modern historian emphasized that the dynamism of the progress of this field of Ukrainian studies in the following decades allows us to confirm the power of the historiographical impulse given by the anniversary events. In conclusion, the author noted that the diasporic Hrushevskiana appears as a historiographical phenomenon that is complex in its ideological nature and diverse in its forms of realization and stylistic practices. Being a means of inter-party emigration confrontation in the first post-war years, it went through the stages of institutionalization and disciplinary formation during the following decades. As a result, a respectable field of Ukrainian studies emerged, whose representatives systematically interpret the national phenomenon of M. Hrushevskyi in the broad context of his time. It was the solid academic level of diaspora Hrushevskyi’s studies achieved at the end of the 1980s that enabled the significant achievements of mainland historiography in its study of the legacy of the historian after independence.

The teachers’ perspective on teaching languages to Polish seniors

Abstract The aim of the study is to investigate foreign language teachers’ perspective on teaching older adults in the context of (glotto-)stereotypes about Polish third-agers. Thirty-seven lecturers, divided into two groups: one with and one without experience in teaching a foreign language to seniors, were examined. The survey study consisted of two stages based on 2 different research tools: online surveys and group interviews. Both individual responses from surveys and opinions expressed during group interviews were analyzed qualitatively with the use of a reflexive thematic analysis (TA) approach. The teachers responded to the questions regarding the following aspects: 1) seniors’ experiences in learning foreign languages; 2) older adults’ motivation, needs and expectations; 3) the role of the teacher; 4) didactic strategies. It turned out that the responses from the two groups did not differ a lot and in general the lecturers declared their willingness to work with late L2 learners. The influence of stereotypical thinking about seniors (based on the opinions of young Poles cited in the literature) on teachers who did not have experience working with this age group, was not as strong as presumed. None of the research groups’ members had had any formal education or training in teaching late L2 learners and, noteworthy, the attitudes and abilities of both teacher groups appeared to differ from the stereotypically held beliefs of Polish seniors. The comments from experienced teachers revealed their deeper awareness of seniors’ psychological needs, such as supporting them or giving positive feedback.

Father�s involvement in the development, care, and upbringing of a child with autism spectrum disorder in Kazakhstan: Results of a comprehensive study

Relevance. The full and harmonious upbringing of a child with autism spectrum disorder requires the active joint efforts of the mother and father. Given the prevalence of traditional family relationships in Kazakhstani society, it is relevant to study the degree of father�s involvement in the educational process aimed at the development and maintenance of a child with autism spectrum disorder. Purpose. The aim of the research is to study the factors that influence the involvement of fathers in the care and nurturing, upbringing and education of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in order to provide recommendations for supporting families and children by specialists of health care, social protection and education systems. Methodology. For detailed empirical disclosure of the issues, a sociological survey, in-depth interview, expert interview and focus group discussion were used. Results. The study recorded, firstly, the presence of adequate and correct understanding by fathers of their child�s diagnosis. But at the same time, this was the result of a complex process of realization, as most fathers were unaware of autism prior to their child�s diagnosis, which caused them stress and susceptibility to stereotypical thinking. The perception of the child�s diagnosis was romanticized or marginalized. Secondly, it was empirically confirmed that the traditional model was the main form of paternal involvement in parenting, where the father predominantly fulfils the function of providing for the family and the mother is responsible for all educational processes. Conclusions. The findings of the study show that over half of mothers spend all their time with their child, while less than one-fifth of fathers do the same. This study on father involvement in the care and upbringing of children with ASD in Kazakhstan is valuable for developing programs to improve family relations and promote equal caregiving. Keywords: awareness of the diagnosis; inclusive parenting; parenting practices; distribution of roles between spouses; social stereotypes

Mechanisms ensuring persistence of gender stereotypes

The persistence of gender stereotypes is sustained by a complex interplay of cultural traditions, social conditioning, cognitive biases, media influences, and institutional structures. Cultural traditions lay the foundation by transmitting societal norms across generations, shaping expectations around gender roles. Social conditioning reinforces these norms as individuals internalize societal expectations from an early age. Cognitive biases contribute to stereotypical thinking, solidifying traditional gender norms.

Prodromal period of psychosis: diagnostic criteria.

Aim: To study the psychopathological mechanisms of the development of the prodromal stage of psychosis in order to identify risk factors for the formation of psychosis. Materials and Methods: In this research 137 patients with newly diagnosed psychosis were examined: 65 patients with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia; 72 patients - with a diagnosis of acute polymorphic psychotic disorder. Results: According to the analysis of symptoms using the PANSS, the absence of signs of an anxious state, conceptual disorganization of thinking, emotional withdrowal are reliable signs of PPP in PS, and unusual thought content, absence of signs of stereotyped thinking, tension, anxiety, and hallucinations are reliable signs of PPP in APPD. According to the analysis of symptoms using the SOPS, unusual thought content/delusional ideas, bizarre thinking, social anhedonia, suspiciousness/persecutory ideas, decrease in expressiveness of emotions are reliable signs of PPP in PS, and bizarre thinking, impaired tolerance to normal stress, sleep disturbance, perceptual abnormalities/hallucinations, trouble with focus and attention are reliable signs of PPP in APPD. Conclusions: In the process of studying the clinical-psychopathological and pathopsychological aspects of the development of the PPP, a number of risk factors for the formation of psychosis were identified. We found that he most important diagnostic signs of PPP in PS patients are: stereotyped thinking, social isolation, disorganizational thinking disorders, passive-apathetic social detachment, suspiciousness. The most informative prodromal symptoms of HP in PS patients are: conceptual disorganization of thinking, bizzare thinking, social isolation, suspiciousness/persecutory ideas, reduced expression of emotions.

Design, implementation, and evaluation of a training on culturally sensitive care for nursing students: A pilot study

There is a need for culturally sensitive care for people with a migration background because of the increasing ethnocultural diversity in Western countries. Consequently, more and more training programs for health care providers are starting to implement these topics in curricula. However, while the content of culturally competent care is widely debated in nursing literature, a description of how students are and should be taught is lacking. Even more, studies have shown that merely increasing knowledge on ethnicity, culture or migration does not help to increase culturally sensitive behaviour of (future) healthcare providers. On the contrary it even leads to more stereotypical thinking. More critical self-awareness is needed among caregivers to overcome barriers such as othering (i.e., micro-racism by defining the other in an inferior way).
 
 In response to abovementioned shortcomings, we developed, implemented and evaluated a course on culturally sensitive care in the curriculum of nursing students. Nursing students and caregivers were involved in the development of the course. This program (4h) aimed to increase self-awareness among caregivers about othering, racism and exclusion in society and in healthcare. The paper will describe the content of the program (building on the Johari Window model developed to increase awareness in interpersonal relations (Luft & Ingham, 1961), the pilot implementation and evaluation among 34 students. The program was well received by the participants. Success factors (i.e. profile of the teacher, self-awareness positionality) and working points (i.e. ethnic/minority-matching) were detected. This program will be adapted and further implemented in the curriculum based on the feedback.

EPIC THEATER AS A SPECIAL TYPE OF COMMUNICATION

Reviewing Brecht's theatrical system as communication reveals the symbolic nature of the process of transferring a message through theatrical language (code). Combining a significant number of arts, the theatrical code contains various artistic languages that together form a theatrical text. The coding of the idea of a work of fiction in epic theater is done through a gaming strategy of distancing, reminiscent of a demonstratively rational manner of storytelling. Like Lessing and Schiller, Brecht wants not only to entertain the audience, but also to educate them in the spirit of the Enlightenment, to stimulate learning processes, and to develop critical thinking.
 The transformation of The Beggar's Opera into The Threepenny Opera is a model that demonstrates mastery of applying the material, an exemplary set of rules, and a technique of modification. The "old material" remains visible, but at the same time, the new in it allows us to "perceive things differently." Recognizability of the craft is crucial, because only transparency of approach brings the aesthetics and logic of the performance to the main denominator that makes repeatability possible: communication based on observation. Brecht conceives of observation on the basis of the visibility of a pointing gesture that functions as spectacles that the wearer does not even realize they are wearing. Everyday events are recreated in the manner of an eyewitness, repeated through demonstration, which implies the process of showing itself. The performance shows characters and scenes in an emphatically epic manner. The declared intention to avoid merging of the actor and the character as much as possible, and to demonstrate this as well, alienates the naturalness of the "street scene" and shows it as an artificially created repetition of the stage.
 The staging of the play as an "opera" generates unexpected visual and acoustic effects. The viewer sees and hears twice: an opera about an opera, as well as a denial of the attempt to imitate an opera as an opera. This performance shows that the Threepenny Opera is no longer a traditional "old opera" and at the same time not the final version of the "new opera." Trivial ideas about groups such as beggars or romantic events such as weddings, stereotypical thinking are dramatized, thus exposing them and encouraging reflection.

A Critical Discourse Analysis on the Variations of Language Used by Tomboy Characters in Pakistani Dramas

The current study examined the language variations of tomboys' characters in Pakistani dramas to identify the representation of tomboys and the factors that affect their characters by discussing linguistic methods, behaviors of society, stereotypical thinking of society and the role of patriarchy in it. The theoretical underpinning for the current investigation was based on Fairclough's (1989) three-dimensional model for Critical Discourse Analysis. The study employed qualitative research method to investigate the research questions. The data was collected by using a simple random sampling design to collect episodes from two different Pakistani dramas. The tomboys’ characters’ chosen dialogues and the language elements used were divided into three categories based on subjects in the selected episodes. The data was analysed by using the CDA model. leading to conclusions on the role of patriarchy and societal norms in shaping the representation of tomboys in Pakistani dramas. The results of the study showed the negative attitudes of society toward tomboys’ characters. They were often excluded from social groups and activities; discriminated and viewed as less feminine competent. It was concluded that tomboys’ characters could serve as role models for girls who might not conform to traditional gender expectations.

A multidimensional examination of children's endorsement of gender stereotypes

AbstractThe present research applied a multidimensional framework to the study of gender stereotypes by investigating whether elementary school children display different levels of endorsement when considering distinct gender stereotype constructs (ability, category, and interest) and feminine versus masculine stereotypes. Study 1 (N = 403) compared children's ability and category beliefs using a set of gender‐neutral skill items. Study 2 (N = 539) extended this research by examining whether children showed different patterns of ability and category decisions for feminine versus masculine occupational items. Study 3 (N = 974) furthered our understanding of the construct dimension by comparing children's interest and ability decisions within the STEM domain. Findings revealed that older elementary school children endorsed ability stereotypes more strongly than category stereotypes and, across all age groups, children endorsed interest stereotypes more strongly than ability stereotypes. Findings also revealed age differences in how children think about masculine versus feminine stereotypes. For masculine stereotypes, younger children showed stronger endorsement than older children; however, for feminine stereotypes, the reverse pattern was found such that older children showed more stereotyped thinking than younger children. The present study illustrates the benefits of employing a multidimensional framework to gain a more nuanced understanding of how children apply their increasing knowledge of gender stereotypes.

Can We Counteract Hate? Effects of Online Hate Speech and Counter Speech on the Perception of Social Groups

Hate speech can increase stereotyped thinking and social distancing in a society. However, there is still a lack of variety in the social groups under study and research into possible solutions to the problem. Thus, our aim is to (1) study effects of hate speech against Chinese people and transgender people and (2) to investigate if counter speech can offset the detrimental effects of hate speech. We conducted a pre-registered online experiment with a 2 × 3 between-subject design, varying the attacked group (Chinese people/transgender people) and the type of comments (neutral/hate speech/hate speech and counter speech) for an Austrian sample ( n = 1285). Findings reveal no effect of hate speech on the dependent variables, indicating that citizens might not be as vulnerable to hate speech after all. However, counter speech has a polarizing effect: attitudinal gaps and differences for social distancing increase between left-wing and right-wing participants if hate speech is countered.

The Effect of Habruta Teaching Method on Communication and Self-directed Ability of Beauty Major Students

This study was conducted to empirically analyze how the Havruta teaching method affects communication and self-directed ability by conducting a beauty major class applying the Habruta teaching method. As a result of the study, it was found that communication and self-directed ability improved after applying the Habruta teaching method. In addition, there is a statistically significant positive (+) correlation with listening, overcoming stereotypical thinking, creative communication, understanding of others' perspectives, and statistically significant positive (+) correlation with learning attachment, self-confidence, openness, responsibility, and autonomy by subfactors of self-directed ability. The perception of Habruta teaching method has a statistically significant positive (+) effect on listening, overcoming stereotypical thinking, creative communication, and understanding of others' perspectives, and the perception of Habruta teaching method has a statistically significant positive (+) effect on learning attachment, self-confidence, openness, responsibility, and autonomy. As this study has empirically verified the effect of the Habruta teaching method on improving communication and self-directed ability, efforts should be made to conduct beauty major classes by applying various teaching methods such as the Habruta teaching method.

Media DAO: A blockchain-based model for the transformation and innovation of the publishing and media industry

The publishing media industry faces many challenges such as outdated innovation mechanisms, strict information control, low quality of content creation, unfair distribution of content, and poor management of content rights, etc. Media decentralized autonomous organization (DAO), a blockchain-based media organization, offers innovative solutions to these problems through its decentralized nature, new organizational form, and governance. This paper compares the differences between the traditional publishing media industry and media DAOs, discusses the changes that media DAOs have brought to the publishing media industry, and explores future trends and challenges in the publishing media industry. The goal is to guide the publishing media industry to break away from stereotypical thinking and further explore the room for development.

A Study of the Evolution of Female Roles in Science Fiction Films and Modifying Society’s Stereotypical Thinking

We have hitherto only considered the viewpoint of men, but now it’s time to give women a fair shot as well. Every human being has the potential to learn about and advance science and technology, thus it is not only a field that is exclusively open to one gender. In movies, women play a supporting role for the men. An examination of the ways in which culture affects the evolving discussion of gender portrayals in cinema. Science fiction films are the ideal medium for discussing human habitation in the future because their content is an imaginative representation of civilization. Under the premise of a science fiction theme, it is necessary to re-examine and reinterpret the connection between genders considering modern technology. It has taken a while for the representation of women in movies to improve after years of under representation. Redemption of women altered significantly as nations advanced in modernity. The media had a significant impact on the modernization of societies and the perception of women in the contemporary world. Women are portrayed in modern movies as being more autonomous, self-assured, and career-focused. For example, Mad Max: Fury Road (2015), Avatar (2009), Mission Mangal (2019). As movies are a mirror of social structural changes, the goal is to connect the evolving roles performed by women in movies with the rising status of women. The hegemonic discourse of cinema that prescribes what constitutes appropriate gender roles. In order to achieve this, we will adopt a critical poststructuralist viewpoint on how body images are portrayed in well-known science fiction Movies that have been released in recent years. How women are portrayed throughout their development history using famous English-speaking science fiction films. The reflection and feedback of the sci-fi film as a social and cultural phenomenon on the reality of the western world. Sci-Fi movies can instruct and influence viewers in a useful way, such as by portraying positive female characters to encourage more women to shatter the stereotype and actively engage in science-related job or studies.

Reflections on rurality stigma associated with teen-fatherhood

There is stereotypical thinking in communities when coming to parenthood. Most community members believe that only mothers are capable of caring for the child. Most community members see teen fathers as unresponsible community members who indulge into different drugs. This stereotypical thinking mainly occurs in rural areas wherein grandparents will deny the biological father rights to care for the child. Due to the rejection and other social ills that come to place, some fathers find substances as an escape route or coping mechanism. This paper is aimed at identifying and mapping available literature on rurality stigma associated with teen fatherhood and substance use. The researcher adopted scoping review as the research design and purposively sampled articles from different database such as ScienceDirect, Ebscohost and Google Scholar. Data was then analyzed thematically.

Virus for Women Employees: Exploring the Stereotypical Beliefs of the Leaders about their Female Followers

The never-ending gender discrimination in societies needs multidimensional exploration to understand its causes. Gender stereotyping has remained one of the foremost causes of gender discrimination in the workplace. This study strived to explore the stereotypical thinking and beliefs about women employees in the minds of their office leaders and discusses how these stereotypes play role in management of talent and performance of female employees. With the qualitative approach, this study has used hermeneutic phenomenology as the method of exploration. The data was collected with purposive sampling from managerial leaders, working in private companies whose followers include women employees. Nineteen in-depth interviews were conducted with a question designed from theory, expert and construct validity. The data were analyzed with multi-level coding and thematic analysis. The results revealed that managerial leaders have work-related, family-related and personal stereotypes about their female followers. They generalize that women employees are less ambitious, less professional, over occupied an emotional. They believe that they feel need to micromanage the females as they require more guidance. Those organizations that believe to maintain the diversity in employees should regularly organize training sessions to neutralize the stereotypes in the minds of their managers so that they could not hamper the progression of their female followers.
 
 Keywords: Stereotypical Beliefs; Female Followers; Leadership; Organizational Behavior

Stereotypes about Successful Entrepreneurs

What comes to mind when thinking about a successful entrepreneur? Belief formation models suggest that what comes to mind is an oversimplified picture of the characteristics of successful entrepreneurs–that is, stereotypes about successful entrepreneurs. Using French administrative data on 48,767 new firms, we show that some characteristics are stereotypical of success and have distributions that can generate miscalibrated beliefs. To illustrate how stereotypical thinking can lead to biased assessments, we report the discrepancies between the implied fraction of successful entrepreneurs under Bayesian versus stereotypical thinking for several stereotypes. We discuss the consequences of stereotyping for venture capital allocation.

Informal caregiver and nurse perceptions of access to culturally appropriate health care for ethnic minority persons with dementia: A qualitative study.

This study explored what informal caregivers of ethnic minority (EM) persons with dementia in the Netherlands perceive as culturally accessible health care and nurses' perceptions of how cultural competence can be improved to facilitate access to health care for EM persons with dementia and their informal caregivers. Qualitative description research with semi-structured individual interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). Semi-structured interviews with 15 nurses and 6 informal caregivers provided input for two FGDs with nurses about the need to strengthen their cultural competence to improve access to health care for EM persons with dementia and their informal caregivers. Interview data were collected between September 2020 and April 2021 in the Netherlands. Focus group discussion data were collected between June and September 2021 in the Netherlands. Nurses and informal caregivers experienced difficulty building and maintaining a relationship. Contrary to informal caregivers' experiences, nurses felt a shared cultural background with the persons with dementia and informal caregiver is necessary. Although nurses acknowledged the importance of cultural knowledge, cultural skills, in particular, were mentioned as needing improvement. Examples are mapping involved family members and their roles, asking the right questions and letting go of personal judgements. Nurses frequently mentioned stereotypical thinking and seeing 'the other' as different, and collaboration with(in) family proved difficult for informal caregivers and nurses. Strengthening cultural skills will contribute to facilitating better access to cultural appropriate health care for EM persons with dementia and their informal caregivers. No patient or public contribution. This study explores what is perceived as culturally accessible health care and what nurses need to improve their cultural competence. We show that strengthening nurses' cultural competence by addressing which skills should be improved can improve access to health care for EM persons with dementia and their informal caregivers.

STANDARDIZATION OF LANGUAGE UNITS: STEREOTYPE, CLICHE, STAMP

The paper is dedicated to the study of the concepts of stereotypes, cliches, stamps, and standards widely used in linguistic science. In world linguistics, these terms are used concerning the problems of word culture and stylistics, affecting the issues of cognitive linguistics, ethnolinguistics, linguoculturology and word usage. In linguistic research, definitions such as a model of stable stereotypical thinking or ready-made speech turns, the reuse of language units in a ready-made form in relation to the concepts of a stereotype, cliche, and stamp in the language are often used. The main reason for this is that in the course of communication, public experience tries to simplify the process of information exchange, standardizing the form of content, transmitting information, and fixing it as a speech form. In this regard, the views and conclusions of some scholars in world linguistics are described and analyzed to determine the complex nature of these concepts and their representation in language. Based on them, an attempt is made to differentiate the mutual similarities and differences between the concepts of stereotype, cliche, and stamp in the language. The features of their use in functional speech styles are also analyzed to identify the positive or negative impact of the phenomena of stereotypes, cliche, and stamps on the speech process.