Sterculia Quadrifida Research Articles

Acute Toxicity Study of Standardized Faloak Bark ( Sterculia quadrifida R. Br.) Extract on Wistar Rats

The bark of Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br., Malvaceae) is used for traditional medicine in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the level of toxicity of the Faloak bark standardized ethanolic extract. The barks were collected from East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. TLC profile was determined by TLC-densitometry, total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined in ethanolic extract from bark of faloak (S.quadrifida) by UV-V is method. The acute toxicity was performed according to the TD420 method by OECD (2001) on Wistar rats. The animals were grouped into control and treatment groups (2000 mg/kg body weight). All animals were evaluated for possible toxicity signs by measuring body weight, food and water consumption, and histopathological observation. The result of mean concentration of total phenolic content was found to be 17,69±2,01 (%GAE) and concentration of total flavonoid content was found to be 8,56 ± 0,02 (%NE). The results showed that no mortality occurs after 14 days of treatment. In general, no significant changes in animal behavior, body weight, food and water consumption compared to the control group. Histological observation found no sign of toxicity on vital organs. LD50 values obtained from the acute toxicity test results for Faloak ethanol extract (Sterculia quadrifida R. Bark) are higher than 2,000 mg/kg BW and categorized as having a low level of toxicity.

Effect of donor plants and rooting medium on stem cutting propagation of faloak (Sterculia quadrifida)

Abstract. Rianawati H, Siswadi. 2020. Effect of donor plants and rooting medium on stem cutting propagation of faloak (Sterculia quadrifida). Trop Drylands 4: 31-35. Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.) is a semiarid species and an important medicinal plant from Sterculiaceae family. This species is threatened by overexploitation and low seed production, reducing its population in the wild. Thus, planting is necessary to conserve this species, but limited knowledge exists regarding its propagation. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of donor plants and rooting medium on stem cutting propagation of S. quadrifida. The stem cuttings from S. quadrifida seedlings/juvenile (3.7-8.5 mm in diameter) and S. quadrifida trees/mature plants with two different size of diameter, small diameter (5.8-13.8 mm) and large diameter (15.4-24.4 mm), were planted in three various growth medium (soil, soil+manure of 1:1 ratio, and coco peat). The result showed that the survival rates of stem cuttings from juvenile donor plants and mature plants with large diameter were higher (15%-25%) than the survival rate of mature cuttings with small diameter (0%-5%). However, the rooting medium had no significant effect on the survival rate of stem cutting. Additionally, variables measured at the end of the observation, such as the number of roots/cutting, root length, number of nodes, number of leaves, leaf size were not significantly different among the survived stem cuttings from different treatments.

Diversity and clustering analysis of Sterculia quadrifida R.Br from Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia based on morphological and anatomical characters

This study aimed to determine the diversity and clustering of Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) from Kupang District based on morphological and anatomical characters. This research used descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods. To show the clustering relationship, we used the UPGMA method similarity by the Nei Li coefficient through the MVSP software program version 3.2. Results showed that there was a relationship of Faloak plants from both locations in Kupang district forming 4 groups including Group I (Kupang Barat populations); Group II (Taebenu 3 pupulation), Group III (Kupang Barat 3 and Taebenu 2 populations) and Group IV (Kupang Barat 2 and Taebenu 1 populations). The anatomical characters showed a clear similarity on the epidermal cell, thick inner wall, guard cell, and stomatal pore. The type of trichome on the leaves of Faloak plants from these two sub-districts also showing a similarity, namely non-glandular trichome type.

Investigation of Immunomodulatory Active Compounds from Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.) Bark Fractions

Investigation of Immunomodulatory Active Compounds from Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.) Bark Fractions

Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida)

Faloak ( Sterculia quadrifida ) is a medicinal plant used by the people of East Nusa Tenggara to treat lumbago, liver dysfunction and to restore the stamina. The research aims were to determine the qualitative and quantitative content of flavonoids, phenols, and tannins, as well as to examine the antioxidant activity of roots, stem barks, leaves, fruits and seeds extracts of faloak plant. Each organ was extracted with ethanol 70% using the maceration method. The qualitative content of bioactive compounds was determined using the phytochemical screening method. The determination of bioactive compounds concentration was using spectrophotometric methods and antioxidant activity was using the DPPH method. The result of phytochemical screening showed that all of the extracts were exhibit phenols compounds, but the flavonoids and tannins were only found in roots, barks, leaves, and fruits extracts. The quantitative content of total flavonoids of roots, barks, leaves, fruits, and seeds was 48.09; 62.76; 12.56; 11.91 and 1.55 mg/g, while the phenols total content were 82.90; 45.37; 3.43; 29.50 and 2.89 mg/g. Tannins total content were 71.26; 59.64; 10.52; 13.18 and 14.12 mg/g samples respectively. The stem barks and roots extracts showed a very strong antioxidant activity, while leaves, fruits, and seeds extracts belong to the strong category. Â The potential of faloak as an antioxidant has been widely studied, especially in the stem bark. Studies on the antioxidant activity of roots, leaves, fruits, and seeds can provide new information about the benefits of phaloac plants as a source of natural antioxidants.

In vivo Immunomodulatory Activity of Faloak Bark Extract (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br).

Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) is widely used as traditional medicine in Indonesia to improve stamina (reduce tiredness for heavy workers). However, no scientific reports so far on the immunomodulatory effect. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the bark of faloak as immunomodulatory agents by evaluating their effect on BALB/c mice lymphocytes proliferation, the activity of macrophage, nitric oxide production and the immunoglobulin G titer by in vivo techniques. Decoction of the faloak bark was used for the in vivo assay. BALB/c mice were divided into 5 dose groups, each consisting of 5 mice. One group was chosen as the baseline, 3 groups were used for the group treated with the test substance at doses of 7.5, 11.75 and 17.5 g kg-1 of body weight of mice (p.o) and a positive control group was treated with Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (PN) extract (Stimuno®) 0.585 g kg-1 b.wt., (p.o). The test samples were given every day. All mice were induced by hepatitis B vaccine at day 7 and 14. The activity of in vivo assay was determined at day 19. The activity of immunomodulatory effect is expressed in phagocytic capacity, phagocytosis index, nitric oxide, OD of lymphocyte proliferation and IgG titers. The macrophage phagocytic capacity and phagocytosis index were significantly increased (p<0.05), nitric oxide production were altered significantly (p<0.05), but OD of lymphocyte proliferation and production of IgG titers were unchanged (p>0.05). This study showed that the faloak bark could increase the macrophages phagocytic activity, but no effect on lymphocyte cells and therefore did not influence the adaptive immune response.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PLANT PARTS EXTRACTS FROM STERCULIA QUADRIFIDA R. BR.

Objective: Sterculia quadrifida R. Br. of Sterculiaceae family is locally known as “Faloak” in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. S. quadrifida is used in folk medicine to treat hepatitis, rheumatism, and to recover stamina. The aim of this study was to determine the total flavonoids, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity of extracts from different plant parts of S. quadrifida.&#x0D; Methods: The sampled parts of S. quadrifida were non-stripped stem bark, new regrown stem bark, old regrown stem bark, root bark, branch bark, and leaves. Stem bark was classified into three categories, namely, bark that has never been peeled (non-stripped stem bark), old regrown stem bark (estimated to be &gt;6 months after debarking), and new regrown stem bark (estimated to be &lt;6 months after debarking). Total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined by colorimetric aluminum chloride method and TPC was measured using Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent. Antioxidant activity was determined with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).&#x0D; Results: The concentrations of flavonoids in S. quadrifida extracts from different plant parts varied from 0.58±0.13 to 1.25±0.10 mg QE/g. The TPC in the extracts of different plant parts ranged between 8.61±0.09 and 10.43±0.08 mg GAE/g. Branch bark has the highest total flavonoid and phenolic content. The extract of new regrown stem bark exhibited potent antioxidant activity with inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 2.51±0.03 μg/ml.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study demonstrated for the first time that extracts from different plant parts of S. quadrifida exhibited strong antioxidant activity. However, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents in S. quadrifida only indicated a weak correlation with its antioxidant activity.

In Vitro Immunomodulatory and Cytotoxic Potentials of Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.) Bark

Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br., Sterculiaceae) is an Indonesia indigenous plant widely used as a traditional remedy for various health complaints. This study aimed to explore the immunomodulatory and cytotoxicity potentials of Faloak bark by using in vitro techniques. Barks was extracted using water, ethanol and ethanol: water (1:1) separately. Colorimetric analysis was used for the determination of the total phenolic and the total flavonoid contents. Immunomodulator activities of the extracts were evaluated by studying their effects on mice macrophages and lymphocytes using in vitro methods, while the cytotoxicity potential was evaluated against Vero and HepG2 cell lines. The active extract was further fractionated and tested using different cell lines by the MTT method. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD tests, with a 95% confidence level (p<0.05). All extracts significantly increased the phagocytosis of macrophages compared to that of control in a concentration-dependent manner. However, all the extracts exhibited the Stimulation Index value of < 2, which indicated no effect on lymphocyte proliferation. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest activity against T47D, MCF7 and HepG2 cells with IC50 9.56; 7.62; 3.24 µg/mL and the Selectivity Index (against Vero cells) as follows, 2.01; 2.52; 5.94, respectively. Faloak bark extracts can stimulate macrophage phagocytosis activity in vitro, which positively correlates to the contents of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest activity, which supports its potency as cancer chemopreventive herbal medicine.

Acute Tocixity of Sterculia quadrifida R.Br Bark Ethanol Extract on Sprague-Dawley Rats

Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) is a medicinal plant used by people in the province of East Nusa Tenggara to treat hepatitis. This study aims to determine the acute toxicity of faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br) bark ethanol extract in Sprague-Dawley (SD) male white rats. The method used is experimental using post-test only control group design. In this study the parameters used are body weight, clinical symptoms, clinical biochemistry (ALT &amp; AST), histopathology of liver organ and mortality in rats. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups, group 1 as control, group 2 was administered orally faloak bark ethanol extract at dose of 40 mg / kg body weight, group 3 at dose of 200 mg / kg body weight, group 4 at dose of 1000 mg / kg body weight and group 5 at dose of 5000 mg / kg body weight. Results of observation for 24 hours there are no dead rats, so the value of LD50 extract ethanol faloak is &gt; 5,000 mg / kg body weight. Observations were conducted for 14 days to observed delayed occurrence of toxic effects. Oral administration of the faloak bark ethanol extract reduced the level of AST and ALT. The histopathology observation of rats liver cells showed liver cell necrosis at treatment doses of 200 - 5,000 mg / kg body weight.

Correlation Between Total Flavonoid Contents and Macrophage Phagocytosis Activity of Fractions From Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.) Barks Ethanolic Extract In Vitro

On Timor island, Nusa Tenggara Timur, faloak barks (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.) has been used empirically to restore stamina. Faloak bark ethanolic extract proved to have immunomodulatory activity in vitro, which can increase macrophage phagocytosis activity. This research aimed: (i) to determine the immunomodulatory active fraction of faloak bark ethanolic extract, (ii) to determine the total flavonoid contents of faloak extract and fractions, and (iii) to evaluate the correlation of the total flavonoid contents of those extract and fractions with their macrophage phagocytosis activity. The simplisia powder is macerated with 96% ethanol. The extract was dissolved in methanol:water (9:1v/v) was then subsequently partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water to obtain n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, water fraction, and insoluble fraction. Faloak extract and fractions at concentration 62,5; 125; 250; 500μg/mL were tested for their effect on the peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis of Balb/c mice in vitro by the latex beads method. Phagocytosis capacity and phagocytosis index were analyzed using one-way anova and post hoc Tukey HSD test with 95% confidence level. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction had the highest macrophage phagocytosis capacity and the highest total flavonoid content compared to other fractions. The highest macrophage phagocytosis capacity of ethyl acetate fraction at concentration of 250 μg/mL was 51,94±4,67%, this value was significantly different from cell control (7,50±1,29%), negative controls of 0,0625% dimethylsulphoxide (6,25±0,36%), as well as positive control of 200 μg/mL echinaceae extract syrup® (9,97±0,33%). The total flavonoid content of ethyl acetate fraction determined by aluminum chloride method was 4,290±0.029 mg of quercetin equivalent/g fraction. There was a positive and strong correlation between the total flavonoid content of these extract and fractions with their macrophage phagocytosis capacity (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0,781) and showing linear relationship y=4,721x+19,663; R2=0,61.

Cytotoxic effect of 2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-methylenenaphtho[1,2-b] furan-4,5-dione compound from the bark of faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) in breast cancer cells T47D

Faloak ( Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) is used empirically by residents of East Nusa Tenggara for drug plant. The information of the active compound contained in the faloak bark yet specifically published. This study aims to determine the active compound contained in the faloak bark that have cytotoxic activity to T47D breast cancer cells. Extraction process using maceration method, isolation process using gradien isolation method, elusidation using combination of information of IR spectra, 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR and LC-MS, and cytotoxic activity test on T47D breast cancer cells using MTT method. The isolation result obtained that isolate of naphthoquinone derivative compound is 2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-methylenenaphtho [1,2-b] furan-4,5-dione with IC 50 value on T47D breast cancer cell was 9,88 µg/mL and with an index selectivity value was 30,23.

Isolasi, Identifikasi, Karakterisasi, dan Uji Antibiofilm Derivat Asam Galat dari Kulit Batang Sterculia quadrifida R.Br

Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) is used empirically by residents of Timor island to treat hepatitis, typhoid, ulcers, and to restore stamina. Information of active compound contained in the bark of faloak specifically unpublished. This study aims to determine the active compound contained in faloak bark that can be used as antibiofilm. The extraction was performed by soxletation method, the isolation was performed by gradien t isolation method, the elusidation was performed by merging information from NMR and LC-MS spectra analysis. The biofilm inhibition activity test was performed by microdilution method formed on flat bottom flexible microplate U-bottom PVC 96 wells with staining using 1% crystal violet. The isolation process obtained 3 gallic acid derivatives, named isolate 1, isolate 2, and isolate 3. Test of inhibition of biofilm formation showed isolate 1 has IC 50 of 46,87 µg/mL, isolate 2 has IC 50 of 45,87 µg/mL, and isolate 3 has IC 50 42,65 µg/mL. The biofilm test results showed that isolates 1-3 had high biofilm inhibition potency.

FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT KULIT BATANG FALOAK (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br ) MENGINDUKSI APOPTOSIS DAN SIKLUS SEL PADA SEL KANKER PAYUDARA T47D

Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) is one source of bioactive compounds that could be developed as chemotherapeutic agent. Empirically East Nusa Tenggara people use boiled water of faloak bark as a cure for hepatitis (types A, B, and C), and gastroenteritis. This study was performed to test anticancer activity fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and methanol of ethanolic extract from faloak stem bark for the type of breast cancer cell line T47D, and normal cell types Vero using cytotoxic 3- (4,5-dimetilazol- 2-yl) -2,5-difeniltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test method. Ethanolic extract was subjected to column chromatography using different solvents polarity level as n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and methanol. Testing the cytotoxic effects using the MTT assay in T47D breast cancer cells and normal Vero cells with EC50 parameter. Ethyl acetate fraction in inducing apoptosis and cell cycle modulation was observed with flowcytometry method. The test results cytotoxic fraction indicating the fraction of ethyl acetate has the lowest activity with EC50 of 24.88 μg/mL and selectivity index of 15.58. Ethyl acetate fraction effects an accumulation of cells in S phase (27.43%) in breast cancer cells T47D which is able to induce apoptosis. These results demonstrate that the ethyl acetate fraction can be developed as a chemotherapeutic agent in improving the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment.

Efek Ekstrak Sterculia quadrifida R. Br Terhadap Potensial Membran Sel Telur Oreochromis niloticus Akibat Pencemaran Pb

The effect of faloak ( Sterculia quadrifida R.Br.) extract to the cell membrane potentials of tilapia ( Oreochromis nilaticu s) egg in contaminated water lead was studied. The cell membrane potential of tilapia egg was measured by a microelectrode connected to a Picoscope. The result showed that increasing of the Pb consentration caused decreasly of the membrane potential. Faloak extraction in contaminated water raised the membrane potential value. The concentration of faloak extract with the impact of raising the cell membrane potential of tilapia egg that have been contaminated by Pb is 0,8 mg. It seems that the antioxidant of faloak extract can reduce pollution rate.

Phytochemical Profile and Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Medicinal Plants Used by Aboriginal People of New South Wales, Australia.

Aboriginal people of Australia possess a rich knowledge on the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of sores, wounds, and skin infections, ailments which impose a high global disease burden and require effective treatments. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities and phytochemical contents of extracts, obtained from eight medicinal plants used by Aboriginal people of New South Wales, Australia, for the treatment of skin related ailments, were assessed to add value to and provide an evidence-base for their traditional uses. Extracts of Acacia implexa, Acacia falcata, Cassytha glabella, Eucalyptus haemastoma, Smilax glyciphylla, Sterculia quadrifida, and Syncarpia glomulifera were evaluated. All extracts except that of S. quadrifida showed activity against sensitive and multidrug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 7.81 to 1000 μg/mL. The sap of E. haemastoma and bark of A. implexa possessed high total phenolic contents (TPC) and strong DPPH radical scavenging abilities. A positive correlation was observed between TPC and free radical scavenging ability. GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane extract of S. glomulifera identified known antimicrobial compounds. Together, these results support the traditional uses of the examined plants for the treatment of skin related ailments and infections by Aboriginal people of New South Wales, Australia.

Adsorption of Acid Blue 92 from Aqueous Solution Using an Activated Carbon Prepared from Sterculia Quadrifida Seed Shell Waste

Adsorption of Acid Blue 92 from Aqueous Solution Using an Activated Carbon Prepared from Sterculia Quadrifida Seed Shell Waste

A food‐based systems approach to improve the nutritional status of Australian aborigines: A focus on zinc

Several studies have identified impaired zinc status in remote Australian Aboriginal communities, which contributes to poor growth, low immunity and recurrent episodes of diarrhoea in children. Indigenous foods were identified for inclusion into a community or household garden which would include fruit and vegetables and lead to their availability, affordability, freshness and quality. Suitable indigenous foods which provide zinc include Brachychiton para‐doxum (zinc 7.9 mg/100g), Sterculia quadrifida (zinc 6.5 mg/100 g), Portulaca oleracealintraterranea (zinc 6.5 mg/100 g), and Acacia coriacea (zinc 5.8 mg/ 100 g). A brief review of the literature on zinc bioavailability is presented and an attempt is made to estimate and improve the bioavailability of zinc from these indigenous foods. This includes food processing techniques which reduce the content of zinc inhibitors, mainly phytate, and the consumption of zinc absorption facilitators with meals. Concomitantly, adequate health and hygiene is suggested in order to minimise the infection‐malnutrition cycle that can result from a reduced zinc status and recurrent episodes of infection. An education program, which includes nutrition, gardening and cooking skills, could form the basis of a sustainable approach to combating impaired zinc status in this population.

Growth ofEucalyptus tetrodontaseedlings on savanna and monsoon rainforest soils in the Australian monsoon tropics

Summary A nursery experiment revealed that the growth of Eucalyptus tetrodonta seedlings is significantly inhibited by unsterilised monsoon rainforest surface soil, and that this inhibition can not be eliminated by the addition of fertiliser. This result is in marked contrast to similar previously published experiments performed on two rainforest tree seedlings. (Bombax ceiba and Sterculia quadrifida) and Eucalyptus nesophila. The results of this study suggest that the observed high densities of E. tetrodonta seedlings and saplings on a site formerly occupied by monsoon rainforest on Elcho Island could only have established once the rainforest soil biota had been killed. One possible cause of soil sterilisation is wildfire.

Factors that Control Monsoon-Rainforest Seedling Establishment and Growth in North Australian Eucalyptus Savanna

1. The seasonally deciduous tree species Bombax ceiba L. and Sterculia quadrifida R. Br. formed 9.1% and 2.3%, respectively, of the total basal area in a coastal dry monsoon rainforest in the Australian seasonally dry tropics. Neither species occurred in a nearby Eucalyptus savanna. 2. Both communities occurred on deep, iron-rich, sandy loam soils. The savanna had lower concentrations of nutrients in the surface soil than the rainforest but experienced greater maximum ground surface air temperatures than the monsoon rainforest when averaged over 1 year. Minimum air temperatures were similar. Annual mean surface soil moisture content was similar in savanna and rainforest, but savanna soils were drier in the dry season. During this time both communities had soil matric pressure potentials below 1.3 MPa. 3. S. quadrifida established more successfully in the rainforest than in the savanna but B. ceiba establishment was <2% in both communities. Nursery experiments also showed that B. ceiba had a consistently lower rate of establishment than S. quadrifida, and that seed establishment of both species was greatest on unsterilized rainforest and savanna soil. Adding 40% gravel to savanna soil also resulted in improved establishment. Eucalyptus litter, light, and rainforest or savanna soil were found to have no significant effect on seed establishment of either species. 4. After 12 months 70% of B. ceiba and 40% of S. quadrifida seedlings survived following transplantation to the rainforest. No transplants survived in the savanna, but transplants of both species survived in an irrigated savanna. Grass fires were not absolutely lethal to both species on an irrigated savanna plot. Soil sterilization inhibited the growth of both species on rainforest soils in pots, but adding fertilizer eliminated the growth inhibition caused by sterilization except when B. ceiba was grown on rainforest soil. Eucalyptus litter, light and different proportions of gravel in the soil had no effect on seedling growth rates of either species. 5. It is concluded that the long-term development of a monsoon-rainforest-savanna ecotone is critical for creating microclimatic and soil conditions favourable for monsoon-rainforest seedling establishment and growth. Experiments point toward the importance of mycorrhizas, soil fertility and soil moisture in controlling monsoon-rainforest seedling establishment. This study helps explain why so few monsoon-rainforest seedlings have been observed to establish in fire-protected Eucalyptus savannas.